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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

[Veterinary genetics].

At the age of scientific and technical progress and of industrialization of animal husbandry neither theoretical nor applied science can dispense with the data of the veterinary genetics. Unfortunately this branch of science does not receive the attention it deserves. The following three problems have to be solved by the veterinary genetics: (1) the investigation of the relationship between the heredity and the pathology of animals; the examination of the mechanism of pathology at the molecular and organism genetic levels; (2) the elaboration of the methods of genetic diagnostics; (3) the search for scientifically-substantiated directions in breeding of animal breeds highly resistant to diseases. The main attention will be paid to the investigation of the mechanisms ensuring the natural resistance of animals to certain definite diseases. The establishment and development of veterinary genetics will exert a favourable influence on the progress of biological sciences. Its data will be indispensable both for the theory and the practice of agriculture.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1993

A survey of health sciences libraries in hospitals: implications for the 1990s.

In response to an expressed need for comprehensive data on health sciences libraries in hospitals, the American Hospital Association (AHA) conducted a survey of all U.S. registered hospitals in 1990. The response rate was 57%. Results showed that 2,167 hospitals (31.6% of all U.S. registered hospitals) had on-site libraries that met four definitional criteria. Survey results also indicated that hospitals use diverse resources and approaches to provide information services to a wide array of health care providers and consumers. These baseline data, combined with an assessment of key environmental factors affecting hospitals, can provide guidance to hospital libraries as they face the challenges of the 1990s. The AHA has added the health sciences library to services tracked in its annual survey of hospitals; additional research opportunities in this area remain.

American Hospital Association↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Leukotriene-receptor antagonists and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors in asthma.

OBJECTIVE: To familiarize readers with a potentially new class of compounds for treating asthma. Background information on leukotrienes is provided in addition to an in-depth review of pertinent clinical trials. DATA SOURCES: Information was obtained from controlled clinical trials, abstracts, and review articles identified through a MEDLINE search of English-language articles. STUDY SELECTION: Emphasis was placed on early clinical trials that showed some benefit with these compounds as well as more recent studies using newer agents that produced more promising results. DATA EXTRACTION: Information regarding leukotriene biochemistry was extracted from basic science research and data from human studies were evaluated by the authors according to patient selection, study design, methodology, and therapeutic response. DATA SYNTHESIS: Leukotrienes have a pathophysiologic role in asthma. Two distinct but pharmacologically similar classes of leukotriene inhibitors are currently being clinically evaluated. These are leukotriene receptor antagonists and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Early clinical trials with these agents yielded unfavorable results primarily because of lack of drug potency and selectivity, poor patient tolerance, and possibly the route of administration. Subsequent studies with more potent and selective agents have further implicated leukotrienes as biochemical mediators in asthma and, consequently, have shown promising clinical outcomes with respect to pulmonary function testing and patient tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: Advancements in the pathogenesis of asthma are beginning to define a role for the leukotrienes. Although more studies are needed to assess the efficacy of leukotriene inhibitors, recent clinical trials using leukotriene-receptor antagonists and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors indicate a potential for the expansion of therapeutic regimens currently used in the treatment of asthma.

Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase↗
PubMed1995

Bisoprolol: is this just another beta-blocker for hypertension or angina?

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical experience with bisoprolol and make recommendations regarding its potential clinical usefulness, as well as considerations for formulary inclusion. DATA SOURCES: Reference citations were sought from Index Medicus and Science Citation Index. Data were collected from abstracts and articles describing experimental studies or blind clinical trials. STUDY SELECTION: Studies designed in a randomized, blind, and placebo-controlled manner were emphasized. Studies also were included if bisoprolol was evaluated comparatively with other agents in a randomized, blind fashion. DATA EXTRACTION: Data from human studies published in English were evaluated. Studies were assessed by sample size and the clarity of descriptions of methods and results. DATA SYNTHESIS: Bisoprolol reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressures in patients with hypertension for a 24-hour dosing interval and is associated with beneficial hemodynamic effects in patients with myocardial ischemia. It is devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and membrane-stabilizing effects at therapeutic dosages. In patients with hypertension, bisoprolol diminishes plasma renin activity, platelet aggregation, effective renal plasma flow, and creatinine clearance. Bisoprolol has minimal effects on glucose tolerance and plasma lipid profiles. Monotherapy with bisoprolol is as effective as with atenolol, nitrendipine, or nifedipine. Low-dose combination therapy with hydrochlorothiazide is at least as effective as either bisoprolol or hydrochlorothiazide alone. Preliminary experience in the management of angina pectoris suggests that bisoprolol is at least as efficacious as atenolol or verapamil. Thus far, reported adverse effects are similar to those of other beta-blockers. No clinically important drug interactions have been reported at this time.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed2004

Information management and informatics: need for a modern pathology service.

Requirements for information technology in pathology now extend well beyond the provision of purely analytical data. With the aim of achieving seamless integration of laboratory data into the total clinical pathway, "informatics"--the art and science of turning data into useful information--is becoming increasingly important in laboratory medicine. Informatics is a powerful tool in pathology--whether in implementing processes for pathology modernization, introducing new diagnostic modalities (e.g. proteomics, genomics), providing timely and evidence-based disease management, or enabling best use of limited and often costly resources. Providing appropriate information to empowered and interested patients--which requires critical assessment of the ever-increasing volume of information available--can also benefit greatly from appropriate use of informatics. General trends in medical informatics are reflected in current priorities for laboratory medicine, including the need for unified electronic records, computerized order entry, data security and recovery, and audit. The increasing demands placed on pathology information systems in the context of wider developmental change in healthcare delivery are explored in this paper.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1996

A jackknife estimator of variance for Cox regression for correlated survival data.

Studies in the health sciences often give rise to correlated survival data. Wei, Lin, and Weissfeld (1989, Journal of the American Statistical Association 84, 1065-1073) and Lee, Wei, and Amato (1992, in Survival Analysis: State of the Art) showed that, if the marginal distributions of the correlated survival times follow a proportional hazards model, then the estimates from Cox's partial likelihood (Cox, D.R., 1972, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 24, 187-220), naively treating the correlated survival times as independent, give consistent estimates of the relative risk parameters. However, because of the correlation between survival times, the inverse of the information matrix may not be a consistent estimate of the asymptotic variance. Wei et al. (1989) and Lee et al. (1992) proposed a robust variance estimate that is consistent for the asymptotic variance. We show that a "one-step" jackknife estimator of variance is asymptotically equivalent to their variance estimator. The jackknife variance estimator may be preferred because an investigator needs only to write a simple loop in a computer package instead of a more involved program to compute Wei et al. (1989) and Lee et al.'s (1992) estimator.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

[Science needs experimental animals].

Data on the number of animals used in experiments are compared with data on meat consumption. The usefulness of laboratory animals for past achievements in biological sciences is presented. The negative effect of the rather disapproving attitude of the general public and the restrictive Animal Protection Law on Germany as a place of science is demonstrated in the general decrease of the number of registrated scientific projects. Some psychological reasons for the widespread disapproval of animal experiments are listed. The arguments of the opponents and supporters of animal experiments are confronted. Finally, the limits of so-called alternative methods are briefly mentioned and some proposals to ameliorate the keeping conditions of laboratory animals are enumerated.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Data, knowledge and method bases in chemical sciences. Part IV. Current status in databases.

Computer readable databases have become an integral part of chemical research right from planning data acquisition to interpretation of the information generated. The databases available today are numerical, spectral and bibliographic. Data representation by different schemes--relational, hierarchical and objects--is demonstrated. Quality index (QI) throws light on the quality of data. The objective, prospects and impact of database activity on expert systems are discussed. The number and size of corporate databases available on international networks crossed manageable number leading to databases about their contents. Subsets of corporate or small databases have been developed by groups of chemists. The features and role of knowledge-based or intelligent databases are described.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

A simple imputation method for longitudinal studies with non-ignorable non-responses.

Missing data are a common problem in longitudinal studies in the health sciences. Motivated by data from the Muscatine Coronary Risk Factor (MCRF) study, a longitudinal study of obesity, we propose a simple imputation method for handling non-ignorable non-responses (i.e., when non-response is related to the specific values that should have been obtained) in longitudinal studies with either discrete or continuous outcomes. In the proposed approach, two regression models are specified; one for the marginal mean of the response, the other for the conditional mean of the response given non-response patterns. Statistical inference for the model parameters is based on the generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach. An appealing feature of the proposed method is that it can be readily implemented using existing, widely-available statistical software. The method is illustrated using longitudinal data on obesity from the MCRF study.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

An algorithm to evaluate solar irradiance and effective dose rates using spectral UV irradiance at four selected wavelengths.

The paper shows a semi-analytical method for environmental and dosimetric applications to evaluate, in clear sky conditions, the solar irradiance and the effective dose rates for some action spectra using only four spectral irradiance values at selected wavelengths in the UV-B and UV-A regions (305, 320, 340 and 380 nm). The method, named WL4UV, is based on the reconstruction of an approximated spectral irradiance that can be integrated, to obtain the solar irradiance, or convoluted with an action spectrum to obtain an effective dose rate. The parameters required in the algorithm are deduced from archived solar spectral irradiance data. This database contains measurements carried out by some Brewer spectrophotometers located in various geographical positions, at similar altitudes, with very different environmental characteristics: Rome (Italy), Ny Alesund (Svalbard Islands, Norway) and Ushuaia (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina). To evaluate the precision of the method, a double test was performed with data not used in developing the model. Archived Brewer measurement data, in clear sky conditions, from Rome and from the National Science Foundation UV data set in San Diego (CA, USA) and Ushuaia, where SUV 100 spectroradiometers operate, were drawn randomly. The comparison of measured and computed irradiance has a relative deviation of about +/-2%. The effective dose rates for action spectra of Erythema, DNA and non-Melanoma skin cancer have a relative deviation of less than approximately 20% for solar zenith angles <50 degrees .

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

What is the relevance of bioinformatics to pharmacology?

Although bioinformatics achieved prominence because of its central role in genome data storage, management and analysis, its focus has shifted as the life sciences exploit these data. In pharmacology, genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data are being used in the quest for drugs that fulfill unmet medical needs, are disease modifying or curative and are more effective and safer than current drugs. Bioinformatics is used in drug target identification and validation and in the development of biomarkers and toxicogenomic and pharmacogenomic tools to maximize the therapeutic benefit of drugs. Now that the 'parts list' of cellular signalling pathways is available, integrated computational and experimental programmes are being developed, with the goal of enabling in silico pharmacology by linking the genome, transcriptome and proteome to cellular pathophysiology.

Computational Biology↗