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PubMed1988

Malaria in Korea.

Malaria was steadily decreasing in Korea except in certain counties of the mountainous and hilly areas, in the 1960s. Judging from the present epidemiological, social and economic conditions, it can be said with confidence that malaria with "unstable" characteristic in the Republic of Korea has already been disappeared. No doubt, the causes of the disappearance of malaria are complex. Certainly improved living conditions and life style; better medical and educational facilities in the wake of a rapid economic development could all have some role. On the other hand, the disappearance of malaria without large scale control operations could be ascribed to the two main factors: one is malaria case detection and simultaneous drug therapy available through the nation-wide passive case detection network during the 1960s and the other is rapidly improved farming practices begun in 1970s, which resulted in the use of a huge quantity of pesticides and other chemicals for agriculture, which, in turn, might affect local anopheline vectors which were originally not effective ones any way.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Studies on the carrier-state of haemolytic streptococci in iron-masters.

Throat swabs from 165 iron-masters and 160 control subjects were tested for the presence of group A, C and G haemolytic streptococci and other serological groups. The group-A streptococcus strains were serotyped. The study was extended to the evaluation of the state of health, analysis of the sanitary conditions at the working place as well as the analysis of the social, living and economic conditions. Carriers of group-A haemolytic streptococci were of approximately the same frequency in healthy iron-masters and healthy controls and the proportions of the carriers of streptococci of other serological groups were also comparable. On the other hand, some differences in the proportions of the carriers of groups A, C and G haemolytic streptococci in persons with respiratory tract disorders were found, affected iron-masters comprising twice as many carriers as affected controls. The differences are attributed to the different sanitary-hygienic conditions at the working places.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1989

Responding on concurrent-chains schedules in open and closed economies.

Pigeons' key pecks were reinforced according to concurrent-chains schedules of reinforcement. The programmed average time from the onset of the initial links to a terminal link entry was held constant across conditions while the value of variable-interval schedules in the terminal links was varied. Performance was assessed under two economic conditions: (a) an open economy in which session duration was limited to 1 hr and subjects were maintained at 80% of their free-feeding body weights with postsession food when necessary; and (b) a closed economy in which sessions were 23.5 hr long and no deprivation regimen was in effect. In all cases, the relative rate of responding in the initial links matched the reduction in overall delay to primary reinforcement correlated with entry into one terminal link relative to the reduction in delay correlated with entry into the other terminal link. Although the sum of responses made in the initial links and terminal links was found to increase, then decrease, as the rate of food presentation decreased in the closed economy, there was no consistent effect of overall rate of food presentation on total responding in the open economy. The choice data suggest that relative delay reduction predicts choice accurately, regardless of economic context.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A comparison of the scaling of Afro-Americans' life-change events.

Research using the Recent Life Change Questionnaire is being conducted with various ethnic, economic, and cultural groups. The findings of studies using comparable forms have indicated that economic conditions and cultural differences have a minimal effect upon the overall concordant rankings of most groups. In this paper, cultural and economic variables which influence the rankings of poverty-level Afro-Americans are compared with data from a previous study. The significant items related to employment, health, and family problems were found to influence the subject's life conditions, and those related to interpersonal relationships were found to be based on cultural values. The author discusses the importance of recognizing economic and cultural variables which are salient to the measure of life changes by selecting a scoring system which allows for the influence of these variables.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Socioeconomic factors that affect international caries levels.

UNLABELLED: Health policy makers have examined the impact of economic policies and a nation's social development on the health of its population. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to investigate the association between health care expenditures, socioeconomic factors, and caries levels in 109 countries representing an array of social and economic conditions, and to determine how such factors are related to caries experience at different levels of economic development. METHODS: Countries were divided into established market economies and three groups of developing nations, based on their GNP (high, medium, low income). Total health expenditures as percent GDP and as US dollars per capita, public expenditures and aid flow as percent of total health expenditures, dentists per 100,000 population, per capita sugar consumption, and urbanization of the population were compared among these countries. Correlations between these variables, and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) of 12-year-olds in these countries were assessed. RESULTS: The highest correlations were found between DMFT and public expenditures, sugar consumption, and urbanization. Highly significant differences emerged across nation groups by stages of development on several variables. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that it is important to consider the stage of development of a given country when planning caries prevention policies and programs. Such a contextual approach is more likely to be successful in reducing caries levels.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Decree of the National Institute of Perinatology, 14 July 1988.

This Decree sets forth the organization and functioning of Mexico's National Institute of Perinatology. The objectives of the Institute are the following: 1) to support the functioning and consolidation of the National Health System and to contribute to the fulfillment of the right to health protection with respect to perinatal care; 2) to support the execution of sectoral health programs within the scope of the System's functions and services; 3) to provide health services to women experiencing high risk pregnancies, in particular, services related to preventive and curative medicine and surgical procedures; 4) to provide medical consultation and hospital assistance, as well as services for human reproduction, growth, and development, in the installations created for this purpose; these services will either be free of charge or the charge will be based on the social and economic conditions of the users; 5) to provide measures of social assistance for those patients who lack economic resources; 6) to conduct studies and clinical research in the biomedical field and related sciences for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of perinatal diseases and in compliance with the provisions of the General Health Law and applicable regulations; 7) to provide technical and scientific information on health findings and improvements as well as to publish the outcome of studies and work undertaken; 8) to promote and hold meetings and carry out scientific national or international exchange programs with similar institutions; 9) to advise and deliver opinions to the Health Secretary when requested; 10) to function as an advisory committee for the relevant institutions of the Federal Public Administration and social and private institutions in this field; 11) to exploit specialized human resources for attention to perinatal problems in compliance with the applicable regulations; 12) to organize and implement educational and professional programs in the field of perinatal care for the professional, technical, and auxiliary staff; 13) to confer academic awards and give recognition to studies in compliance with applicable regulations; 14) to promote the execution of health protection activities according to the applicable regulations; 15) to provide all other services and necessary activities to fulfill the goals of this Decree and other applicable regulations. Further provisions of the Decree deal with the duties of the Governing Board and the Director General, among other things.

Americas↗
PubMed1998

The slender ideal and eating disorders: an interdisciplinary "telescope" model.

OBJECTIVE: This paper interprets eating disorders (including anorexia and bulimia) as one (nonfunctional) manifestation, in modern environments, of evolved psychological mechanisms which modulate the standard of feminine bodily attractiveness as a response to economic conditions. METHOD: Published evidence from anthropology, sociology, and psychology was used to evaluate predictions that (1) where economic independence is possible, women favor a slender standard and (2) where women lack economic power, marriage tends to be favored and the standard becomes more curvaceous. These patterns were tested by correlating U.S. economic data with changing standards of bodily curvaceousness in Vogue and Playboy. Psychological and biological mechanisms by which the slender standard produces anorexia and bulimia were examined. RESULTS: Published evidence and the empirical data suggest that the standard of bodily curvaceousness is determined by the economics of reproduction. DISCUSSION: These ideas permit integration of the research on eating disorders in several disciplines and suggest many avenues for future enquiry.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

The interactive effect of health status on work patterns among urban Puerto Rican women.

This paper aims to integrate two existing bodies of literature on the sociology of work and health. Using data from a study conducted in New York City in 1980 of 40 Puerto Rican women, a conceptual model is proposed for additional research in the area. The findings are discussed within the context of the larger structural and socioeconomic status of this particular racial/ethnic group. The findings clearly indicate that health status is related to work patterns and economic as well as social resources. Of the respondents who reported a major health event in their lives, 80 percent had a discontinuous work history. Children's health was also a major determinant of work status. The results of this study clearly reveal the need for research that will take into account the interplay between economic conditions, structural work factors, and the process by which women evaluate their roles and fulfill their function as economic and health caretakers of the family.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[An attempted founding of the "Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft" in the year 1884/85].

The attempt on the foundation of the Pharmaceutical Society in 1884 and its final failure in 1885 are described. In 1884/85 the conditions of the foundation of the Pharmaceutical Society were very inconvenient. In 1890 the circumstances had changed. Better economical conditions of the pharmacies, the beginning of an effective pharmaceutical industry and the diplomatic dexterity of Hermann Thoms facilitated the foundation of a Pharmaceutical Society with scientific aims.

Germany↗
PubMed2001

Social conditioning of body height and mass in children and adolescents, as well as in adult inhabitants of the Konin Province, Poland.

This paper presents the socio-economic conditioning of somatic features in children and adolescents, as well as in adults, both men and women. The material used in the analysis was collected in 1990 in the Konin voivodeship (Poland). It comprises 1587-1608 boys and 2191-2213 girls at the age of 7-18 years. The adults consist of two groups: 1. aged 25-39 (3096 men and 4628 women), 2. aged 40-59 (4210 men and 3061 women). The metrical data comprise body height, body mass and BMI. Environmental (size of the district of residence) and social data (level of education and professional data of the parents) were taken into account. Multidimensional statistical analysis (step-wise) was applied to explain the variability of the somatic features under study in relation to the socio-environmental factors. It could be shown that the socio-environmental differentiation of the somatic features manifests itself in a different manner depending on the kind of feature, on the gender and on the age. In comparison with the girls the boys show a greater ecosensitivity of body height and mass and a lesser ecosensitivity concerning the BMI. Among all the factors describing "the quality of living conditions" the classically used indirect factors have a fundamental influence on the development of body height, body mass and BMI of boys, as well as on the body height of girls (e.g. parents' addiction to nicotine, physical effort). The social differentiation manifests itself most clearly in adult women's body mass and BMI and in men's body height. The level of education is a factor of relatively highest importance. It differentiates somatic features of men and women independently of their age (exceptions: body mass of younger women, BMI of older men). The occupational stratification differentiates women's somatic features (with the exception of the BMI of the older women) and body height of the younger men. The size of the district differentiates somatic features in younger women and men, apart from body height in men, and conditionally (Ha: one-sided) BMI in older women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Infant mortality in Denmark and Sweden. A comparison based on data in two national registries.

OBJECTIVES: To study in detail the differences in infant mortality between Denmark and Sweden. STUDY DESIGN: Data retrieved from national health registers on infant death rates were compared for 1980-1988, supplemented with a study on the impact of socio-economic conditions in 1985-86 (Denmark) or 1986 (Sweden). RESULTS: Even after stratification for maternal age, parity, and socio-economic group, the Danish mortality rate was higher in all age-at-death intervals except for stillbirths. Maternal age-parity distribution was more favourable in Denmark, the socio-economic distribution in Sweden. The most marked country differences was seen in young women. The difference in the rate of perinatal deaths but not of later deaths is explainable by a more favourable birth weight distribution in Sweden than in Denmark. CONCLUSIONS: The studied variables do not explain the difference in mortality risk but it may be due to life style factors so far not identified.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1976

Chronic diarrhoeal diseases in adults (a preliminary report).

The relationship of chronic diarrhoeal diseases in adults on socio-economic condition, parasitic infestation and degree of anaemia have been investigated. The disease was more prevalent in poor socio-economic group of people. Most of the patients had mixed parasitic infestations. Anaemia was present in all the cases. Difference in the degree of anaemia was not significant amongst the patients having either Ascaris or hookworm infestation.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Actuarial status of the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds.

This article summarizes the current financial and actuarial status of the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. The data presented are from the 1983 Trustees Report for the program following enactment of the Social Security Amendments of 1983. The actuarial estimates show that benefits can be paid on time throughout the 1980's and for many years thereafter. However, trust fund levels are projected to be relatively low through 1987, and the program could again experience financial difficulties in the near future if economic conditions become worse than anticipated under the pessimistic Alternative III assumptions. After 1987, the program's ability to withstand economic downturns is projected to improve. On the basis of intermediate assumptions, the OASDI program is now in long-range actuarial balance. This actuarial balance reflects substantial year-by-year surpluses during the first half of the 75-year projection period that slightly outweigh substantial deficits later on.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1984

Actuarial status of the OASI and DI Trust Funds.

This article summarizes the current financial and actuarial status of the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. The results presented are from the 1984 Trustees Report and are similar to the results in the 1983 report. This year's estimates show that the Social Security Amendments of 1983 restored the financial soundness of the OASDI program. According to the actuarial estimates, benefits can be paid on time throughout the 1980's and for many years thereafter. Because trust fund levels are projected to be relatively low through 1987, however, the program could again experience financial difficulties in the near future if economic conditions become worse than anticipated under the pessimistic (Alternative III) assumptions. After 1987, the program's ability to withstand economic downturns is projected to improve. On the basis of intermediate (Alternative II-B) assumptions, the OASDI program is in long-range close actuarial balance. This actuarial balance reflects substantial year-by-year surpluses during the first half of the 75-year projection period that are slightly out-weighed by substantial deficits later on.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1993

Quality of life for children with disabilities.

Studies on children with special needs mainly concentrate on disease-oriented health problems and neglect the positive aspects of quality of life. In this study the quality of life of children with Cystic Fibrosis and Myelomeningocele, 951 children in all, in the five Nordic countries is compared to that of a random sample of 10,290 children. The aim of the study was to see how the issue of equity, a main objective of the WHO health for all policy, has been met in the Nordic countries. Quality of life is defined as one of the essential resources of a population in terms of external, inter-personal and personal conditions. The study shows that children with disabilities have, and perceive that they live in good material and socio-economic conditions. However, the personal psychological conditions are less favourable, which indicates that this is a priority area for future health policies.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Interrelationships between power-related and belief-related factors determine nutrition in populations.

The vast majority of social research in nutrition has focused either on economic, material and political factors ("power-related" variables) or on psychological, cultural and attitudinal factors ("belief-related" variables). Even when data on both classes of factors are collected, the orientation in analysis is to treat one of the two classes as "confounding" or "control" variables. Although single-focus studies have yielded essential knowledge about the role of specific factors, they fail to reveal the mechanisms through which belief-related and power-related variables interact to produce nutritional outcomes. Data from the Nutrition CRSP project in Mexico are used to illustrate the interactions between household economic conditions and maternal education on household diet. As has been seen in other developing country contexts, women in more favorable economic circumstances, and who have more education, tend to feed their children a higher quality diet. However, even in better-off households dietary quality is not uniformly high, a finding that reflects the operation of other values and cultural factors that direct resource allocation to other sectors of family activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Alcohol consumption and ischemic heart disease mortality: are time-series correlations meaningful?

Recently, time-series correlations of aggregated data have been used to demonstrate the length of latency periods for environmental factors, such as economic conditions and alcohol consumption, in influencing heart disease mortality. Latency periods were specified by lagging mortality rates relative to the economic indicators or rates of alcohol consumption until the highest correlations were achieved. The tendency has been to interpret these correlations without regard to whether the latency periods described are biologically plausible. The authors have identified four models which represent all the possible outcomes of correlational studies of time-series data. Using United States and Canadian mortality rates in relationship to alcohol consumption, they have demonstrated the application of each of these models. For three of the four models, the time-series (lag) correlations are uniform regardless of the number of years mortality is lagged relative to alcohol consumption, and this uniformity does not permit a latency period to be identified. Only the lag correlations between two nonlinear variables show variations over time, depending on the degree of correspondence between the increasing and decreasing line segments of the two curves. Correlations ranging from high positive to high negative are possible, and several peak correlations (positive and negative) can occur. However, the biologic interpretation of multiple peaks with the same or different signs is problematic. The authors conclude that time-series correlations of aggregated data are not useful for the study of latency periods, and that analysis of time-series correlations for this purpose can be at best ambiguous, and at worst, completely misleading.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Monopolistic structures and industrial analysis in Spain: the case of the pharmaceutical industry.

This article seeks to illustrate the monopolistic structure of the Spanish pharmaceutical industry, focusing on its many dimensions. The basic conditions of technology and demand, product differentiation, effect of advertising, and barriers to entry are considered, as is financial and economic concentration. Although economic conditions are emphasized, the ways they affect public and private health, the quality of health services, and health education are also highlighted.

Drug Industry↗