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PubMed1999

Conjugation of an anti-B-cell lymphoma monoclonal antibody, LL2, to long-circulating drug-carrier lipid emulsions.

Long-circulating submicron lipid emulsions, stabilized with poly(ethylene glycol)-modified phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE), are promising drug carriers with substantial capacity for solubilization of lipophilic anticancer agents. This study describes the conjugation of the anti-B-cell lymphoma monoclonal antibody LL2 to the surface of lipid-emulsion globules by use of a novel poly(ethylene glycol)-based heterobifunctional coupling agent. The efficiency of coupling of LL2 to the lipid emulsion was 85% (approx.) and essentially independent of the LL2/emulsion particle ratio and amount of surface-bound PEG-PE. Results from sucrose-gradient centrifugation and Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration indicated stable binding of the antibody to the emulsion. The immunoreactivity of the emulsion-LL2 conjugates was tested with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated LL2 against a monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody, WN. The binding of the conjugates to WN increased with increasing surface density of LL2 up to 40 monoclonal antibodies/emulsion particle, and exceeded that for the free monoclonal antibody (approx. 20 molecules/particle). Results from competitive-binding ELISA were indicative of similar displacement curves for free LL2 and emulsion-LL2 conjugates. Direct cellular ELISA revealed similar binding of emulsion-LL2 complexes to three types of Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, Raji, Ramos and Daudi. The results from this study indicate that emulsion-LL2 complexes might be a useful drug-carrier system for more specific delivery of anticancer drugs to B-cell malignancy.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Safety and pharmacokinetics of an endotoxin-binding phospholipid emulsion.

BACKGROUND: Lipids and lipoproteins have been shown to bind and neutralize endotoxin and to improve outcomes in animal models of sepsis. OBJECTIVE: To provide safety and pharmacokinetic data for a protein-free, phospholipid-rich emulsion developed as an agent to neutralize endotoxin, and to study the changes in lipids and lipoproteins following emulsion administration. METHODS: Thirty healthy male volunteers (aged 18-45 y) were given an emulsion containing 92.5% soy phospholipid, 7.5% soy triglyceride, and 18 mM sodium cholate using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover protocol. Emulsion at 3 escalating doses (75, 150, 300 mg/kg) based on phospholipid content was administered by intravenous infusion over 2 hours in the low- and mid-dose groups and 6 hours in the high-dose group. RESULTS: All subjects completed the protocol without significant toxicities. A slight dose-dependent increase in indirect bilirubin at the 24-hour time point was observed in the emulsion treatment period, with a maximum difference between placebo and emulsion of 0.9 mg/dL. Mean +/- SD peak phospholipid levels were 316 +/- 30, 533 +/- 53, and 709 +/- 86 mg/dL, and phospholipid half-lives were 5.4 +/- 0.6, 5.4 +/- 0.5, and 8.0 +/- 0.8 hours for the low, mid, and high doses, respectively. Increases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I and B levels were observed. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased immediately following emulsion infusion, but rebounded to above placebo levels by 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: A unique phospholipid-rich emulsion was shown to have a favorable safety profile and to expand the blood lipid and lipoprotein pool without the use of human-derived blood products. Lipid levels expected to protect against the physiologic effects of bacterial endotoxin were achieved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of methods for intravenous infusion of fat emulsion during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To characterize the effects of infusing fat emulsion during neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) by comparing results from patients receiving fat emulsion through the ECMO circuit with those receiving fat emulsion through separate intravenous access. A second goal was to identify the optimal route for administration. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, open-label trial. SETTING: Neonatal intensive care unit in a 106-bed quaternary care pediatric hospital. SUBJECTS: Nine neonates receiving ECMO who required intravenous nutrition. Intervention. Patients received 1-3 g/kg/day of fat emulsion into either the ecmo circuit or separate intravenous access. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The ECMO circuit and samples of blood were evaluated hourly for phase separation, layering out of the emulsion from blood, agglutination, and blood clots. After completion, the oxygenators were dissected and examined. Data were compared with an unpaired t test. The characteristics of the groups were similar, except for a higher mean weight in the ECMO circuit group (3.6 +/- 0.3 kg vs 2.8 +/- 0.4 kg, p=0.03). The mean +/- SD triglyceride level during the study was 87 +/- 79 mg/dl, with no significant difference between the two groups. Two patients in each group had elevated triglyceride levels. No cases of phase separation occurred. In the five patients who received fat emulsion into the ECMO circuit, three had layering out of the emulsion and agglutination, and all developed clots in the circuit despite adequate anticoagulation. Of the four patients in the intravenous-access group, one had layering and agglutination, and two had blood clots. CONCLUSIONS: Although both methods were associated with layering out, agglutination, and clot formation, these effects occurred more frequently with administration into the ECMO circuit, particularly in areas of stasis. This may result in disruption of normal ECMO blood flow and impaired delivery of calories. Fat emulsion should therefore be administered through separate intravenous access during ECMO whenever possible.

Agglutination↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emulsion formulations of testosterone for nasal administration.

The nasal route has received a great deal of attention due to the many advantages of nasal delivery over parenteral administration. The male sex hormone testosterone is ineffective when administered orally due to its gut wall and first-pass metabolism. Therefore, an alternative method for delivery would be the intranasal route, if the lack of aqueous solubility can be overcome. In this study a new approach to emulsion formulations of the drug has been proposed based on the hypothesis that increased absorption is possible upon solubilization of the drug and/or prolongation of the formulation residence time in the nose. Three differently charged testosterone submicron size emulsion formulations with various zeta potentials (+24.8, -23.0 and 0.06 mV) were prepared as nasal spray formulations. A dose of approximately 3.8 mg testosterone per rabbit was administered to four rabbits and the bioavailability of the emulsion formulations was assessed and compared with an i.v. formulation via solid-phase extraction, followed by an HPLC analysis method. Statistical analysis of the normalized data indicated a bioavailability of 55, 51 and 37% for positively, negatively and neutrally charged emulsions respectively. The results of this study strongly suggest that emulsion formulations have some potential to be considered for nasal delivery. Further, both the positively and negatively charged emulsion formulations provided a better bioavailability than the neutral charged emulsion, probably indicating that the charged particle interactions between emulsion globules and the mucus layer prolong the contact of drug with nasal membrane thus enhancing drug absorption.

Absorption↗
PubMed1998

Species variation in pharmacokinetics and opsonization of palmitoyl rhizoxin (RS-1541) incorporated in lipid emulsions.

Highly lipophilic antitumor agent, palmitoyl rhizoxin (RS-1541), was incorporated into stable lipid emulsions about 100-1000nm in mean diameter consisting of triglyceride ODO and surfactant HCO-60. The pharmacokinetics of RS-1541 were studied after i.v. injection in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs. Dog showed characteristic pharmacokinetics of RS-1541, compared with other species. RS-1541 was much more rapidly eliminated from plasma with emulsion particles in dogs than in mice, rats, and rabbits. Most amounts of injected RS-1541 were recovered in the liver six hours after administration to dogs, while less than 20% recoveries were observed for mice and rats. To clarify this species variation, opsonization of emulsion particles were evaluated. When emulsions (about 200nm in size) were opsonized by dog plasma, and intravenously injected to rats, total clearance and liver uptake of RS-1541 were increased to 1.8 fold and 2.7 fold of control values, respectively. In contrasts, emulsions opsonized by mouse, rabbit and human plasma did not show such drastic changes in pharmacokinetics of RS-1541 in rats. Furthermore, total clearance of RS-1541 for emulsions opsonized by dog plasma was increased to 1.9 fold of controls after injection to rabbits. These results indicate that opsonizing activities of dog plasma for RS-1541 emulsions are high, compared with other species. This species variation in opsonizing process probably caused the species variation in the pharmacokinetics of RS-1541 incorporated in lipid emulsions.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Fluorocarbon emulsions--the stability issue.

Long-term room temperature stability of ready-to-use concentrated fluorocarbon emulsions is necessary in order to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of fluorocarbons. Consequently, considerable efforts have been directed at investigating the physical nature of such emulsions, the mechanisms which lead to their degradation and the means of counteracting these. The particles which constitute typical fluorocarbon/egg yolk phospholipid emulsions have been identified to be surfactant-coated fluorocarbon droplets and lipid vesicles. Better understanding has been gained on the formation, structure and evolution of these particles during processing and storage. This has led to optimized formulations and processing, better control of emulsion characteristics and significantly improved stability. Molecular diffusion (Ostwald ripening or transcondensation) has been shown to be the maun mechanism of degradation when particles are less than 1 micron in diameter, even for the highly concentrated (volume fraction of fluorocarbon up to 50%) second generation fluorocarbon emulsions. Significant emulsion stabilization has been accomplished by adding fluorochemicals which are both less volatile and less water soluble, and nevertheless have an organ dwell time acceptable for intravascular use. The rate of molecular diffusion can also be reduced by decreasing the fluorocarbon/water interfacial tension; this was effectively achieved with appropriate, well-defined fluorinated surfactants. A further, novel means of stabilizing fluorocarbon-in-water emulsions makes use of mixed fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon amphiphiles which act as molecular dowels to reinforce the adhesion between the fluorocarbon phase and the lipophilic zone of the surfactant film. Both long-term room temperature stability, and particle-size control over a large range of diameter, have been achieved by applying this principle. All in all it can be said that the challenge of producing injectable fluorocarbon emulsions with long-term room temperature particle size stability has been met.

Blood Substitutes↗
PubMed1994

Influence of perflubron emulsion particle size on blood half-life and febrile response in rats.

Perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsions are particulate in nature and, as such, can cause delayed febrile reactions when injected intravenously. This study investigated the influence of emulsion particle size on intravascular retention and on body temperature changes in unrestrained conscious rats. Concentrated (60% to 90% w/v) emulsions based on perflubron (perfluorooctyl bromide [PFOB]) with mean particle sizes ranging from 0.05 microns to 0.63 microns were tested. Rats were fitted with a chronic jugular catheter and an abdominal body temperature telemetry unit. Fully recovered, conscious rats were monitored for 24 hours after infusion (dose = 2.7 g PFC/kg). Emulsion blood half-life (T1/2) was determined from blood perflubron levels measured by gas chromatography. Emulsions with a particle size of 0.2-0.3 microns caused fevers (6 to 8 hour duration) which peaked at 1-1.5 degrees C above normal (approximately 37.5 degrees C). Fevers could be blocked by i.v. treatment with either cyclooxygenase inhibitors (ibuprofen) or corticosteroids (dexamethasone). Both intensity and duration of the temperature response, quantified by area under the temperature curve, was decreased significantly for emulsions with a particle size < or = 0.12 micron. Blood T1/2 varied inversely with particle size, and was 3 to 4 fold longer for emulsions with a mean particle size < or = 0.2 micron. Thus, smaller emulsion particles more effectively evaded the reticuloendothelial system, which resulted in longer intravascular retention, less macrophage activity, and reduced febrile responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Side reaction caused by the perfluorocarbon emulsions in intravenous infusion to experimental animals.

The perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions are infusion gas-transporting media and are usually called the artificial blood. However anaphylactoid reaction were observed during intravenous infusion of PFC emulsions. The cause of side reactions is the activation of the complement system. An indirect sign of the intravascular activation of the complement is the neutropenic effect in the peripheric blood. Taking into consideration the phenomen, the method of evaluation of anaphylactoid reaction caused by PFC emulsions has been elaborated using the neutropenic index. We evaluated the biocompatibility of 26 PFC emulsions of different composition in intravenous infusion to rabbits using this index. Emulsions evoked reactions of different extent. Some emulsions did not cause the neutropenic effect at all. Results of this work allow to reach conclusion, that influence of PFC emulsions on the complement system is explained not only by emulsifying agent proxanol: the stability of emulsions in the vascular bed and in the period of storage in frozen state is of great importance as well.

Akathisia, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2005

Composition of interfacial layers in complex food emulsions before and after aeration: effect of egg to milk protein ratio.

Whipped emulsions were prepared at pilot scale from fresh milk, whole egg, and other ingredients, for example, sugars and stabilizers (starch, polysaccharides). Egg content was varied: 4 recipes were studied differing in their egg to milk protein ratio (0, 0.25, 0.38, and 0.68). Protein and fat contents were kept constant by adjusting the recipes with skim-milk powder and fresh cream. Emulsions were prepared by high-pressure homogenization and whipped on a pilot plant. Particle-size distribution determined by laser-light scattering showed an extensive aggregation of fat globules in both mix and whipped emulsions, regardless of recipe. Amount of protein adsorbed at the oil-water interface and protein composition of adsorbed layer were determined after isolation of fat globules. Protein load is strongly increased by the presence of egg in formula. Values obtained for the whipped emulsions were dramatically lower than those obtained for the mix by a factor of 2 to 3. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE indicated a preferential adsorption of egg proteins over milk proteins at the oil-water interface, regardless of recipe. This phenomenon was more marked in aerated than in unaerated emulsions, showing evidence for desorption of some milk proteins during whipping. Egg proteins stabilize mainly the fat globule surface and ensure emulsion stability before whipping. Air bubble size distribution in whipped emulsions was measured after 15 d storage. When the egg to milk protein ratio is decreased to 0.25, large air cells appear in whipped emulsions during storage, indicating mousse destabilization. The present work allows linking the protein composition of adsorbed layers at the fat globule surface to mousse formula and mousse stability.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of lipid emulsions on the mechanisms of organic defense in infectious injury].

For treatment of metabolic derangements in infective states intravenous lipidic emulsions have been used. Their use is however not harmless existing reports on fat inhibiting the function of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. The purpose of the research reported herewith was to study in rats the effect of new intravenous lipidic emulsions containing medium chain triglycerides and long chain triglycerides and compare it with the effect of long chain triglycerides emulsion on function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bactericidal activity). The intraperitoneal implant of an E. coli capsule was used for the study. The transfusions of both lipidic emulsions in septic rats have not altered functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes when compared with saline infusion. However there was found hepatic steatosis, hypertrophy and presence of fat globules in the Kupffer cells in rats infused with medium chain and long chain triglyceride emulsions. Sequential blood cultures obtained from rats infused with the emulsions showed increased bacterial growth with medium chain triglyceride emulsion. There was no significant difference between the rats that received both lipid infusions and those that received saline infusions as to the mortality. Our experimental study suggests that the use of fat emulsions in infective states be done with care and monitoring of seric triglycerides and steroids.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An assessment of techniques for evaluating the physical stability of parenteral emulsions.

The physical stability of the parenteral emulsions is a key product quality issue. The purpose of this study is to develop, prepare and characterize model phospholipid emulsions and to critically evaluate various physical stability-indicating methods. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared using 20% (w/w) medium chain triglycerides (MCT) or soybean oil in 2.21% (w/w) aqueous glycerin solutions emulsified with 0.1 to 1.8 % (w/w) lecithin. The reproducibility of emulsion preparation was determined by measuring the volume-based mean droplet diameter using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and zeta potential using electrophoretic light scattering. Evaluation of stability-indicating methods was conducted by comparing the mean droplet growth rate of a thermally-stressed emulsion using PCS, a light obscuration particle counter (HIAC, equipped with a laser diode sensor) and a droplet image analyzer interfaced with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using osmium tetraoxide fixation. Emulsions with identical compositions and preparation properties had reproducible mean droplet diameter and initial zeta potential values with RSD < 5.0%. Upon the application of thermal stress, the volume-based diameter increased linearly with time for all three sizing techniques (PCS, HIAC, and TEM). The droplet growth rates estimated using PCS and TEM were nearly identical. PCS is a sufficiently accurate technique for measuring emulsion stability and is less time-consuming than TEM. The HIAC technique only measured the size of droplets with diameters larger than about 1 micron, which was considerably greater than the mean droplet diameter as determined by PCS and microscopic image analysis (TEM). Moreover, the growth rate obtained using HIAC was much greater than the rates estimated by PCS and TEM; therefore the HIAC technique was not an accurate measure of the physical stability of the thermally stressed emulsions.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2003

O/W emulsions compromise the stratum corneum barrier and improve drug penetration.

BACKGROUND: W/O emulsions improve the stratum corneum barrier, while microemulsions tend to compromise it. We, therefore, were interested to explore the effects of O/W emulsions on the stratum corneum barrier. METHODS: Aqueous Cream BP 2001, Clioquinol Cream BP 1999 without clioquinol, Nonionic Hydrophilic Cream DAB 2001 without glycerol, Hydrophilic Skin Emulsion Base NRF S. 25., point of time 2001, without glycerol, and Base Cream DAC were tested versus untreated controls in 29 healthy volunteers for 7 days. Outcome measures included transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin redness (chromametry a*-value) and erythrocyte circulation in the subpapillary vessels (laser Doppler). Barrier compromise was subsequently explored by performing the hydrocortisone blanching test using Hydrocortisone Cream 0.5% NRF 11.36. (outcome measure: a*-value) in 15 subjects and the sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) irritation test (outcome measures: TEWL, a*-value, laser Doppler) in 14 subjects. RESULTS: Pretreatment with the test emulsions produced increases in TEWL (statistically significant for all test emulsions), a*-value (statistically significant for Aqueous Cream BP 2001 and Base Cream DAC), and laser Doppler value (statistically significant for all emulsions except Base Cream DAC). Hydrocortisone penetration was statistically significantly increased with all test emulsions versus untreated contols. SLS irritation was mostly statistically significantly increased versus untreated controls when analyzing the study endpoint-baseline difference. CONCLUSIONS: O/W emulsions may compromise the stratum corneum barrier and improve drug penetration.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effect of terminal heat sterilization on the stability of phospholipid-stabilized submicron emulsions.

Parenteral emulsions similar in composition to the commercially available fat emulsions were prepared using a Microfluidizer. The relationship of pH and terminal heat sterilization by autoclaving on the stability of phospholipid-stabilized emulsions was evaluated. The stability of these formulations was determined by using droplet size and zeta potential measurements. It was found that the zeta potentials of emulsions stabilized by more purified phospholipid were lower in magnitude compared to those stabilized by less purified phospholipid. Furthermore, acidic emulsions (between pH 5.0 and 7.0) showed an increased droplet size upon autoclaving, whereas the emulsions adjusted to an alkaline pH (pH 8.0 to 10.0) did not show a significant change in their droplet sizes upon autoclaving. The zeta potentials of all the emulsions "increased" (in magnitude) upon autoclaving and achieved values between -40 and -50 mV. The results of our studies could be explained on the basis of hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine at different pH values, leading to a breakdown of the film surrounding the oil droplet, which results in coalescence and/or cracking of the emulsions.

Drug Stability↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A study of the stability of W/O/W multiple emulsions.

The stability of W/O/W emulsions has been studied in batch agitators. The surfactants suitable for W/O/W emulsions were screened and the factors affecting the emulsion stability were also studied. Results showed that polyamine E644 was an excellent emulsifier for W/O emulsions since the emulsion stabilized by it has not only good stability but also shows smaller swelling. The stability of the emulsion increases with increase in membrane viscosity and concentration of surfactant, but decreases with increase in concentration of the internal reagent in the internal phase and the carriers in the membrane. Raising the agitation speed and the time for preparing the W/O emulsion is beneficial to membrane stability due to formation of smaller internal droplets, but raising the speed for dispersing the W/O emulsion in the external phase results in an increase in membrane breakage.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1991

[Pharmacokinetic study of adriamycin in the emulsion mixed with lipiodol-difference resulting from composition and methods of preparation, and behavior after mesenteric arterial injection in rat].

We experimentally investigated the pharmacokinetics of adriamycin (ADM) in a similar of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy (TAE) of hepatocellular carcinoma using emulsion of lipiodol (Lp) mixed with ADM followed by gelatin sponge, and the difference resulting from composition and method of preparation of the emulsion as well as behavior after mesenteric arterial injection in rat. In in vitro study, the emulsion with iopamidol (iopamiron 300 : IP) was more stable than with amidotrizoic acid (60% Urografin : UG). The highest stability was found in the mixing ratio of Lp. IP and distilled water at 1 : 0.42 : 0.08. Frequent pumping also made the emulsion more stable. But in optimally composed emulsion, pumping 20 or 50 times made no difference in the stability during 30 min. which may be longer than the time from preparation to injection time of the emulsion in clinical application. After injection of the emulsion into the mesenteric artery which may simulate injection into the hepatic artery in hepatocellular carcinoma, the arterial blood flow was suspended. In the peripheral arteries the emulsion separated into two phases of Lp and ADM solution, forming striped pattern, and Lp embolization of the peripheral artery persisted for over 45 min. while ADM extravasated. These findings suggest that after Lp-TAE, Lp maintains an embolizing effect while ADM penetrates into the surrounding tumor tissue, and that this is an underlying mechanism for the anti-cancer effect of Lp-TAE.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Preclinical investigations of a medium-chain triglyceride:fish oil emulsion. I. Effects of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase on lipid composition.

The bolus intravenous injection of a novel medium-chain triglyceride:fish oil emulsion (MCT:FO, 8:2, w:w) was recently found to increase within 60 min the leucocyte and platelet phospholipid content of long-chain polyunsaturated omega3 fatty acids. The present report deals with the effects of bovine milk lipoprotein lipase on the lipid composition of this emulsion. The results are compared to those obtained with either a pure fish oil emulsion or a medium-chain triglyceride: long-chain triglyceride:fish oil emulsion (MLF, 5:4:1). Emphasis is placed on i) differences in the fate of distinct fatty acids initially present in the triglycerides, di glycerides and phospholipids, ii) the generation of unesterified fatty acids relative to their initial content in each emulsion, and iii) the time course for these various events. The comparison between the three emulsions under consideration also provides information relevant to their respective sensitivity to lipoprotein lipase and suitability in terms of the generation of distinct unesterified fatty acids, including long-chain polyunsaturated omega3 fatty acids. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the greater efficiency for the hydrolysis of fatty acids from diglycerides as compared to triglycerides and a transient increase in the paired C8:0/C10:0 ratio in the diglycerides generated from the MCT:FO or MLF emulsion. The present study thus affords novel information relevant to the possible use of the MCT:FO emulsion in human subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Postoperative total parenteral nutrition with fat emulsion for patients with esophageal varices].

The administration of fat emulsion and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was evaluated in 68 patients with liver disorders who underwent surgical treatment for esophageal varices. The subjects were divided into two groups, fat group (28 cases) and non-fat group (40 cases) according to with or without the administration of fat emulsion during the period of postoperative TPN. The results of liver function tests, blood glucose levels, intravenous fat tolerance tests, serum lipid levels, fatty acid composition in serum total lipids, nitrogen balances and body weight changes during the period of postoperative TPN were compared between both groups. Conclusions as follows; 1. The administration of fat emulsion during the period of postoperative TPN did not worsen the results of liver function tests, and relatively low levels of blood glucose were retained. 2. The removal rates of fat emulsion from the blood (K2 values) during the period of postoperative TPN were significantly higher than in those preoperative period, and changes in serum lipid level revealed no tendency toward retention of fat emulsion administered intravenously. 3. Cumulative nitrogen balance were almost similar in both groups. 4. The administration of fat emulsion the period of during postoperative TPN corrected the abnormalities of fatty acid composition in serum total lipid. Further, it was suggested that approximately more than 5 ml/kg/day of 10% fat emulsion would be advisable to prevent the decrease of linoleic acid. 5. These results suggested that the administration of fat emulsion was useful for the patients with esophageal varices during the period of postoperative TPN.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Effect of intravenous administration of fat emulsion to depancreatized dogs].

Sixteen mongrel dogs were depancreatized and controlled with intravenous hyperalimentation that included fat emulsion (Intralipid) for four weeks. Plasma lipids, fat tolerance test, PHLA, and presence of fatty liver were investigated. Dogs were divided into three groups (A, B, and C) for the purpose of studying the effect of fat emulsion. Groups A(n = 6) and B(n = 5) were given fat emulsion 1g/kg/day and 2g/kg/day respectively. Group C(n = 5) was not given fat emulsion. Group B had increased plasma total cholesterol and phospholipid. Group A had a slight increase of TG only. Group C had decreased plasma total cholesterol and phospholipid, and became hypoglycemic sometimes. The ability to clear fat emulsion expressed as (K2) decreased significantly after the 14th day in group B only. LPL, determined by the PHLA test in groups B and C only, did not change significantly. It seemed that fat emulsion was utilized in part as FFA and ketone bodies. Infusion of fat emulsion did not lead to fatty liver when insulin was administered continuously. For the depancreatized condition, it appeared that fat emulsion could be useful when blood sugar was controlled with insulin.

Animals↗