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PubMedDate not supplied

[Coping in the family context: active and avoidance strategies in adolescents from divorced families].

Studies on children's response to divorce have mainly emphasized negative psychological sequalae such as poor social adjustment and emotional disorders. In many studies children's coping strategies were important moderator variables. In a meta-analysis, Suls and Fletcher (1985) found better short-term outcomes related to avoidant coping. On the long run, however, active strategies were better off. To date, little is known about family climate influences on adolescents' coping. In the current study, 128 children (62 girls, 66 boys) from German middle class families were observed 6 months, 1, 2, and 7 years after the divorce of their parents. At the time of divorce their mean age was 14,8 years (SD = 2,5). The models presented in this article are based on 39 adolescents (17 girls, 22 boys) for whom complete data were available. The study relates adolescents' coping strategies to measures of family functioning, as assessed through Family Environment Scale (Moos 1974). Coping strategies were assessed by Ways of Coping (Lazarus 1980), Impact of Event Scale (Horowitz 1979), and Stressverarbeitungs-Fragebogen (Janke 1985). Results, analyzed with LISREL models, indicate that supportive family climate, operationalized by openness and control, are good cumulative predictors for active coping. In a second model constraining family climates predicts avoidant coping in adolescents. Clinical implications are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Pathways linking parental divorce with adolescent depression.

This article examines the intervening pathways linking parental divorce with adolescent depression, using both cross-sectional and prospective data from a study of high school students in the Boston metropolitan area. Overall, findings reveal that parental divorce is linked with adolescent depression in two ways: (1) it is a source of numerous secondary problems and stresses that are causally related to depression, and (2) it alters youths' reactivity to these stresses, in some cases enhancing, but in other cases mitigating, their depressive effects. Analyses demonstrated the central role of economic hardship in linking family status with depression, with the strength of this indirect pathway partly attributable to the greater vulnerability of youths in single-parent families to financial stresses. In contrast, family conflict did not account for the distress of youths in single-parent families, largely because of their immunity to the effects of such conflict. Finally, prospective data failed to support the hypothesis that differences between youths in single-parent and intact families predate the divorce.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children of divorce.

Limited attention has been directed in the dental literature to the emotional, economic and associated consequences of divorces on children. A general introduction is provided on 1) the numbers of children involved in divorces in different single-parent population groups, with 2) emphasis on the emotional impact of divorce on children and 3) the potential significance for pediatric dental practices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The Parsi Marriage and Divorce (Amendment) Act, 1988 (No. 5 of 1988), 25 March 1988.

This Act amends the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936, of India in the following ways, among others: 1) marriage age is set at 21 for males and 18 for females (even if they have changed religion); 2) children of invalid marriages are legitimate if they would have been legitimate if the marriage had been valid; 3) divorce can be obtained on the grounds of incurable unsoundness of mind for a period of two years; cruelty; desertion for two years (instead of three, as previously); nonresumption of cohabitation after a decree for separate maintenance for one year (instead of two years); conversion to some other religion (not merely ceasing to be a Parsi); nonresumption of cohabitation for one year after a decree of judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights, regardless of guilt; and mutual consent; 4) both husband and wife have equal rights to obtain provisional alimony and permanent alimony and maintenance from each other; 5) the age for custody and maintenance of children is increased from 16 to 18; and 6) all suits brought under the law are to tried in camera.

Asia↗
PubMed1998

Inbreeding and divorce in blue and great tits.

In blue tits, Parus caeruleus, and other wild birds, matings between close relatives or between genetically similar individuals are associated with fitness costs, often in terms of lower hatching success of the eggs. If individuals cannot assess their genetic similarity to potential mates, those fitness costs may be hard to avoid; however, they may use the proportion of unhatched eggs in their clutch as a cue for their mate choice in the next season. We tested this hypothesis using data from a long-term population study on blue and great tits, Parus major. Divorce in response to inbreeding depression can be considered a special case of the 'incompatibility hypothesis'. As predicted from this hypothesis, both male and female blue tits benefited from divorce when part of their clutch failed to hatch. There was no evidence however, that divorce in blue or great tits was related to the presence of unhatched eggs in the nest. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Combining a job and children: contrasting the health of married and divorced women in the Netherlands?

The research question of this paper is whether the combination of paid employment and taking care of children promotes or damages the health of married and divorced women in the Netherlands. To answer this question, data are used from 936 women aged 30-54 years who were either living with a partner (N = 431) or divorced and living alone 505). The findings show that combining a job outside the home and childcare does not harm women's health, irrespective of the length of the working week and the age of the children. In fact, some work-childcare combinations are associated with better health. This is true for both married and divorced women and especially holds true in the case of a part-time job and having older children. Two effects are responsible for the findings: enjoying good health enables mothers to work outside the home (selection effect) and working outside the home promotes mothers' health (health effect).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Degree of mutual ornamentation in birds is related to divorce rate.

Many bird species have ornaments that are expressed equally in both sexes. I use comparative analysis to investigate why some monomorphic birds are highly ornamented, whereas others are drab. The results show a significant positive association between the degree of mutual ornamentation and divorce rate. This result is robust to the removal of the effects of phylogeny, site fidelity, residency, coloniality, nest type, mortality, body size and body-size dimorphism. The level of extra-pair paternity was not related to the degree of mutual ornamentation. I argue that these results are compatible with a process of mutual sexual selection, in which both sexes compete for access to mates. The coupled evolution of ornamentation and divorce rate, from the probable ancestral state of a high degree of ornamentation and a low divorce rate, appears to result mainly from a loss of ornamentation under mate fidelity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The Hazards of Predicting Divorce Without Crossvalidation.

Divorce prediction studies (e.g., Gottman, Coan, Carrere, & Swanson, 1998) suggest that couples' eventual divorce can be very accurately predicted from a number of different variables. Recent attention to these studies has failed to consider the need to crossvalidate prediction equations and to consider the prevalence of divorce in the population. We analyze archival data to demonstrate that accuracy and predictive value drops precipitously during crossvalidation. We conclude that results of studies without crossvalidation analyses should be interpreted with extreme caution, no matter how impressive the initial results appear to be.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The impact of minority group status on the projected retirement income of divorced women in the baby boom cohort.

Using projections from the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (MINT1), we examine the characteristics and retirement income of white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic divorced women in the baby boom cohort. Although we find significant differences in retirement income for divorced women of different racial and ethnic groups, the characteristics associated with higher or lower retirement income are very similar. That is, being college educated, owning a home, and having pension and asset income, for example, correspond to increased retirement income for all racial and ethnic groups. However, because black and Hispanic women are less likely than white women to be college educated, to own their home, and to have pension and asset income, their retirement income tends to be lower than that of white women. We conclude the paper by briefly discussing policy options to address the retirement needs of divorced women.

Black People↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Separations and divorces in Italy according to the age of the spouses and the duration of marriage (1969-1978)].

"An analysis of judicial separations (1969-1978) and divorces (1971-1978) in Italy is presented...with reference to the duration of marriage and the age of husband and wife, using...data collected by ISTAT (Italian Central Statistical Institute)." It is found that the risk of separation or divorce is greater for shorter marriage durations (3-6 years), for individuals who marry at younger ages, and for marriages performed during World War II. (summary in ENG, FRE)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

A review of economic research into determinants of divorce.

"This paper reviews econometric work on the determinants of divorce. There is a fair degree of agreement over some of the key variables. It seems well-established that the effect of male wage rates is negative while the effect of female wage rates is positive. Nonetheless, controversy still rages over the effect of legal changes. Further work is needed on this. Viewed as a scientific research programme, the study of the determinants of divorce needs access to a wider range of populations. The databases at present are primarily U.S. sample surveys."

Americas↗
PubMed1987

Women's causal explanations of divorce: relationships to self-esteem and emotional distress.

The relationships of women's self-esteem and emotional distress to their causal explanations of divorce were investigated. Thirty-six women ending a first marriage were interviewed using the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (Fitts, 1965), the Ireton Personal Inventory (Ireton, 1980), and the Women's Attributions to Divorce Questionnaire. Self-esteem was associated with causal explanations characterized as internal, whereas emotional distress was related to causal explanations characterized as internal, stable, and global. The relationships occurred only in women who perceived themselves as being unable to prevent the marriage from ending. The findings support the learned helplessness model for predicting emotional distress and provide nurses with information useful in assessing mental health.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Self-perceived and independently observed competence of young adolescents as a function of parental marital conflict and recent divorce.

The self-perceived and independently observed cognitive and social competence of young adolescents as a function of parental conflict and recent divorce was investigated. Subjects were 40 young adolescents between the ages of 11 years 1 month and 15 years 1 month. A 2 X 2 factorial design was used, with the independent variables being parental marital status (married vs. recently divorced) and parental conflict (high vs. low). Dependent variables included the following measures of adolescent competence: adolescent-completed measures of self-perceived competence, teacher-completed measures, behavioral observations, and school grades. The results indicated that the level of parental conflict, rather than parental marital status, appears to be the critical variable associated with adolescents' independently observed levels of cognitive and social competence. In regard to adolescents' self-perceived levels of cognitive and social competence, parental marital status was found to be the critical variable. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

Events of parental divorce: stressfulness ratings by children, parents, and clinicians.

The stressfulness, for the "typical" child, of 62 events that occur to children of divorce was rated by children of divorce (n = 58), their custodial parents (n = 58), and clinicians (n = 50). In addition, a larger group of children (n = 123) rated the goodness or badness of the events that had happened to them. The rank orderings of the mean stress ratings for the typical child made by children, parents, and clinicians were highly correlated. However, when the absolute stress value of the events was compared across raters, children rated 10 events as significantly less stressful than did parents (p less than .05); parents' and clinicians' ratings differed for 9 events, parents rating 7 as less stressful (p less than .05). Children rated 19 events as less stressful than did clinicians (p less than .05). The rank ordering of the children's mean ratings of events actually experienced correlated highly with the rank orderings of the children's mean ratings of the negative events for the typical child.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Social support of children of divorce: direct and stress buffering effects.

This study examined the direct and stress-buffering effects of support from family adults, nonfamily adults, family children, and nonfamily children on the adjustment of 104 children of divorce. For children's reports of adjustment, significant stress-buffering (i.e., Stress x Support) interactions for support from family adults and support from nonfamily adults occurred. The lower the level of social support, the stronger the positive relation between stress and adjustment problems. In addition, at high levels of stress, children with high support from nonfamily and family adults reported fewer adjustment problems than did children with low support. However, at the lowest level of stress, children with high support from nonfamily adults were significantly more poorly adjusted than were children with low support. For parental reports of children's adjustment, support from family adults was marginally positively related to adjustment whereas support from nonfamily adults was inversely related to adjustment. Implications for intervention programs for children of divorce are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

[What is the impact of divorce upon health management methods within the family?].

The studies which cover relationships between life events and health do not question sufficiently about their meaning, depending on the circumstances in which they occur. This paper takes divorce as an example to demonstrate that it is not possible to attribute to this event a general meaning, equally good for all families. As a matter of fact, divorce involves a reorganization, which either takes place in the prolongation of the previous family way of life, or in discontinuance with it. According to the situations, it can then be accompanied with no change in health taking care or, on the contrary, followed by a general reorganization of the usual practices and representations in relation with health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Delivering a very low birth weight infant and the subsequent risk of divorce or separation.

BACKGROUND: The simultaneous rise over the last two decades in the U.S. in the proportion of VLBW (<1500 grams) deliveries and the improvement in their chance of survival has increased the number of families caring for VLBW infants and children. The families of VLBW infants with adverse outcomes can face psychological and monetary stresses, which in turn may influence marital instability and increase the risk of divorce or separation. The purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship of having a VLBW birth with the probability of divorce or separation in the first two years following delivery. METHODS: We use data from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS). This national stratified, systematic "follow-back" survey augments information from birth records in 1988 by obtaining information on social, demographic, and economic variables from women that delivered a baby in 1988. We estimate a proportional discrete time hazard model of transitions to divorce/separation. RESULTS: Parents of a VLBW infant have 2-fold higher odds of divorce/separation compared with parents of a child with a birth weight greater than 1500 grams. Two years after delivery of a non-VLBW baby 95 percent of the marriages remain stable, while about 90 percent of the marriages remain stable following the birth of a VLBW baby. If the pregnancy was not desired, then only 85 percent of the marriages remain stable 2 years following the delivery of a VLBW infant. CONCLUSIONS: There is an evident need to counsel and support families with VLBW infants on mechanisms to cope with the initial stressors that can be anticipated to arise.

Adolescent↗