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PubMed1975

Unipen injection.

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Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1989

On the mechanism which mediates the effects of long-term administration of fencamfamine in rats.

This study analyzes the changes in the sensitivity of striatal dopaminergic (DA) receptors to apomorphine following withdrawal from long-term treatment with fencamfamine (10 mg/kg, for 40 days). Fencamfamine treatment decreased (34.8 +/- 3.2 vs 25.8 +/- 2.8, P less than 0.05) the stereotyped behavior induced by apomorphine (2.0 mg/kg, sc), but potentiated the effect of apomorphine (0.02 mg/kg, sc) in reducing the striatal levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) (0.41 +/- 0.02 micrograms/g vs 0.31 +/- 0.03 micrograms/g, P less than 0.01) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) (0.45 +/- 0.04 micrograms/g vs 0.34 +/- 0.03 micrograms/g, P less than 0.01). These results suggest that changes in pre- or postsynaptic DA receptors may underlie the tolerance and sensitization to the effects of fencamfamine.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Pharmacological considerations in older adults.

The older adult population--those age 65 years and over--continues to increase in numbers and will comprise a large segment of optometric practices in the future. As the prevalence of ocular and systemic disease escalates with age, older adults will utilize more pharmaceutical agents than their younger counterparts. The increase in chronic systemic disease, ocular disease, and polymedicine which accompanies aging contributes to the higher incidence of adverse reactions present in this age group. The optometrist who is knowledgeable in the adverse reactions associated with the common ocular and systemic drugs utilized by geriatric patients will provide both better optometric care and systemic health care screening to his or her patients. This paper discusses the factors contributing to adverse reactions in the elderly and some of the common ocular and systemic medications and their associated side effects which are utilized by the older population.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Stability of cisplatin and etoposide in intravenous admixtures.

The stability of various concentrations of etoposide and cisplatin in intravenous admixtures under various storage conditions was studied. Admixtures containing etoposide (200 and 400 micrograms/mL) with cisplatin (200 micrograms/mL) were prepared in 0.9% sodium chloride injection and in 5% dextrose and 0.45% sodium chloride injection. The admixtures were stored in either polyvinyl chloride bags or glass bottles. Mannitol and potassium chloride were added to selected admixtures. Half of the admixtures were protected from light, while the other half were exposed to fluorescent light. All admixtures were stored at room temperature. Samples were visually inspected and assayed for etoposide and cisplatin content by high-performance liquid chromatography within 15 minutes after admixture preparation and after 8, 24, and 48 hours of storage. Etoposide and cisplatin concentrations decreased less than 10% from the initial concentration after eight hours of storage. At 24 hours, the admixtures containing etoposide 400 micrograms/mL and cisplatin 200 micrograms/mL (with additives) in 0.9% sodium chloride injection precipitated. The decrease in etoposide concentrations during the first 24 hours in the rest of the admixtures was less than 10% of the initial concentration. The change in etoposide concentration was related to the type of i.v. solution and the presence of additives. After 24 hours, the change in cisplatin concentrations was less than 10% of the initial concentration, except in the admixtures that precipitated. For cisplatin, the presence of light was related to an increased loss of cisplatin concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1986

Stability of Liposyn II fat emulsion in total nutrient admixtures.

Compatibility and safety of a safflower oil-soybean oil lipid emulsion (Liposyn II, Abbott) with amino acids and dextrose in total nutrient admixtures (TNAs) were studied. Sixty-two admixtures representing 31 different combinations of fat emulsion, amino acid injection, and dextrose injection were tested. Both 10% and 20% concentrations of the fat emulsion and three concentrations each of amino acid injection and dextrose injection were used; the core admixture components were placed in empty flexible plastic bags in three different sequences: fat, amino acids, dextrose; fat, then dextrose and amino acids simultaneously; and amino acids and dextrose simultaneously, then fat. One of two mixtures of electrolytes and trace metals was added to each sample at the end of mixing. Six samples were tested after one day at 25 degrees C, 35 after two days at 5 degrees C plus one day at 30 degrees C, and 21 after nine days at 5 degrees C plus one day at 25 degrees C. Multivitamin injections were added to each TNA just before the 24-hour room-temperature storage. pH, emulsion particle size, and zeta potential (electrostatic surface charge of lipid particles) were measured after visual inspection of each sample. Amino acids were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and measured. Dextrose was measured by size-exclusion chromatography. In a controlled study of 24 dogs, six-hour infusions of TNAs containing Liposyn II 20% were administered for 14 days, after which all major organs and tissues were studied microscopically. At all storage times in the compatibility study, all TNAs retained a uniform, milk-like appearance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Minimizing drug misuse among elders: a proposal.

This proposal is aimed at reducing the risk of adverse drug interactions that may occur when over-the-counter (OTC) preparations are taken in conjunction with prescription drugs in an unsupervised regimen. Such polymedicating is practiced widely among the elderly. A pilot program would be implemented over 12 months at three drugstores of a major retail chain. A barcode-based computer system would be used to identify potential adverse drug interactions for elderly customers. All volunteers admitted to the study, controls and subjects, would agree to buy all their medications, prescriptions and OTC, at the participating pharmacies. In return, the volunteers would receive discounts of 25 percent on prescription and OTC drugs and 10 percent on vitamins. Study subjects (N = 375) would carry barcoded identification (BID) cards that would activate the computerized program to assess each purchase for compatibility with their other medications; controls (N = 375) would carry "dummy" BID cards that would prompt the computer to approve all drug purchases. A final comparison of the subjects with the controls, as well as with a sample of elderly residents selected randomly from the community, would determine whether such a computerized, commercially based drug use review system could reduce the potential for adverse interactions between OTC and prescription drugs among the elderly.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Cefoxitin sodium compatibility with intravenous infusions and additives.

The compatibility and stability of cefoxitin sodium in solution with a series of frequently used intravenous infusion fluids and injectable additives were studied. Cefoxitin sodium's stability in various solutions was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, iodometry, thin-layer chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and microbiological assay. Cefoxitin sodium was shown to maintain 90% of its initial concentration in aqueous solution for 40 hours at room temperature (25 C) and about 30 days at 5 C. The stability of cefoxitin sodium in common i.v. infusion fluids was independent of the concentrations (1 mg/ml to 400 mg/ml) and containers used, and was retained after 30 weeks storage at -20 C. Similar stability patterns were demonstrated for cefoxitin sodium in protein hydrolysate solutions and multivitamin formulations. Cefoxitin sodium was chemically and visually compatible with amikacin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate, kanamycin sulfate and tobramycin sulfate when admixed with normal saline or 5% dextrose in water injections. Cefoxitin sodium (397 mg/ml) in 0.5% lidocaine hydrochloride was stable after 26 weeks of storage at -20 C. Sodium cefoxitin is compatible with a wide variety of commonly used infusion solutions. Its stability is independent of concentration or pH within the ranges studied, and of types of common containers.

Aminoglycosides↗