The pattern of family formation in Sudan.
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Africa↗
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Results for “Demographic Analysis”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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[Life tables by marital status].
"A life table by marital status presents a distribution among the four marital statuses, i.e. never married, married, widowed and divorced, for a range of ages, starting at a specific age with an initial (fictitious) cohort of males or females. The numbers of survivors in each marital status are computed using sex, age and marital status-specific quotients concerning death or changes in marital status." The geographical focus is on the Netherlands. (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Age Factors↗
Cohort survival in ageing populations: a model life table approach.
"In populations where higher proportions are surviving longer, cohort life tables are a valuable means of measuring changes and anticipating future developments. Yet cohort life tables are calculated only infrequently from national mortality statistics because of difficulties in adjusting observed data and projecting cohort survival. To facilitate regular updating, an approach to cohort life table construction is needed that circumvents the problems of data adjustment and projection. This paper proposes a method based on model life tables which provides information consistent with official life tables and projections of life expectancy. The paper also compares the results with those obtained by other methods and discusses some implications of trends in cohort survival." (SUMMARY IN ITA AND FRE)
Cohort Studies↗
Sociodemographic correlates of breast feeding in Ghana.
This study utilizes data from the Ghana Fertility Survey (GFS) (1979-1980) to investigate breast feeding in Ghana and the factors that affect it. Using life table procedures, we found evidence that, when other factors are held constant, older cohorts, women with no schooling, those who work in the agricultural sector, those affiliated with traditional Ghanaian religions, Mole-Dagbanis, rural residents, residents of the Volta, Brong-Ahafo, northern, and upper regions, and low-parity women show longer durations of breast feeding. It is recommended that, along with other fertility reduction measures, prolonged breast feeding among all Ghanaian mothers should be encouraged to help reduce conception and to ensure healthy children.
Body Image↗
Medical and contraceptive reasons for sterilization in the United States.
Over the past two decades, the proportion of sterilizations--for both contraceptive and noncontraceptive reasons--among women of reproductive age (WRA) has risen in the United States. In 1982, more than one in ten WRA were sterilized for noncontraceptive, or medical, reasons. However, the rationales these women had for undergoing sterilization were not always clear-cut; often a mixture of medical and contraceptive reasons were given. In this study, Cycle III data from the National Survey of Family Growth, 1982, were used to investigate the determinants of different types of sterilization decisions--sterilizing for contraceptive, medical, or "mixed" reasons. It is important to recognize this "mixed" component of sterilization motivation. Parity and, to a lesser degree, education have consistent effects on differentiating these types of rationales, which appeared to have somewhat different patterns among black and white women.
Adolescent↗
Breastfeeding effects on birth interval components: a prospective child health study in Gaza.
Data that were collected prospectively from a child health study conducted in Gaza show a strong relationship between breastfeeding and two major components of birth intervals, the postpartum anovulatory period and the waiting time to conception. The Gaza population is similar to other populations in the Middle East in having moderate durations of breastfeeding and short intervals between births. The finding of a strong positive association between breastfeeding and the length of postpartum amenorrhea is as expected from numerous other studies. The relationship between breastfeeding behavior and the waiting time to conception is examined using hazard model analysis. Women who are breastfeeding when menstruation resumes and continue to do so are less likely to conceive than other women, according to the analysis.
Adolescent↗
Induced abortion and fertility.
Even in countries with high rates of legal induced abortion, contraceptive use and marital patterns nearly always have a greater impact on fertility levels than does abortion. As a rule, extremely high rates of abortion--three or more abortions per woman of childbearing age during the reproductive years--are required for the fertility-inhibiting effect of abortion to rival that of contraceptive use. Nevertheless, the absolute effect of abortion on fertility (defined as the amount by which the current total fertility rate, or TFR, would increase if no abortions were performed) is often substantial. In most of the countries examined, the TFR would have been from about 20 percent to nearly 90 percent higher than it actually was (other things being equal) had no induced abortions been performed. Among developed countries, the Soviet Union, Japan, Eastern European countries, Israel and the United States have the highest total legal abortion rates, ranging from one abortion to more than five abortions per woman of childbearing age during the reproductive years. Among the developing countries for which reliable data are available, South Korea, China, Cuba and Singapore have rates of about 1-2 abortions per woman of fertile age. However, a number of other countries in Latin America and Asia, for which the data are deficient, probably have equally high rates.
Abortion, Induced↗
Fertility and reproduction in the Bendel State of Nigeria.
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Birth Rate↗
Public endorsement of restrictions on three aspects of free expression by homosexuals: socio-demographic and trends analysis 1973-1988.
The willingness of the public to endorse proposals to remove gay-positive books from library shelves, to dismiss college teachers who are homosexuals, and to prohibit public speaking by homosexuals was examined. A socio-demographic analysis aggregating the entire period 1973 through 1988, and an analysis of trends over the period, were undertaken using data from the General Social Surveys. Responses to survey questions concerning homosexuals were compared with responses to similar questions concerning other unpopular groups, and to questions which called upon the respondent to make a moral judgment concerning homosexual relations. A significant decline over the period was found in the public's willingness to endorse restrictions on homosexuals, and on each of the other unpopular groups used for comparison. Level of education appeared to be a strong indicator of a more tolerant attitude. Paradoxically, negative moral attitudes toward homosexual relations did not decline. Bias in the wording of the General Social Surveys' questions concerning the moral dimension of homosexuality may have distorted these results, however. The public's moral attitude toward homosexual behavior does appear to be quite labile from year to year, suggesting that concerted efforts to educate the public on this subject can have an important and rapid effect.
Adult↗
Impact of demographic distribution and population growth rate on haplotypic diversity linked to a disease gene and their consequences for the estimation of recombination rate: example of a French Canadian population.
A disease gene introduced into a rapidly growing population by a single individual remains in strong linkage disequilibrium with the surrounding molecular markers. Mapping strategies taking advantage of this phenomenon allow increased mapping resolution as compared to pedigree analysis. Demographic models underlying these strategies usually assume the population exponential growth approximated by Poisson distribution of the number of children per individual. Knowing the real demographic distribution in the studied French-Canadian population, we analyzed the validity of the Poisson approximation. We adapted the existing model of the Poisson branching process to the case of a rapidly growing population and to non-Poisson distributions. In consequence, we were able to apply maximum-likelihood methods to estimate the recombination rate under various demographic scenarios. Our analysis shows that the growth rate has a higher impact on the estimation of recombination rate than the shape of the demographic distribution. The choice of the demographic model (Poisson vs. non-Poisson) has little effect on the estimation of the recombination rate but affects the expected distribution of haplotype frequencies. This distribution, however, depends much more on the population growth rate. Finally, we also demonstrate the usefulness of the Luria-Delbrück method, which gives a correct estimation of the recombination rate in a growing population, provided the sampling error is taken into account in the confidence intervals.
Confidence Intervals↗
Hazard screening of chemical releases and environmental equity analysis of populations proximate to toxic release inventory facilities in Oregon.
A comprehensive approach using hazard screening, demographic analysis, and a geographic information system (GIS) for mapping is employed to address environmental equity issues in Oregon. A media-specific chronic toxicity index [or chronic index (CI)] was used to compare environmental chemical releases reported in the EPA's Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) database. In 1992, 254 facilities reportedly released more than 40 million pounds of toxic chemicals directly into the environment on-site or transferred them to sewage treatment plants or other off-site facilities for disposal and recycling. For each reported on-site TRI chemical release, a CI based on oral toxicity factors and total mass was calculated. CIs were aggregated on a media-, facility-, and chemical-specific basis. Glycol ethers, nickel, trichloroethylene, chloroform, and manganese were ranked as the top five chemicals released statewide based on total CI. In contrast, based on total mass, methanol, nickel, ammonia, acetone, and toluene were identified as the top five TRI chemicals released in Oregon. TRI facility rankings were related to the demographics and household income of surrounding neighborhoods using bivariate GIS mapping and statistical analysis. TRI facilities were disproportionately located in racial and ethnic minority neighborhoods. They were also located in areas with lower incomes compared to those in the surrounding county. No relationship was observed between the hazard ranking of the TRI facilities overall and socioeconomic characteristics of the community in which they were located.
Algorithms↗
Health inequality and users' risk-taking: a longitudinal analysis in a French reproductive technology centre.
This article sets out to provide a demographic analysis of the production of social inequality through IVF trajectories in a reproductive technology centre of a French hospital. However specific this example may be, it reveals one of the paradoxes of social inequalities in health: lay experience of risk in reproductive technology shows profound inequalities related to social status, despite the fact that equality would seem to be guaranteed in France, since the social security system covers the full cost of the treatments. We will try to understand this paradox through a lifecourse approach. Thus, it will be shown that social inequality in reproductive health is deeply rooted in social scenarios of infertility that lead to differentiated medical experience: there is little benefit and even a worsening in the situation of lower class women, who were faced with unpredictable risks related to the collective testing of these new technologies. Conversely, the possibility of inventing new lifestories, which may or may not include motherhood, was given to upper class women who take calculated risks to delay the scheduling of their pregnancies. In short, this study confirms that the production of social inequality in reproductive health can only be understood in connection with the social dynamics of lifestyles, resulting in specific medical patterns. This paper also leads to the assumption that these social scenarios are related to attempts to enhance the different forms of capital: economic, cultural and social capital. In addition, the presence of risks aggravates this inequality process. This raises another question: do reproductive technologies result in reinforcing social inequality?
Adult↗
Characteristics of participants enrolled in a Quit and Win smoking cessation program.
Quit and Win smoking cessation incentive programs have been used to promote community-based smoking cessation in the United States and internationally. The Quit and Win contest has been offered annually by the Lexington-Fayette County Health Department since 2001. In order to engage in continuous quality assessment of the Quit and Win program, demographic analysis of program participants is critical to better extend the marketing message to target audiences. The goal of this analysis is to report various baseline parameters of the 2003 Lexington-Fayette County Quit and Win contest cohort. Of the 876 participants, most were white, had at least a high school education, smoked cigarettes for more than 10 years, and had multiple previous quit attempts. Most anticipated using nicotine replacement products to aid the current quit attempt. The demographic information from this analysis can be used to design future programs that target a wider segment of the population.
Adult↗
Diverse aging rates in metazoans: targets for functional genomics.
Aging, or senescence, has typically been measured by demographic analysis, which has its merits but is blind to key aspects of functional development and deterioration. If one uses demographic analyses, however, the approach providing most insight is the analysis of age-specific mortality. The continuing increase in DNA sequencing power combined with emerging computational techniques will allow in the near future detailed investigation of mechanisms of aging in diverse species beyond the typical laboratory bestiary. A comparative approach of this sort needs to consider, in addition to simple longevity, the effects of phylogeny and body size on the species in question. Insight may be gained from the study of species exhibiting accelerated aging relative to more "typical" species. These naturally short-lived species, such as several small shrews and marsupials, avoid the worry inherent in "accelerated aging" genotypes of common models, which is that they are only short-lived because of some idiosyncratic pathology unrelated to general aging. A case of special interest that has yet to be seriously investigated is the domestic dog, in which selective breeding has produced phenotypes within the same species that age at two-fold different rates. Exceptionally long-lived species offer exceptional opportunities to discover whether there are few or many ways to create long-lived organisms. Slow-aging species with the most to offer include bats and naked mole-rats. Perhaps no fundamental question in biology is more intriguing that why and how nature has produced such a dazzling array of aging rates. The development of functional genetics over the next several decades promises to lead us toward an answer.
Animals↗
[Polarization reversal in the development of Brazilian metropolises? An analysis based on demographic indicators, using the example of Sao Paulo].
"Using the example of Sao Paulo, this paper addresses itself to the question of how far the decrease in growth rates one observes in large Brazilian metropolises can be interpreted as a process of polarization reversal. The analysis is carried out on the basis of demographic data from small area units, which include the results from the most recent 1991 census. Although it had already been possible in the 1970s to discern first indications of such a process setting in, in the decade 1981-91 indicators of population growth and migration balances agree in pointing to a polarization reversal." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Americas↗
Comparison trial of four injectable anesthetics for laceration repair.
OBJECTIVES: To compare four injectable anesthetics (buffered 1% lidocaine, buffered 1% lidocaine with epinephrine, plain 1% lidocaine with epinephrine, and 0.5% diphenhydramine with epinephrine) for pain of infiltration and effectiveness of anesthesia during suturing of minor lacerations. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, comparison trial of the above agents was performed in an urban ED; adults with simple linear lacerations without vascular compromise were enrolled. Physicians and patients ranked the pain of injection and suturing according to a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). Fisher's exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare demographic data, and Kruskal-Wallis and Newman-Keuls tests were used in analysis of VAS rankings. The power of the study was 0.8 to detect a 1.4-cm difference in VAS readings, and 0.9 to detect a 1.7-cm difference. RESULTS: Seven of 200 enrolled patients were excluded due to improper data collection and 13 were removed from final statistical analysis due to need for additional anesthetic (treatment failures), leaving 180 subjects for final analysis. Demographic data were similar for the four groups (p > 0.05). Diphenhydramine with epinephrine was significantly more painful to inject than was buffered lidocaine or buffered lidocaine with epinephrine, according to both the patients (p = 0.0003) and the physicians (p = 0.0037). The two buffered compounds were slightly less painful to inject than was lidocaine with epinephrine, but statistical comparisons did not reach significance. For anesthesia effectiveness, lidocaine with epinephrine and buffered lidocaine with epinephrine were statistically better than buffered lidocaine or diphenhydramine with epinephrine (p = 0.0001 for the patients and the physicians). CONCLUSIONS: Buffered lidocaine with epinephrine and lidocaine with epinephrine were more effective anesthetics during suturing, according to both the physicians and the patients. There was a tendency toward less pain with infiltration in buffered solutions, compared with plain lidocaine with epinephrine, but the comparisons did not reach statistical significance. Diphenhydramine with epinephrine was more painful to inject than were buffered lidocaine with epinephrine and lidocaine with epinephrine, and was less effective anesthetically than the other three solutions.
Adult↗
Some uses of client and census records in community mental health planning.
A conceptual framework is presented which outlines uses of client and community data for mental health planning. Client records from a mental health center and 1970 census data were analyzed three ways to illustrate some of these uses: (a) a geographic analysis which compared service utilization rates with the social characteristics of census tracts; (b) a demographic analysis which compared the social characteristics of clients with those of the catchment area population; and (c) an analysis of clients who dropped out of treatment and who left therapy unimproved. The results revealed that (a) census areas characterized by high proportions of disenfranchised groups (e.g., divorced, low status, Spanish heritage) showed high service utilization rates; (b) higher proportions of divorced, high school educated, and unemployed residents utilized services than expected by population estimates; and (c) dropouts from therapy could be discriminated based on demographic differences in marital status, income level, employment status, educational level, ethnicity, and previous mental health treatment.
Community Mental Health Services↗