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PubMed2001

Urinary and serum electrolyte changes in athletes during periodic and continuous hypokinetic and ambulatory conditions.

Hypokinesia (HK) (diminished movement) induces significant electrolyte changes, but little is known about the effect of periodic hypokinesia (PHK) on minerals. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of PHK and continuous hypokinesia (CHK) on urinary and serum electrolytes. Studies were done during a 30-d period of prehypokinesia (HK) and during 364 d of PHK and CHK periods. Thirty male athletes aged 24.6 +/- 7.7 yr were chosen as subjects. They were equally divided into three groups: unrestricted ambulatory control subjects (UACS), continuously hypokinetic subjects (CHKS), and periodically hypokinetic subjects (PHKS). The UACS group experienced no changes in the daily activities and regular training and they were maintained under an average running distance of 11.7 km/d. The CHKS group was limited to an average walking distance of 0.7 km/d; and the PHKS group was limited to an average walking distance of 0.7 and running distance of 11.7 km/d for 5 d and 2 d/wk, respectively, for a period of 364 d. Urinary and serum phosphate (P), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and potassium (K), serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcitonin (CT), plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone (PA) levels, food and water intakes, and physical characteristics were measured. Urinary P, Ca, Na, and K loss, serum Ca, P, Na, and K, and PRA and PA values increased significantly (p < or = 0.01), whereas serum iPTH and CT levels decreased significantly (p < or = 0.01) in the PHKS and CHKS groups when compared with the UACS group. However, significant (p < or = 0.01) differences were observed between PHKS and CHKS groups regarding urinary and serum electrolytes, serum and plasma hormones. Food and water intakes, body weight, body fat, and peak oxygen uptake decreased significantly (p < or = 0.01) in the CHKS group when compared with PHKS and UACS groups. Food and fluid intakes, body fat, and body weight increased significantly (p < or = 0.01), whereas peak oxygen uptake remained significantly (p < or = 0.01) higher in the PHKS group when compared with the CHKS group. Serum and urinary minerals, serum hormones, food and fluid intakes, and physical characteristics did not change significantly (p > 0.01) in the UACS group when compared with their baseline control values. It was shown that both PHK and CHK induce significant serum and urinary electrolyte changes. However, urinary and serum electrolyte changes were significantly (p < or = 0.01) greater during PHK than CHK. It was concluded that the greater the stability of muscular activity, the smaller the serum and urinary electrolyte changes during prolonged HK.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Trihalomethane formation potential of filter isolates of electrolyte-extractable soil organic carbon.

Certain organic C moieties of soil origin in drinking source waters of Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) can react with chlorine to form trihalomethanes (THMs) during the disinfection process. Isolation and characterization of them and quantitation of their THM formation potential (THMFP) is necessary for developing effective strategies to reduce their influxes in Delta waters and for removing them during drinking water treatment. In this study, organic C from two Delta soils was extracted using deionized H(2)O and four Na- or Ca-based electrolytes of varying electrical conductivity values. Extracts were filtered into particulate, colloidal, fine colloidal, and soluble organic C for quantitation and THMFP determination. Results suggested that <1.5% of soil organic C was electrolyte-extractable. The soluble organic C fraction from both soils dominated in quantity and THMFP. Electrolyte effects were cation dependent. Sodium-based electrolytes at either conductivity level did not significantly decrease extractable organic C (EOC) or THMFP compared with deionized H(2)O. In contrast, Ca-based electrolytes reduced EOC and THMFP by >50% even at 1 dS m(-1). Further increase in Ca concentration did not significantly decrease EOC or THMFP. Most reduction in EOC and THMFP by Ca-based electrolytes occurred with the fractions other than the soluble organic C. Results suggested that under natural soil leaching and runoff conditions, the majority of THMFP is associated with organic C of <0.025 mum in diameter. Further molecular characterization of the fractions with high THMFP may help understand the nature of chlorine-reactive organic C from Delta soils.

California↗
PubMed2001

Iohexol does not influence the levels of blood serum cation electrolytes during intravenous pyelography.

PURPOSE: The influence of the nonionic contrast agent iohexol on blood pH and the cation electrolytes Ca, Na, K and Mg was studied in vivo in humans during the intravenous pyelography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A population of 28 patients without renal function impairment or electrolyte imbalance was divided into two equal groups. The first group received an intravenous injection of 0.6 mL Omnipaque per kg of body weight (0.388g iohexol/kg and 0.18 g iodine/kg). The second group received a double dose of Omnipaque (1.2 mL iohexol/kg; 0.776g iohexol/kg and 0.36g iodine/kg). Blood samples (5 mL) were taken before the injection of the contrast medium and 5, 10 and 20 minutes (marking the end of the examination) after the injection. Blood pH was also determined immediately after each sample collection, while electrolytes were measured in the laboratory. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also determined simultaneously with each sample collection using a mercury manometer. RESULTS: Iohexol in simple and double doses did not have any statistically significant effect either on blood pH or on blood serum electrolytes during intravenous pyelography. Blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, remained stable in all the patients during the examination. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the nonionic contrast medium iohexol at the doses used in routine intravenous pyelography does not have any influence on blood pH and serum cardioactive cation electrolytes in humans. An electrolyte imbalance is always a risk factor that may contribute to the development of cardiovascular side effects. This factor is eliminated when iohexol is administered intravenously instead of an ionic agent.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Water and electrolyte replacement during repeated days of work in the heat.

In an attempt to determine the value of replacing sweat losses with and electrolyte solution, 12 subjects (2 women and 10 men) were dehydrated (minus 3% body weight) on 5 successive days. During one 5-d sequence, the subjects replaced fluid losses with a glucose-electrolyte solution, while water was the only fluid ingested during a second 5-d series. With the exception of the drink, daily ionic and caloric intakes were identical for the two 5-d conditions. Measurements of water and electrolyte losses in sweat and urine showed a positive balance in body Na+, K+, and Cl- during both the water (W) and electrolyte solution (ES) treatments. Subjects accumulated significantly more Na+ during the W experiments (392 mEq/5 d) than when the electrolyte solution was ingested (334 mEq/5 d). As a result, the extracellular fluid compartment, represented by plasma volume, increased 12.2 and 9.0% during the 5-d sequence of the W and ES trials, respectively. It was concluded that the addition of electrolytes to drinking water is of minimal value for subjects who dehydrated (-3%) on repeated days and are permitted to ingest food and drink libitum

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Appraisal on fluid and electrolyte management in paediatric surgical patient.

Fluid and electrolyte disorders are common occurrences in Paediatric surgical practice. Despite this, the management of fluid and electrolyte imbalance in the paediatric surgical patients remains problematic. This is partly because authorities vary considerably in their recommendations for therapy, despite the great advances being attained in the understanding of the fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the Paediatric age group. This has, in no doubt, resulted in a number of morbidity and mortality that could have been prevented based upon rational and acceptable recommendations for fluid and electrolyte therapy in children. In this review, the normal homeostasis, disorders and management of fluid and electrolyte and corrections of metabolic disorders in children are highlighted, with the aim to update the practice of fluid and electrolyte therapy in children.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of glucose electrolyte ingestion on physiological changes due to severe heat stress.

Severe heat stress experienced by aircrew during summer months can cause deterioration in performance. Acute heat stress can also lead to dehydration and loss of electrolytes. Previous studies emphasised the need of K+ replacement. This study was carried out to determine the effect of glucose electrolyte ingestion (ELECTRAL) on thermal strain parameters. Ten healthy male subjects in the age group of 19-43 years were exposed to an acute thermal environment of 50 degrees C Tdb with relative humidity of 30% for 40 min. twice each day on two different days with an interval of one hour in between the exposures. At the beginning of rest period electrolyte solution was ingested during electrolyte trials and water under control trials. Physiological parameters of Tsk, T or, HR and electrolyte concentration of Na+ and K+ in sweat did not show any significant difference in both the trials. Sweat loss was significantly higher during electrolyte trials.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Correction of metabolic acidosis in diarrheal calves by oral administration of electrolyte solutions with or without bicarbonate.

Acid-base balance was evaluated in calves with experimentally induced viral diarrhea. When blood pH decreased to less than 7.200, calves were assigned to treatment groups and fed milk replacer, electrolyte solution without bicarbonate, or electrolyte solution containing bicarbonate. Calves in the electrolyte treatment groups had lower mortality (P less than 0.05), were better hydrated (P less than 0.05), and were less acidotic (P less than 0.05) than calves fed milk replacer. Bicarbonate-containing electrolyte solution restored acid-base balance (P less than 0.05) and corrected depression better (P less than 0.05) than electrolyte solution that did not contain bicarbonate. Both electrolyte solutions were equally good at correcting dehydration.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1985

Skeletal muscle water and electrolytes in treated and untreated essential hypertension.

The question whether body electrolyte composition in patients with primary hypertension differs from that of normotensive subjects is still controversial. The aim of the present work was to investigate on water, electrolyte, and nitrogen muscle cell composition in essential human hypertension. Also the effects of antihypertensive drugs on muscle electrolyte contents were analyzed. The results indicate that muscle Na was higher and muscle K was lower in essential hypertensives in comparison with controls. Muscle water, Mg, and nitrogen were not different in treated patients (with or without diuretics) in comparison with untreated hypertensive patients. But in hypertensive patients treated with diuretics, Nam was higher and Km was lower than in untreated patients. Several mechanisms may explain the changes on muscle electrolyte composition in primary hypertension, but the cellular mechanism involving abnormalities in ion pump and electrolyte transmembrane fluxes are the most probable. The therapy with antihypertensive drugs especially diuretics, seems to enhance different muscle electrolyte patterns in essential hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effect of exercise in the heat on plasma renin and aldosterone with either water or a potassium-rich electrolyte solution.

Information concerning the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system during physical exercise in the heat with adequate fluid and/or electrolyte supplement is lacking. The present study was intended to describe the changes in renin activity and serum aldosterone, serum sodium, and serum potassium in subjects receiving water or a potassium-rich electrolyte solution while exercising (50% VO2 max) for 120 min in a warm environment (32 degrees C, 50% relative humidity). This study shows that, in subjects receiving the electrolyte supplement, serum potassium is elevated slightly during the exercise period whereas serum sodium is unchanged from preexercise levels without the electrolyte supplement. Plasma renin and aldosterone levels were significantly reduced in the subjects receiving the electrolyte supplement compared to subjects receiving only water. The ingestion of the electrolyte supplement replaced 42% of the sodium and 100% of the potassium lost by way of sweat and urine while exercising in the heat.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Bile salt-associated electrolyte secretion and the effect of sodium taurocholate on bile flow.

Sodium taurocholate has a remarkably varied effect on bile flow. Preisig et al. showed that a portion of electrolyte secretion is related to bile salt secretion, and other studies have suggested that this fraction of electrolyte secretion is important in bile salt--dependent flow. In the present study in the baboon and the dog, it was found that the magnitude of bile salt-associated electrolyte secretion was closely correlated to the effect of sodium taurocholate on bile flow. Theophylline, an agent widely used to alter cellular electrolyte transport, simultaneously reduced the fraction of biliary electrolyte secretion related to bile salts and the effect of the bile salt on flow. The study suggests an important role for electrolyte secretion in the modulation of the effect of bile salts on bile flow.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fluid electrolyte changes in physically healthy subjects during prolonged restriction of motor activity and daily hyperhydration.

The aim of this report was to present some of our results, in a compressed form, obtained from our previous studies on the effect of 364-d hypokinesia (decreased number of steps taken per day by the volunteers) on the following: (1) regulation of fluid volume and osmosis, (2) regulation of electrolytes, and (3) functional condition of the kidneys and its role in the fluid-electrolyte homeostasis on 30 physically healthy male volunteers aged 22-26 years. Prior to their exposure to hypokinesia all subjects were on 13.8 km/day (10,000 running steps/day) and were all well conditioned, with (oxygen uptake capacities (VO2 max 68 ml/kg-min). During the hypokinetic period of 364 days, the 1st group was subjected to pure hypokinesia (HK), that is without the use of physical exercise (PE), the 2nd group was subjected to a set of intensive PE (energy expenditure of 700 kcal/h) and the 3rd group submitted to a set of moderate PE (energy expenditure of 400 kcal/h). All volunteers consumed daily fluid and salt supplementation (FSS) aimed at increasing body hydration level during the hypokinetic period. For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect all volunteers were kept on 2.7 km/day (3000 walking steps per day). All volunteers were on a diet of freshly prepared food, with a daily intake of 2500-2700 kcal, 3340 ml water, 1500 mgs calcium, 500 mgs magnesium, 1200 mgs potassium, 1500 mgs phosphorus, 8.5 gms sodium and 9.8 gms chloride. The amount of fluid and electrolytes consumed and eliminated in urine, as well as their concentrations in the urine and blood plasma were determined. There were also measured urinary volume, osmolality, creatine, and urea changes in urine. During HK the amount of fluid and electrolytes consumed daily decreased while the rate of excretion increased significantly. During post HK the fluid and electrolytes concentrations in urine decreased significantly. The urinary urea, osmolality and creatinine increased significantly during HK. It was concluded that prolonged restriction of motor activity induced significant changes in fluid, excretion and concentration of electrolytes in plasma, as well as in the rate of their excretion by the kidneys.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Electrolyte metabolic changes in rats during and after exposure to hypokinesia.

The objective of this study was to determine fluid-electrolyte changes in male Wistar rats during 90 days of hypokinesia (decreased motor activity) and 15 days posthypokinesia. The animals were divided into two groups: rats subjected to hypokinesia served as experimental animals and rats placed under vivarium conditions served as control animals. The hypokinetic effect was carried out by keeping the experimental rats in small individual cages which restricted all their movements without hindering food and water intake. Determination was made of body weight, fluid consumed and eliminated in urine, sodium and potassium excretion in urine, concentrations of sodium and potassium in urine, the hematocrit level and water content in blood, and plasma concentration of sodium and potassium. During the experimental period body weight, water intake, urinary sodium and potassium content, and water content in blood decreased significantly, while electrolyte excretion in urine, plasma electrolyte concentration, hematocrit content and fluid excretion in urine increased significantly in the hypokinetic animals when compared with the control animals. During the initial seven days of the postexperimental period, water intake increased significantly while hematocrit level, water content in blood, and electrolyte plasma concentration remained markedly higher, and the fluid electrolyte excretion and electrolyte concentration thereof in urine decreased significantly. However, all these changes reverted back to the control level by the end of the post-experimental period. It was concluded that prolonged hypokinesia (HK) and the initial stages of post hypokinesia are associated with significant sodium and potassium changes and water consumption and elimination disturbances.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

[The effect of "standardized forced diuresis" (SFD) on serum and urinary electrolytes(author's transl)].

The effect of standardized forced diuresis (SFD) on the serum and urinary electrolyte levels was investigated in 10 cases of severe self-poisoning with hypnotic drugs. Diuresis was initiated by furosemide and maintained at an hourly urinary ouput of 2 litres. Fluid and electrolyte substitution was carried out with a standardized electrolyte solution. Initiation and termination of the SFD was performed abruptly. The mean values of sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus in the urine varied widely at the beginning of the SFD, while the calcium and magnesium values varied only slightly. During SFD, urinary stabilization occured at a particular ionogram, in correlation to the electrolyte concentrations in the infusion fluid and with only minimal individual variation. Owing to this satisfactory correlation, none of the patients developed signs of electrolyte disturbances, so that no correction of the infusion constitution was necessary. The abrupt termination of the SFD prevented electrolyte disturbances in the recovery phase.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Electrolyte concentration in skeletal muscles and plasma of rats during and after exposure to hypokinesia and hyperhydration.

The objective of this investigation was to determine electrolyte concentration in skeletal muscles and plasma of rats during 90 days of hypokinesia (decreased motor activity) and 15 days of posthypokinesia. The animals were divided into three groups: 1) supplemented hypokinetic rats (SHR), i.e., rats subjected to hypokinesia and taking daily an additional 9 ml water per 100 g body weight plus 6 ml isotonic sodium chloride per 100 g body weight; 2) unsupplemented hypokinetic rats (UHR), i.e., rats subjected to hypokinesia; 3) vivarium control rats (VCR), i.e., rats placed under ordinary vivarium conditions. Hypokinesia was effected by keeping SHR and UHR animals in small individual cages that restricted their movements in all directions without hindering food and water intake. Determinations were made of water and electrolyte (sodium potassium, calcium, magnesium) concentrations in muscle tissue; concentration of electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, chloride) in plasma; body weight; fluid consumed and eliminated in urine; whole blood, red blood cell and plasma volumes; hematocrit content and plasma protein concentration. During the hypokinetic period, electrolytes and water concentration in muscle tissue and plasma electrolyte concentration changes significantly in the UHR when compared with SHR and VCR while in comparing the SHR with the VCR these same variables had no significant changes. Body weight, water balance, volume of blood, red blood cell and plasma, hematocrit and plasma protein concentration in the UHR were also significantly different when compared with the VCR. No significant difference was seen in these parameters when the SHR and VCR were compared. During the initial seven days of the posthypokinetic period the changes in these same parameters remained significantly different in the UHR when compared with the SHR and VCR while changes were insignificant when the SHR and the VCR were compared. It was concluded that daily hyperhydration may be used to attenuate or normalize water and electrolyte concentrations in muscles and plasma of rats subjected to prolonged restriction of motor activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Electrolyte Anion Affinity and Its Effect on Oxyanion Adsorption on Goethite.

The influence of various types of background electrolytes (NaCl, NaNO(3), and NaClO(4)) on the proton adsorption and on the adsorption of sulfate and phosphate on goethite have been studied. Below the PZC the proton adsorption on goethite decreases in the order Cl>NO(3)>ClO(4). The decreasing proton adsorption affects the adsorption of oxyanions on goethite. Anion adsorption of strongly binding polyvalent anions is lower in the studied electrolytes in the order Cl<NO(3)<ClO(4). The ion pair formation constants of monovalent electrolyte anions on the goethite surface are derived from proton adsorption data. It is shown that the derived ion pair formation constants enable the prediction of the effect of different electrolyte anions on adsorption of polyvalent anions. Especially at low oxyanion and high electrolyte concentrations the differences between the electrolytes influence the anion adsorption considerably. The effect is in principle not different for anions with a higher affinity for goethite, such as phosphate in comparison with sulfate, but the effect is only there if the particles are positively charged, which in the case of phosphate is only the case at relatively low P concentration and sufficiently low pH values. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Viscosity and electrolyte concentrations in gastric juice from cystic fibrosis children compared to healthy children.

The viscosity of gastric juice and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride ions were measured before and after stimulation with pentagastrin in 10 children with cystic fibrosis and compared to those in 10 healthy children of corresponding ages. The viscosity values followed the same patterns as those for the sodium and calcium ion concentrations and were higher in the cystic fibrosis group. The electrolyte concentrations in the basal and different post-stimulation fractions of the gastric juice were higher in the cystic fibrosis group. Significant differences between both groups could only be found in the electrolyte concentrations. The total secretion of each of the electrolytes was the same in both groups because along with the increased electrolyte concentration in the cystic fibrosis group there was a reduced volume of gastric juice. The dependence of viscosity on the individual electrolyte concentration is discussed. The differences in the viscosity and the electrolyte concentrations in gastric juice from the cystic fibrosis children seems to be due to changes in the process of gastric secretion and not due to the influence of swallowed saliva.

Calcium↗
PubMed2005

Water solubilization capacity of mixed reverse micelles: effect of surfactant component, the nature of the oil, and electrolyte concentration.

Solubilization of water in mixed reverse micellar systems with anionic surfactant (AOT) and nonionic surfactants (Brijs, Spans, Tweens, Igepal CO 520), cationic surfactant (DDAB)-nonionic surfactants (Brijs, Spans, Igepal CO 520), and nonionic (Igepal CO 520)-nonionics (Brijs, Spans) in oils of different chemical structures and physical properties (isopropyl myristate, isobutyl benzene, cyclohexane) has been studied at 303 K. The enhancement in water solubilization has been evidenced in these systems with some exceptions. The maximum water solubilization capacity (omega(0,max)) in mixed reverse micellar systems occurred at a certain mole fraction of a nonionic surfactant, which is indicated as X(nonionic,max). The addition of electrolyte (NaCl or NaBr) in these systems tends to enhance their solubilization capacities further both at a fixed composition of nonionic (X(nonionic); 0.1) and at X(nonionic,max) at 303 K. The maximum in solubilization capacity of electrolyte (omega(max)) was obtained at an optimal electrolyte concentration (designated as [NaCl](max) or [NaBr](max)). All these parameters, omega(0,max) vis-a-vis X(nonionic,max) and omega(max) vis-a-vis [NaCl](max), have been found to be dependent on the surfactant component (content, EO chains, and configuration of the polar head group, and the hydrocarbon moiety of the nonionic surfactants) and type of oils. The conductance behavior of these systems has also been investigated, focusing on the influences of water content (omega), content of nonionics (X(nonionic)), concentration of electrolyte ([NaCl] or [NaBr]), and oil. Percolation of conductance has been observed in some of these systems and explained by considering the influences of the variables on the rigidity of the oil/water interface and attractive interactions of the surfactant aggregates. Percolation zones have been depicted in the solubilization capacity vs X(nonionic) or [electrolyte] curves in order to correlate with maximum in water or electrolyte solubilization capacity. The overall results, obtained in these studies, have been interpreted in terms of the model proposed by Shah and co-workers for the solubility of water in water-in-oil microemulsions, as their model proposed that the two main effects that determine the solubility of these systems are curvature of the surfactant film separating the oil and water and interactions between water droplets.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Prediction of the surface tension of mixed electrolyte solutions based on the equation of Patwardhan and Kumar and the fundamental Butler equations.

The predictive equation of Patwardhan and Kumar for the water activity of mixed electrolyte solutions has been used together with the fundamental Butler equations to establish a new simple predictive equation for the surface tension of mixed electrolyte solutions. This newly proposed equation can provide the surface tensions of multicomponent solutions using only the data of the corresponding binary subsystems of equal ionic strength. No binary interaction parameters are required. The predictive capability of the equation has been tested with the experimental data for 26 concentrated multicomponent electrolyte solutions at different temperatures and compared with the model of Li et al. Both equations agree well with the experimental results of systems examined over entire experimental composition ranges, but the new equation generally gives better predictions for most 1:1 electrolyte systems examined, and considerable improvement in predictions has been achieved for all the mixtures containing 1:2 and 2:2 electrolytes and for 1:1 electrolyte systems at higher temperatures.

Journal Article↗