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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Human respiratory tract cancer risks of inhaled formaldehyde: dose-response predictions derived from biologically-motivated computational modeling of a combined rodent and human dataset.

Formaldehyde inhalation at 6 ppm and above causes nasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in F344 rats. The quantitative implications of the rat tumors for human cancer risk are of interest, since epidemiological studies have provided only equivocal evidence that formaldehyde is a human carcinogen. Conolly et al. (Toxicol. Sci. 75, 432-447, 2003) analyzed the rat tumor dose-response assuming that both DNA-reactive and cytotoxic effects of formaldehyde contribute to SCC development. The key elements of their approach were: (1) use of a three-dimensional computer reconstruction of the rat nasal passages and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to predict regional dosimetry of formaldehyde; (2) association of the flux of formaldehyde into the nasal mucosa, as predicted by the CFD model, with formation of DNA-protein cross-links (DPX) and with cytolethality/regenerative cellular proliferation (CRCP); and (3) use of a two-stage clonal growth model to link DPX and CRCP with tumor formation. With this structure, the prediction of the tumor dose response was extremely sensitive to cell kinetics. The raw dose-response data for CRCP are J-shaped, and use of these data led to a predicted J-shaped dose response for tumors, notwithstanding a concurrent low-dose-linear, directly mutagenic effect of formaldehyde mediated by DPX. In the present work the modeling approach used by Conolly et al. (ibid.) was extended to humans. Regional dosimetry predictions for the entire respiratory tract were obtained by merging a three-dimensional CFD model for the human nose with a one-dimensional typical path model for the lower respiratory tract. In other respects, the human model was structurally identical to the rat model. The predicted human dose response for DPX was obtained by scale-up of a computational model for DPX calibrated against rat and rhesus monkey data. The rat dose response for CRCP was used "as is" for the human model, since no preferable alternative was identified. Three sets of baseline parameter values for the human clonal growth model were obtained through separate calibrations against respiratory tract cancer incidence data for nonsmokers, smokers, and a mixed population of nonsmokers and smokers, respectively. Additional risks of respiratory tract cancer were predicted to be negative up to about one ppm for all three cases when the raw CRCP data from the rat were used. When a hockey-stick-shaped model was fit to the rat CRCP data and used in place of the raw data, positive maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) of additional risk were obtained. These MLE estimates were lower, for some comparisons by as much as 1,000-fold, than MLE estimates from previous cancer dose-response assessments for formaldehyde. Breathing rate variations associated with different physical activity levels did not make large changes in predicted additional risks. In summary, this analysis of the human implications of the rat SCC data indicates that (1) cancer risks associated with inhaled formaldehyde are de minimis (10(-6) or less) at relevant human exposure levels, and (2) protection from the noncancer effects of formaldehyde should be sufficient to protect from its potential carcinogenic effects.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics, desired functionalities, and datasets of state Web-based Data Query Systems.

Based on a review of state public health department Web sites, this article describes Web-based Data Query Systems (WDQSs) currently used in 27 US states. In addition, functionalities of selected well-established state WDQSs are defined as major functionalities (11), subfunctionalities (21), and specific functionalities (141), on the basis of a consensus process with participants from states and national organizations in the United States and Canada. Also, on the basis of the consensus process, specific functionalities are categorized as core, enhanced, and expert. Key terms relevant to WDQSs are defined. The information contained in this article should prove useful to public health agencies developing, revising, or evaluating the WDQS.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed2003

Impact of OSHA final rule--recording hearing loss: an analysis of an industrial audiometric dataset.

The 2003 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Occupational Injury and Illness Recording and Reporting Final Rule changed the definition of recordable work-related hearing loss. We performed a study of the Alcoa Inc. audiometric database to evaluate the impact of this new rule. The 2003 rule increased the rate of potentially recordable hearing loss events from 0.2% to 1.6% per year. A total of 68.6% of potentially recordable cases had American Academy of Audiology/American Medical Association (AAO/AMA) hearing impairment at the time of recordability. On average, recordable loss occurred after onset of impairment, whereas the non-age-corrected 10-dB standard threshold shift (STS) usually preceded impairment. The OSHA Final Rule will significantly increase recordable cases of occupational hearing loss. The new case definition is usually accompanied by AAO/AMA hearing impairment. Other, more sensitive metrics should therefore be used for early detection and prevention of hearing loss.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Computed tomography diagnosis of acute appendicitis: advantages of reviewing thin-section datasets using sliding slab average intensity projection technique.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare sliding slab mode and standard stack mode in the computed tomography (CT) diagnosis of acute appendicitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Contrast-enhanced CT was performed in 85 patients, 35 of whom had appendicitis. Four readers retrospectively reviewed 5-mm thick transverse sections (4-mm increment) using the stack mode and 2-mm thick sections (1-mm increment) with the sliding slab, average intensity projection. The sliding slab mode started with a 5-mm thick transverse slab, but the readers were encouraged to change the viewing angle and the slab thickness. RESULTS: In sliding slab mode, the readers changed the viewing angle in 89 of 340 observations (24%) and decreased the slab thickness in 26 observations (8%). Although the receiver operating characteristic analysis did not show a significant difference (P = 0.18), the sliding slab mode enhanced the pooled sensitivity (93.6% vs. 98.6%, P = 0.02), specificity (92.0% vs. 97.5%, P = 0.01), and mean confidence for the diagnosis (P < 0.001) or exclusion (P = 0.002) of acute appendicitis; reduced inconclusive interpretations (5.6% vs. 1.8%, P = 0.01); and visualized the appendix more clearly (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the stack mode, the sliding slab mode enhances diagnostic confidence and more clearly visualizes the appendix.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Conflict between datasets and phylogeny of centipedes: an analysis based on seven genes and morphology.

Although the phylogeny of centipedes has found ample agreement based on morphology, recent analyses incorporating molecular data show major conflict at resolving the deepest nodes in the centipede tree. While some genes support the classical (morphological) hypothesis, others suggest an alternative tree in which the relictual order Craterostigmomorpha, restricted to Tasmania and New Zealand, is resolved as the sister group to all other centipedes. We combined all available data including seven genes (totalling more than 8 kb of genetic information) and 153 morphological characters for 24 centipedes, and conducted a sensitivity analysis to evaluate where the conflict resides. Our data showed that the classical hypothesis is obtained primarily when nuclear ribosomal genes exert dominance in the character data matrix (at high gap costs), while the alternative tree is obtained when protein-encoding genes account for most of the cladogram length (at low gap costs). In this particular case, the addition of genetic data does not produce a more stable hypothesis for deep centipede relationships than when analysing certain genes independently, but the overall conflict in the data can be clearly detected via a sensitivity analysis, and support and stability of shallow nodes increase as data are added.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

16S rRNA and amoA-based phylogeny of 12 novel betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing isolates: extension of the dataset and proposal of a new lineage within the nitrosomonads.

The phylogenetic relationship of 12 ammonia-oxidizing isolates (eight nitrosospiras and four nitrosomonads), for which no gene sequence information was available previously, was investigated based on their genes encoding 16S rRNA and the active site subunit of ammonia monooxygenase (AmoA). Almost full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for the 12 isolates. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequences of 15 ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) published previously were completed to allow for a more reliable phylogeny inference of members of this guild. Moreover, sequences of 453 bp fragments of the amoA gene were determined from 15 AOB, including the 12 isolates, and completed for 10 additional AOB. 16S rRNA gene and amoA-based analyses, including all available sequences of AOB pure cultures, were performed to determine the position of the newly retrieved sequences within the established phylogenetic framework. The resulting 16S rRNA gene and amoA tree topologies were similar but not identical and demonstrated a superior resolution of 16S rRNA versus amoA analysis. While 11 of the 12 isolates could be assigned to different phylogenetic groups recognized within the betaproteobacterial AOB, the estuarine isolate Nitrosomonas sp. Nm143 formed a separate lineage together with three other marine isolates whose 16S rRNA sequences have not been published but have been deposited in public databases. In addition, 17 environmentally retrieved 16S rRNA gene sequences not assigned previously and all originating exclusively from marine or estuarine sites clearly belong to this lineage.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2025

Gene-environment interaction analysis in atopic eczema: evidence from large population datasets and modelling in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Environmental factors play a role in the pathogenesis of complex traits including atopic eczema (AE) and a greater understanding of gene-environment interactions (G*E) is needed to define pathomechanisms for disease prevention. We analysed data from 16 European studies to test for interaction between the 24 most significant AE-associated loci identified from genome-wide association studies and 18 early-life environmental factors. We tested for replication using a further 10 studies and in vitro modelling to independently assess findings. RESULTS: The discovery analysis showed suggestive evidence for interaction (p<0.05) between 7 environmental factors (antibiotic use, cat ownership, dog ownership, breastfeeding, elder sibling, smoking and washing practices) and at least one established variant for AE, 14 interactions in total (maxN=25,339). In replication analysis (maxN=252,040) dog exposure*rs10214237 (on chromosome 5p13.2 near IL7R) was nominally significant (ORinteraction=0.91 [0.83-0.99] P=0.025), with a risk effect of the T allele observed only in those not exposed to dogs. A similar interaction with rs10214237 was observed for siblings in the discovery analysis (ORinteraction=0.84[0.75-0.94] P=0.003), but replication analysis was under-powered ORinteraction=1.09[0.82-1.46]). Rs10214237 homozygous risk genotype is associated with lower IL-7R expression in human keratinocytes, and dog exposure modelled in vitro showed a differential response according to rs10214237 genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Interaction analysis and functional assessment provide evidence that early-life dog exposure may modify the genetic effect of rs10214237 on AE via IL7R, supporting observational epidemiology showing a protective effect for dog ownership. The lack of evidence for other G*E studied here implies that only weak effects are likely to occur.

Atopic eczema↗
PubMed2005

Landmine detection and classification with complex-valued hybrid neural network using scattering parameters dataset.

Neural networks have been applied to landmine detection from data generated by different kinds of sensors. Real-valued neural networks have been used for detecting landmines from scattering parameters measured by ground penetrating radar (GPR) after disregarding phase information. This paper presents results using complex-valued neural networks, capable of phase-sensitive detection followed by classification. A two-layer hybrid neural network structure incorporating both supervised and unsupervised learning is proposed to detect and then classify the types of landmines. Tests are also reported on a benchmark data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Conflict-related mortality: an analysis of 37 datasets.

Mortality rates are among the main indicators of the human impact of armed conflict and many surveys have assessed this impact both for targeting and evaluating humanitarian aid programmes. Almost no epidemiological analysis such as calculating relative risk was performed nor were reference values clearly described. Here the aim is to review published mortality rates for a better understanding of age-specific mortality in armed conflict. Published mortality rates from conflict situations were collected and pre-conflict reference rates composed. We calculated the relative risk of dying in conflict compared to pre-conflict for children under 5 and people older than five years old. Although limited by reporting inadequacies, the results confirm the high vulnerability of children < 5 but identify a higher relative risk of dying among the > or = 5 year olds. Although not entirely new, this observation is not fully understood. Further systematic epidemiological research is needed to estimate and understand the impact of armed conflict on mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Readmission patterns in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure and diabetes mellitus: an administrative dataset analysis.

Comprehensive disease management programmes for chronic disease aim to improve patient outcomes and reduce health-care utilization. Readmission rates are often used as an outcome measure of effectiveness. This study aimed to document readmission rates, and risk for early and late readmission, for patients discharged from the Royal Melbourne Hospital with a disease diagnosis of chronic heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or diabetes mellitus compared to those with other general medical conditions. Eighty five (8.6%) of patients were readmitted within 28 days and 183 (20.8%) were readmitted between 29 and 180 days. No risk factors for early readmission were identified. Patients with a primary disease diagnosis of CHF and COPD are at increased risk of late readmissions (29-180 days).

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Work-related injury in NSW hospitalisation and workers' compensation datasets: a comparative analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To undertake a comparative analysis of the New South Wales (NSW) Inpatient Statistics Collection (ISC) and Workers' Compensation Scheme Statistics (WCSS) for the 1999/2000 financial year in an attempt to evaluate their respective roles in the surveillance and monitoring of work-related injuries in NSW. METHODS: Work-related injuries in ISC were identified mainly by using the ICD-10 activity code and payment status and were compared with injury-related claims reported in WCSS. RESULTS: In 1990/2000, the majority of hospital separations for work-related injury involved males (86.2%) who came into contact with various objects, including machinery and tools, representing the most common mechanisms of injury, and open wounds and fractures of the upper and lower limbs as the most common injury nature/location. Injuries reported in the WCSS were also dominated by males (70%), with muscular stress while handling objects as the most common mechanism of injury and sprain and strain of the lower back as the leading nature/location of injury. The proportion of workers aged 15-19 years in the WCSS (1.2%) was over five times lower than the proportion of the same age group recorded in the ISC. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The analysis indicates that the ISC and WCSS complement each other in characterising the burden of work-related injuries in NSW. Linking compensation and outcomes data, including hospital admissions and emergency presentations, will provide a more comprehensive picture of the nature and the factors contributing to work-related injuries. Such data will inform policy and program development aimed at reducing the burden of this type of injury in the community.

Accidents, Occupational↗