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PubMed1986

[Trends].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A discussion about the production and use of data concerning the labor market].

The authors discuss the production and use of Brazilian labor market data. Noting improvements in data collection during the 1980s, "this study aims to point out the common points, the differences and the problems of the various data sources [that call] for urgent revisions. It concludes that any attempt in this way will necessarily lead to a more intense and democratic process of consultation among the producers and...the users...." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1994

Developments and prospects for population statistics in countries of the former Soviet Union.

"This paper examines recent developments and prospects for population statistics in the former Soviet Union, whose dissolution provides both opportunities and problems. It is important for scholars to be aware of past limitations of Soviet data, since the formation of independent states has neither removed bureaucratic impediments to the production of high-quality data, nor has it led to a population more ready to answer questions fully. Temporarily at least, there is a decrease in the amount and comparability of available information, and in some instances, in its quality. We begin with an overview of the system used to gather population statistics in the former Soviet Union and its inherent problems. We then discuss the challenges faced by the newly independent countries and the changes they need to make to achieve global comparability, including a shift toward the use of standard international definitions and away from political restrictions on data availability."

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Standardization and decomposition of rates from cross-classified data.

"Social scientists have traditionally used the technique of direct standardization to eliminate the compositional effects from the overall rates. The technique of decomposition deals with finding the additive contributions of the effects of the differences in the compositional or rate factors in two populations to the difference in their overall rates. The subjects of standardization and decomposition are strictly linked. The paper provides explicit expressions for the standardized rates and the effects of the factors involved, when the rates are calculated from cross-classified data. The techniques are illustrated by numerical examples, and a general program is provided for data up to six factors." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)

Classification↗
PubMed2003

Genetic influence on blood pressure and lipid parameters in a sample of Polish twins.

We studied 76 healthy monozygotic (MZ) and same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs (mean age 35 +/- 8 years, body mass index, BMI, 23.6 +/- 3.9 kg/m2) to determine genetic and environmental contributions to systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and serum lipids [total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-chol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol) and triglycerides (TG)I. SBP, DBP and HR were measured clinically and by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Parameters of the genetic models for age-, sex- and BMI-adjusted data were estimated by model fitting and path analysis technique using LISREL 8. We found significant genetic effect on SBP and DBP for both clinical and ABP measurements, ranging from 37% for night-time ambulatory DBP to 79% for daytime ambulatory SBP. Estimates of genetic effects were higher for daytime than night-time ABP values, and higher for ambulatory 24-h SBP than office SBP measurements, with the reverse true for DBP. Significant genetic effect on HR ranged from 59% for office measurements to 69% for 24-h mean values. In summary, we also found genetic effect on TC, LDL-chol and HDL-chol with estimates ranging from 36% to 64%, but not on TG. Furthermore, a shared environmental component for TG was found, estimated at 36%. We showed significant genetic effect on both office and ambulatory BP and HR, with stronger genetic effect on daytime than night-time BP. We also found genetic effect on TC and lipoprotein fractions, but no significant genetic effect on TG. Environmental factors influencing serum TG, such as alcohol consumption, may explain the apparent lack of genetic effect in this healthy, non-obese population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Patterns of association between genetic variability in apolipoprotein (apo) B, apo AI-CIII-AIV, and cholesterol ester transfer protein gene regions and quantitative variation in lipid and lipoprotein traits: influence of gender and exogenous hormones.

Patterns of RFLP association were studied, to identify gene regions influencing quantitative variation in lipid and lipoprotein traits (coronary artery disease [CAD] risk factors or metabolically related traits). Subjects (118 female and 229 male; age 20-59 years) were selected for health. Multiple RFLPs were used to sample variability in regions around genes for apolipoprotein (apo) B (restriction enzymes HincII, PvuII, EcoRI, and XbaI), apo AI-CIII-AIV (BamHI, XmnI, TaqI, PstI, SstI, and PvuII) and cholesterol ester transfer protein (TaqI). Separate analyses were done by gender. The sample was truncated at mean +/- 4 SD, to remove extreme outliers. There was no significant gender difference in RFLP genotype frequency distribution. After trait-level adjustment to maximize removal of concomitant variability, analysis of variance was used to estimate the percentage trait phenotypic variance explained by measured variability in the gene regions studied. Fewer gene regions were involved in men, with less influence on quantitative trait variation than in women, in whom hormone use affected association patterns. Gender differences imply that pooling genders or adjusting data for gender effects removes genetic information and should be avoided. The association patterns show that variability around the candidate genes modulates trait levels: the genes are contributors to the genetics of CAD risk variables in a healthy sample.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Possibilities of software phantoms for quality control of KBS in nuclear medicine.

The assessment of the results of a "knowledge-based system" (KBS) for quality control is a basic requirement for clinical application: Large numbers of test studies are necessary in order to cover as widely as possible the spectrum of cases to be analyzed by the KBS. The use of original patient data as test data is one possibility, but real data are provided unevenly. This is due to the set of characteristics which are relevant to the analysis. Data are available in a limited quantity only. This implies a remaining set of unvalidated cases which are not represented in the data pool. The software phantom is an approach towards systematically guided validation. It permits the generation of test data adjusted to the demands of the validation.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1987

[The stomach after surgery--on the incidence of pathologic changes from the endoscopic viewpoint].

The incidence of pathological changes in the wake of stomach surgery amounted to 483 of 550 patients who were endoscopically examined at the Outpatient Department of Surgery attached to the Medical Academy of Erfurt, between January 1st, 1975 and December 31st, 1985. These were 87.8 per cent. Similar findings were recorded from 67 vagotomised patients (12.2 per cent). These 550 cases represented 6.7 per cent of 8,155 patients whose upper digestive tract had been endoscopically examined throughout the above period of time. The first endoscopic check was applied to 49.9 per cent only five or more years, following surgery and to 44.8 per cent within two years from surgery. Pain was recorded as the major symptom and indication for the follow-up checks from 75 per cent of these patients. Pathological changes were endoscopico-macroscopically detectable from 75 per cent of the probands. Ulcers were observed in 20 per cent. Inflammatory changes accounted for 40 per cent in both groups. Tumours were established in ten per cent. Macroscopic findings were histologically verified in 208 cases (37.8 per cent), among them 41.2 per cent after stomach resection and 13.2 per cent following vagotomy. Suspicious diagnoses of inflammation was thus positively verified in 93.4 per cent of all cases and those of malignant tumours in 39 of 47 cases. Inflammatory processes were histologically detected in 31 cases in which it had been neither assumed nor formulated. In eight histologically established tumour cases that diagnosis had not been macroscopically made (inflammations in seven cases and no contributory findings in one). Macroscopic findings recorded from the above selected group of patients proved to be reliable for tumours in 85 per cent of all cases and for gastritis in 93 per cent. Endoscopic follow-up diagnosis should begin within the first year from stomach surgery and should be persistently continued on the basis of a systematic extended medical care programme. All the above findings were gained on the basis of high-continuity computer-adjusted data collection and evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

HMOs and Twin Cities admission rates.

From 1977 to 1982, the admission rate in Minneapolis-St. Paul (Twin Cities) has been falling faster than the national average, and faster than the rate in selected comparison metropolitan areas. A natural question regards the impact of Twin Cities HMOs on decreased admission rates. This analysis shows that one's estimate of the HMO effect on total admission rates depends crucially on the estimated "spillover" effect, that is, the effect of HMOs on the non-HMO sector. Using secondary age-adjusted data, the analysis provides estimates of upper and lower bounds on the HMOs' effect on admission rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Comparable steady-state bioavailability between two preparations of conventional-release procainamide hydrochloride.

The pharmacy and therapeutics committee-based clinical evaluation can be a useful tool in the economic and functional effectiveness of a restrictive formulary system. We utilized this concept to evaluate a generic formulation of procainamide hydrochloride (PA) for admission to our formularies. The study performed was a randomized, single-blind, crossover comparison of the serum-concentration profiles of two preparations (Squibb vs. Ascot) of conventional-release PA. Ten outpatients requiring chronic PA therapy for the control of ventricular dysrhythmias were evaluated. The resultant dose-adjusted data showed no significant difference between mean serum PA concentrations at any sample time, area under the serum concentration-time curves, mean peak serum PA concentrations achieved, or peak-trough fluctuations. Relative bioavailability was calculated to be 0.972 +/- 0.59. The Ascot preparation demonstrated a delay of 15 minutes before the onset of absorption; however, it also showed an earlier tmax in comparison to the Squibb formulation. Generic substitution of Ascot PA in place of Squibb PA may be implemented with significant cost savings.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Singapore in international comparisons of birthweight and perinatal mortality.

The position of Singapore as regards birthweight distribution and perinatal mortality has been compared with six countries in the 1973 WHO study namely, Austria, Cuba, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand and Sweden. Birthweight distribution and perinatal mortality reflect both the social and health conditions of a population and the standards of obstetric and paediatric care, and seeing where a country ranks in the international comparison of them may play a role in the formulation of health policy for that country. Singapore was well placed for the proportion of very low birthweight babies (less than 1,500 grams), ranking 2nd for both live births (0.5%) and total births (0.7%). It was however not so well placed for proportion of low birthweight babies (less than 2,500 grams), ranking 5th for both live births (8.8%) and total births (9.2%). With regard to perinatal mortality Singapore at 20.0 per 1,000 total births ranked 4th and this improved to 3rd after standardizing for birthweight and in fact was little different from Hungary (1st) and Sweden (2nd). Given that standardization for birthweight largely removes the effect of "socioeconomic and demographic factors" so that remaining differences to a large extent reflect medical care, this indicates a relatively high standard of perinatal care in Singapore. The problems of interpretation, the implications of the findings and suggestions for improving birth statistics in Singapore are discussed.

Austria↗
PubMed1986

Relationship between childhood blood lead levels and stature.

The second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976 to 1980, incorporated medical history, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, dietary information (24-hour recall and food frequency), laboratory tests, and radiographs. In linear regressions of adjusted data from 2,695 children aged 7 years and younger, 91% of the variance in height, 72% of the variance in weight, and 58% of the variance in chest circumference were explained by six variables: age, race, sex, blood lead level, total calories or protein, and hematocrit or transferrin saturation level. Variables that did not significantly improve the models predicting growth included family income, degree of urbanization, serum albumin, copper, iron, and zinc levels, dietary carbohydrate, fat, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, riboflavin, and thiamine. The highly significant correlation of blood lead level with growth does not contradict the established association of childhood deprivation with increased lead exposure and with nutritional deficiences known to enhance lead absorption. Blood lead level may also represent a composite marker for unidentified genetic, ethnic, environmental, and sociocultural variables, other than race, sex, and nutrition, that affect growth. However, the correlation of stature, particularly height, with blood lead levels in the range of 5 to 35 micrograms/dL is so statistically significant that it merits investigation in other surveys and consideration of the multiple biologic mechanisms by which low-level lead exposure could impair the growth of children.

Age Factors↗