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Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Data input management in clinical trial].

Data management in the clinical trial is not always processed adequately in Japan. Data management largely depends on the doctor who is in charge of the study. For the effective data processing to the computer, careful attentions should be paid to the proper selection of data-items and quantity, design of data format, coding of data to the format, and the procedure of data input into the computer. These procedures are mainly owed to data managers and computer engineers in the large clinical trials of western countries. Establishing local and central data center and identify of the data manager in our country are urgent for effective implementation of multiinstitutional clinical trial.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1989

REFERENCE UPDATE and REFERENCE MANAGER: personal computer programs for locating and managing references.

REFERENCE UPDATE (a trademark of Research Information Systems, Inc.) is a diskette-based service which provides subscribers with a weekly update on the latest publications in biology and medicine. REFERENCE MANAGER (a registered trademark of Research Information Systems, Inc.) is a microcomputer-based software package developed to manage selected references for quick retrieval and bibliography generation. These two systems allow scientists to build and update a personalized data base of references. The following article gives an overview of REFERENCE UPDATE and REFERENCE MANAGER and provides a description of the various functions each system offers.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed1993

Measurement of gold treatment effect in clinical practice: evidence for effectiveness of intramuscular gold therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of efficacy of intramuscular (im) gold in clinical practice. METHODS: Ninety-eight patients who received im gold treatment for at least 1 year were assessed during ordinary clinic visits over the 12 month period following gold initiation. Assessments included joint counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), morning stiffness, visual analog scale (VAS) patient pain, VAS patient global, grip strength, prednisone dose, hemoglobin, and Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index. RESULTS: All outcome measures showed significant improvements at one year by standardized pretest posttest differences (effect size) and by measurement of the area under the curve (AUC). Important improvement (at least 50% improvement) was common: joint count (63.3%), global severity (41.1%), ESR (48.2%), grip strength (42.7%) HAQ disability (45.3%), and morning stiffness (72.2%). Effect sizes were substantial, even after correcting for placebo effect and withdrawals. Overall improvement was clinically significant, amounting to the equivalent of 2 months without pain or disability. CONCLUSION: Patients receiving gold for 12 months improved significantly and importantly in all measures studied. Improvement was clinically significant, amounting to the equivalent of 2 months without pain or disability. The degree of improvement was similar to, but somewhat greater, than that seen in controlled clinical trials, and could not be explained by regression to the mean.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1993

CD-ROM software.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1995

PROTEGE-II: computer support for development of intelligent systems from libraries of components.

PROTEGE-II is a suite of tools that facilitates the development of intelligent systems. A tool called MAiTRE allows system builders to create and refine abstract models (ontologies) of application domains. A tool called DASH takes as input a modified domain ontology and generates automatically a knowledge-acquisition tool that application specialists can use to enter the detailed content knowledge required to define particular applications. The domain-dependent knowledge entered into the knowledge-acquisition tool is used by assemblies of domain-independent problem-solving methods that provide the computational strategies required to solve particular application tasks. The result is an architecture that offers a divide-and-conquer approach that separates system-building tasks that require skill in domain analysis and modeling from those that require simple entry of content knowledge. At the same time, applications can be constructed from libraries of component--of both domain ontologies and domain-independent problem-solving methods--allowing the reuse of knowledge and facilitating ongoing system maintenance. We have used PROTEGE-II to construct a number of knowledge-based systems, including the reasoning components of T-Helper, which assists physicians in the protocol-based care of patients who have HIV infection.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Drug prescription and current data of the science: factors of the discrepancies].

Randomized clinical trial is the main source of evidence in medicine. Information from clinical trials, however, is limited because only a limited number of questions can be addressed with this approach and, in particular, the issue of drug effectiveness (in real life) remains unanswered. On the other hand, the literature about drug effects (through animal studies, model of effect, observational studies, etc) is very large, but provides little scientific evidence useful for drug prescription: most studies do not address relevant clinical questions or have methodologic problems. In practice, physicians are overwhelmed by thousands of new articles among which they have to select the few that are useful and valid for their practice. This task is difficult because physicians do not have enough time in their clinical activity and they are not trained for critical appraisal of the literature. Therefore, they are extremely dependent on the diffusion process that selects and synthesizes the information for them. Another important factor that has been shown to influence prescription is patient's opinion, as one of the main objective for physicians is patient's satisfaction. Some physicians also use prescription as a way to terminate a consultation or as a medical act independently from the drug which is prescribed (drug prescription being part of the physician-patient relationship). At least, the absence of real control over drug prescription is considered to be one of the main factors explaining the large discrepancy between numerous prescription guidelines (from consensus conference or expert opinions) and the reality.

Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hierarchies according to the level of evidence of source data, before their integration in the synthesis, in the matter of therapeutic efficacy].

The discipline therapeutic information uses the concept of the level of evidence for source data concerning therapeutic efficacy, and its ordering before integration in syntheses. In this paper we will start by considering the problems raised by the definition of the level of evidence in terms of the dimensions it covers. We have differentiated three components: clinical pertinance of the question asked, the methods used to reply and the quality of the data collected. Second, we will examine the different criteria important for each of these three dimensions. There are many criteria possible which do not all have the same weight, and thus for any non-arbitrary tool developed to enable the level of evidence to be ordered, it is necessary to know the weight of the different criteria. Thirdly, we will present the techniques used for working with multicriteria situations in econometrics which represent a methodology we propose using to apply in our context. To do so we need to build a 'reference' base for the level of evidence using 'experts' opinions which will help us to examine the weights of the different criteria. This approach, in conjunction with some epistemological and sociological considerations, may contribute to a better understanding of the different dimensions of this concept.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases for the nurse researcher.

The purpose of this research was to determine which of three databases, CINAHL, EMBASE or MEDLINE, should be accessed when researching nursing topics. The three databases were searched for citations on topics selected by three nurse researchers and the results were compared. For the search of nursing care literature on a medical condition, it was helpful to search both CINAHL and MEDLINE. CINAHL provided the majority of relevant articles for the second search, on computers and privacy, but inclusion of MEDLINE and EMBASE enhanced retrieval somewhat. The search on substance abuse in pregnancy, not restricted to nursing literature, retrieved better results when searching both MEDLINE and EMBASE. Due to the nature and distribution of the nursing literature, it is especially important for the searcher to understand and respond to the focus of the researcher.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of bibliographic databases for information on the rehabilitation of people with severe mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: The research sought to examine the overlap in coverage between several health-related databases, thus enabling the identification of the most important sources for searching for information on the rehabilitation of people with severe mental illness. METHODS: The literature was searched within a systematic review. Several health-related databases were retrieved (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycLIT, Sociofile, and Social Science Citation Index), noting their source and comparing results retrieved from each database. FINDINGS: The total number of studies retrieved from each database varied. Almost a third of the papers retrieved from each database were unique to that source. Forty-two percent of the papers were only found in one database. Restricting a search to one database alone would miss many papers and could affect the results of a systematic review. PsycLIT was the most useful database for this topic area, containing 44% of the papers. MEDLINE, the database of first choice for many health professionals, held only 29%. CONCLUSIONS: No database was determined to be significantly more useful than any other--each warranted inclusion in the study. Reliance cannot be placed on one database alone, and other methods such as hand searching should also be used. Although this may not be new information for information professionals, it is likely to be new for health professionals and researchers who are increasingly performing their own literature searches. Information professionals have an important role to play in conveying this message to those outside their profession.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed1999

Statistical quality control in clinical trials.

We propose to apply statistical methods of industrial process and quality control to accumulating data in a statistical monitoring center of a clinical trial. We discuss some specific issues connected with the application of these methods over calendar time to patients' characteristics (at a particular individual patient time) or to more formal monitoring characteristics (like the number of queries per case record form). The tools used are Shewart charts, plots, breakpoint regression, and recursive residuals with cusums and V-charts, applied to measurement and event data. A software program based on SAS macros allows easy application of the methods. Some examples, with graphical outputs, from an ongoing trial on patients with primary malignant melanoma, illustrate the methods.

Cholesterol↗