Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “DIETS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Regulation of hepatic lipogenic enzyme gene expression by diet quantity in rats fed a fat-free, high carbohydrate diet.

This investigation concerns the effects of the level of intake of a high carbohydrate diet on transcriptional rate, mRNA concentration and enzyme induction for lipogenic enzymes in rat liver. Six hours after refeeding fasted rats, the transcriptional rates in livers reached low maximum levels with small quantities of diet, but the mRNA concentrations continued to increase as diet intake increased. Greater diet intake primarily increased transcriptional rates and mRNA concentrations of lipogenic enzymes. After refeeding for 16 h, the mRNA concentrations were sigmoidly increased relative to the diet quantity and reached maximum levels of 20-, 110-, 22- and 16-fold above each fasted level for acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, respectively. After 3 d of refeeding (in a steady state of lipogenic enzyme activities), however, the transcriptional rates, mRNA concentrations and activity inductions of all the enzymes were sigmoidly increased relative to diet quantity, but were not different among the enzymes. Consequently, fatty acid synthesis and triglyceride levels in the liver were not increased by feeding less than 70% of ad libitum intake but were greatly increased by feeding greater than 70% of ad libitum intake.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMed2001

High-fat diet versus habitual diet prior to carbohydrate loading: effects of exercise metabolism and cycling performance.

We examined the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD-CHO) versus a habitual diet, prior to carbohydrate (CHO)-loading on fuel metabolism and cycling time-trial (TT) performance. Five endurance-trained cyclists participated in two 14-day randomized cross-over trials during which subjects consumed either a HFD (> 65% MJ from fat) or their habitual diet (CTL) (30 +/- 5% MJ from fat) for 10 day, before ingesting a high-CHO diet (CHO-loading, CHO > 70% MJ) for 3 days. Trials consisted of a 150-min cycle at 70% of peak oxygen uptake (VáO2peak), followed immediately by a 20-km TT. One hour before each trial, cyclists ingested 400 ml of a 3.44% medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) solution, and during the trial, ingested 600 ml/hour of a 10% 14C-glucose + 3.44% MCT solution. The dietary treatments did not alter the subjects' weight, body fat, or lipid profile. There were also no changes in circulating glucose, lactate, free fatty acid (FFA), and b-hydroxybutyrate concentrations during exercise. However, mean serum glycerol concentrations were significantly higher (p < .01) in the HFD-CHO trial. The HFD-CHO diet increased total fat oxidation and reduced total CHO oxidation but did not alter plasma glucose oxidation during exercise. By contrast, the estimated rates of muscle glycogen and lactate oxidation were lower after the HFD-CHO diet. The HFD-CHO treatment was also associated with improved TT times (29.5 +/- 2.9 min vs. 30.9 +/- 3.4 min for HFD-CHO and CTL-CHO, p <.05). High-fat feeding for 10 days prior to CHO-loading was associated with an increased reliance on fat, a decreased reliance on muscle glycogen, and improved time trial performance after prolonged exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Central orexin sensitivity, physical activity, and obesity in diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats.

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), the most variable component of energy expenditure, can account for differential capacities for human weight gain. Also highly variable, spontaneous physical activity (SPA) may similarly affect weight balance in animals. In the following study, we utilized the rat model of obesity, the diet-induced obese (DIO) rat, as well as the diet-resistant (DR) rat strain, to investigate how access to a high-fat diet alters SPA and the associated energy expenditure (i.e., NEAT). DIO and DR rats showed no differences in the amount of SPA before access to the high-fat diet. After 29 days on a high-fat diet, the DIO rats showed significant decreases in SPA, whereas the DR rats did not. Next, we wanted to determine whether the DIO and DR rats showed differential sensitivity to microinjections of orexin into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Unilateral guide cannulae were implanted, aimed at the PVN. Orexin A (0, 0.125, 0.25, and 1.0 nmol in 500 nl) was microinjected through the guide cannula into the PVN, then SPA and energy expenditure were measured for 2 h. Using the response to vehicle as a baseline, the DR rats showed significantly greater increase in NEAT compared with the DIO rats. These data indicate that diet-induced obesity is associated with decreases in SPA and a lack of increase in NEAT. A putative mechanism for changes in NEAT that accompany obesity is a decreased sensitivity to the NEAT-activating effects of neuropeptides such as orexin.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

LDL isolated from Greek subjects on a typical diet or from American subjects on an oleate-supplemented diet induces less monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion when exposed to oxidative stress.

The mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular benefits of Mediterranean-style diets are not fully understood. The high content of monounsaturated fatty acids in Mediterranean-style diets derived from oleate-rich olive oil may be beneficial in reducing low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and its subsequent development of atherogenic properties. This study sought to assess the proinflammatory potential of LDL isolated from subjects consuming a diet naturally rich in olive oil. LDL was isolated from 18 Greek, 18 American, and 11 Greek-Americans subjects, all of whom were living in the United States. Fatty acid composition and vitamin E levels of LDL were determined, as was the extent of copper-mediated LDL oxidation. LDL was also mildly oxidized by exposure to fibroblasts overexpressing 15-lipoxygenase and tested in vitro for bioactivity by determining its ability to stimulate monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelial cells. To confirm that dietary fatty acids influence the proinflammatory properties of mildly oxidized LDL, LDL was also isolated from 13 healthy American subjects after consumption of an 8-week liquid diet supplemented with either oleic (n=6) or linoleic (n=7) acid and tested for bioactivity in a similar fashion. There were no differences in the baseline lipid profiles among the Greeks, Americans, or Greek-Americans. Oleic acid content in LDL was 20% higher in the Greek compared with the American or Greek-American subjects (P<0.001). The extent of in vitro LDL oxidation, measured by conjugated diene formation, was lower in the Greek subjects (P<0.02), but there was no difference in the lag time. Induction of monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion by mildly oxidized LDL was decreased by 42% in the Greek group compared with the American subjects (P<0.001). There was an inverse correlation between the oleic acid content of LDL and stimulation of monocyte chemotaxis (r=-0.64, P<0.001) and a positive correlation between the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of LDL (total linoleate and arachidonic acids levels in LDL) and stimulation of monocyte chemotaxis (r=0.51, P<0.01) in the entire cohort. There were no differences in LDL vitamin E content between the groups. In the liquid-diet groups, the oleic acid-supplemented group had a 113% higher oleic acid content in LDL and a 46% lower linoleic acid content in LDL than the linoleate-supplemented group (P<0.001), whereas the vitamin E content in LDL was equal in both groups. When exposed to oxidative stress, the LDL enriched in oleic acid promoted less monocyte chemotaxis (52% lower) and reduced monocyte adhesion by 77% in comparison with linoleate-enriched LDL (P<0.001). There was a strong, negative correlation between oleic acid LDL content and monocyte adhesion (r=-0.73, P<0.001) and a strong, positive correlation between polyunsaturated fatty acid LDL content and monocyte adhesion (r=0.87, P<0.001). This study demonstrates that dietary enrichment of LDL with oleic acid is realistic and readily achieved by using diets currently in use in Mediterranean countries. In addition, these data suggest that LDL enriched with oleic acid and reduced in polyunsaturated fatty acids may be less easily converted to a proinflammatory, minimally modified LDL.

Cell Adhesion↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of electron irradiation diets and gamma irradiation diets for reproductive effects on rats.

Rats were maintained on 50 kGy electron irradiation diets. Effects of the diets on reproductive performance of parents and developmental performance of fetuses (F1 and F2) were studied by comparison with data in rats maintained on gamma irradiation diets, as control animals, and the background data of our facility. As the result, no specific changes were observed in the group maintained on electron irradiation diets. Electron irradiation diets sterilized under the condition of 50 kGy irradiation in the present study, as well as the existing gamma irradiation diets, were found to be useful for breeding and nursing rats.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

A rice diet is associated with less fat synthesis/accumulation than a bread diet before exercise therapy.

For effective exercise therapy after waking up, we focused on the staple food in diet therapy, and compared rice and bread diets. The subjects were 10 healthy college male students. After fasting for 12 h or more from the previous day, the subjects had breakfast consisting of rice (protein, 6.3 g; fat, 0.9 g: CHO, 79.3 g; energy, 368 kcal) or bread (protein, 15.7 g; fat, 5.8 g; CHO, 79.2 g; and energy, 450 kcal) containing the same amount of carbohydrates and the same side dishes (protein, 7.0 g; fat, 9.5 g; CHO, 21.3 g; energy, 199 kcal) in the morning 30 min before the initiation of exercise on a bicycle ergometer at an intensity of about 50% VO2max for 60 min. Measurements of the heart rate and expired gas were initiated 15 min before the start of exercise and continued until 10 min after exercise. Blood was collected before the meal, immediately before and 15, 30, and 45 min after the initiation of exercise, and immediately, 15, and 30 min after its termination. After breakfast containing carbohydrates, decreases were observed in the levels of free fatty acid and noradrenalin. Blood insulin (mealxtime, p<0.05 ANOVA) and triglyceride (meal x time, p<0.01, ANOVA) changed at higher levels in the bread diet than in the rice diet. Blood triglyceride is a resource of fat synthesis/accumulation, and insulin promotes its action. Therefore, the bread diet may promote fat synthesis/accumulation compared with the rice diet.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets.

We investigated the effect of olive oil, rapeseed oil, and sunflower oil on blood lipids and lipoproteins including number and lipid composition of lipoprotein subclasses. Eighteen young, healthy men participated in a double-blinded randomized cross-over study (3-week intervention period) with 50 g of oil per 10 MJ incorporated into a constant diet. Plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein B, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations were 10;-20% higher after consumption of the olive oil diet compared with the rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets [analysis of variance (ANOVA), P < 0.05]. The size of IDL, VLDL, and LDL subfractions did not differ between the diets, whereas a significantly higher number (apolipoprotein B concentration) and lipid content of the larger and medium-sized LDL subfractions were observed after the olive oil diet compared with the rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Total HDL cholesterol concentration did not differ significantly, but HDL(2a) cholesterol was higher after olive oil and rapeseed oil compared with sunflower oil (ANOVA, P < 0.05).In conclusion, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil had more favorable effects on blood lipids and plasma apolipoproteins as well as on the number and lipid content of LDL subfractions compared with olive oil. Some of the differences may be attributed to differences in the squalene and phytosterol contents of the oils.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Amino acid supplemented diet vs. selective low protein diet in chronic renal failure.

Two groups of patients with chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance 13 ml/min) were treated with two different low protein diets: unselected protein diet with 0.35 g of protein/kg/day supplemented with amino acids (first group; 10 patients) and selective protein restricted diet with 0.6 g/kg/day of high biologically valuable proteins (second group; 9 patients). Both diets showed a good patient compliance. The serum urea level decreased significantly only in the first group of patients with a simultaneous disappearance of uremic gastrointestinal side effects. Progression of renal failure, shown by plotting the reciprocal of the serum creatinine concentration against the time, was significantly slower in the first group of patients and therefore their survival without dialysis was longer than that in the second group. The nutritional state was well maintained in both groups. Comparison of two low protein diets showed that the unselected protein diet supplemented with amino acids is more effective in delaying the progression of renal failure. The clinical state of patients is improved and their protein nutrition maintained.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Health implications of Mediterranean diets in light of contemporary knowledge. 1. Plant foods and dairy products.

Several carefully studied populations in Mediterranean countries and in some areas in Asia where traditional diets consisted largely of foods of plant origin exhibit low rates of many chronic diseases and long life expectancies. Many case-control and prospective studies have provided further evidence that high consumption of plant foods confers numerous health benefits. Investigations support links between increased vegetable, fruit, and fiber consumption, and lower rates of several cancers, coronary heart disease (CHD), neural tube defects, and cataracts. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, carotenoids, folic acid, and fiber, all abundant in the Mediterranean diet, appear to play important roles in prevention of these diseases. In contrast, much evidence suggests that high consumption of full-fat dairy products is likely to increase CHD risk. Epidemiologic studies have not provided evidence that high dairy product consumption by adults prevents fractures; in fact, the results of several studies suggest positive associations. Thus, the abundant fruit, vegetables, and whole grains, and the low to moderate intake of dairy products in traditional Mediterranean diets are likely to have contributed to the low rates of numerous chronic diseases observed in these populations.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2004

Is the Chilean diet a Mediterranean-type diet?

Food intake in Chile has changed markedly in the last decades, showing an increase in fat consumption and presently a small fruit and vegetables intake. A parallel is made between the Chilean and Mediterranean diet (mainly the one from Spain, Italy, and Greece), both currently and from 50 years ago. The main differences and similarities are based on food availability. Although Chilean diet seems to be approaching the traditional Mediterranean diet of the 60's, there is concern about changes that are moving away from Chilean traditional diet and towards a western one. A new food pyramid for Chile is proposed based on the traditional Mediterranean-type diet.

Chile↗
PubMed1990

Diet intervention methods to reduce fat intake: nutrient and food group composition of self-selected low-fat diets.

A multicentered pilot study was conducted to test an intervention protocol designed to reduce fat intake to 15% of energy intake. Eligible subjects were postmenopausal women with stage II breast cancer whose baseline fat intake was more than 30% of energy intake. The low-fat diet intervention protocol consisted of bi-weekly individual counseling sessions with emphasis on substitution of lower-fat foods for high-fat foods and maintenance of nutritional adequacy. Nutrient intakes were calculated from 4-day food records collected at baseline and after 3 months of diet intervention. Mean daily fat intake for the 17 patients on the low-fat diet dropped significantly from 38.4 +/- 4.3% of energy intake at baseline to 22.8 +/- 7.8% at 3 months (p less than .001). A 25% reduction in mean energy intake, from 1,840 +/- 419 kcal at baseline to 1,365 +/- 291 kcal at 3 months, was accompanied by significant increases in protein and carbohydrate as percent of energy intake. A mean weight loss of 2.8 kg and a 7.7% reduction in serum cholesterol were observed; both changes were significant at the p less than .01 level. Absolute intakes of zinc and magnesium were significantly reduced. However, mean intake on the low-fat diet for 14 vitamins and minerals, including zinc and magnesium, exceeded two-thirds of the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). When expressed as nutrient density (i.e., amount of nutrient per 1,000 kcal), increases were observed for all micronutrients. These results support the hypothesis that a nutritionally adequate low-fat diet can be successfully implemented in a highly motivated, free-living population.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Dieting influences the menstrual cycle: vegetarian versus nonvegetarian diet.

Eighteen healthy, normal-weight women aged 19 to 27 years who had regular ovulatory menstrual cycles volunteered for the study. Blood was drawn on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays throughout the control cycle and during a 6-week diet period that began with commencement of a new cycle. Nine women followed a vegetarian diet and nine a nonvegetarian diet. Both groups lost an average of 1 kg body weight/week. Seven of nine women in the vegetarian group became anovulatory. During the vegetarian diet the average luteinizing hormone (LH) values were significantly decreased during the midcycle and the luteal phase. Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) values were significantly lower during the luteal phase. In contrast, the nonvegetarian group did not show significant reduction of LH, E2, and P values during any part of the menstrual cycle. Seven of nine women in the nonvegetarian diet group maintained ovulatory cycles with no changes in cycle length or in the length of the follicular phase. In one woman who became anovulatory, E2 values did not increase during the follicular phase.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1987

A comparison of the effects of a macrobiotic diet and a Western diet on drug metabolism and plasma lipids in man.

We have compared the effects of two dietary regimens with different macronutrient compositions--a macrobiotic diet and a Western diet--on drug metabolism and plasma lipids in seven healthy volunteers. The macrobiotic diet, high in carbohydrate, low in protein and fat, and devoid of animal food sources, was eaten for a ten day control period, as was the Western diet, high in calories, fat, and protein, as well as animal food sources. We determined the influences of these diets on the clearance of orally administered antipyrine, oxazepam, and methadone, as well as on plasma lipids. There was a statistically significant change in antipyrine clearance as well as in plasma LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol after the dietary periods. This suggests that the influence of dietary changes may have some effect on the clearance of therapeutic drugs. However, this is not universal and is probably important when the drug is highly dependent on the mixed-function oxidase system.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Does the diet of the Balearic population, a Mediterranean type diet, still provide adequate antioxidant nutrient intakes?

AIMS: To evaluate the intake of antioxidant nutrients, as important components of the diet of the Balearic population, a typical Mediterranean type diet, as well as socio-demographic, lifestyle and dietary factors that could be associated to their consumption. METHODS: Cross sectional survey: dietary information (replicated 24-h recall) and socio-demographic and lifestyle data were collected from a representative sample of the Balearic Islands population (n = 1200, 498 males and 702 females) aged 16-65 years (response rate 77.22%). A Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQS) was computed considering the risk of inadequate intakes (< 2/3 RDI) for selenium, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamins C and E. This score (ranged from 0, very poor dietary antioxidant quality, to 5, high quality diet) was divided into quartiles. Those pertaining to the lower quartile were defined as low antioxidant consumers and compared to those in the upper quartile in terms of their socio-demographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics. RESULTS: Inadequate intakes (< 2/3 RDI) were estimated in nearly half of the sample for zinc, beta-carotene and vitamin E. Of the study population, 12.4% were identified as low antioxidant consumers according to DAQS. Pertaining to lower socioeconomic and educational level and being born in a non-Mediterranean Spanish region were the most important determinants for being a low antioxidant consumer. A diet high in saturated fat but low in total fat, fruit, vegetables and fibre also determined a low intake of antioxidants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a possible departure from the traditional Balearic diet among certain groups of the Balearic Islands population, and this trend may be responsible for the observed low intake of antioxidant nutrients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Fatty acid composition of lymphocytes and macrophages from rats fed fiber-rich diets: a comparison between oat bran- and wheat bran-enriched diets.

The effect of oat bran- (OBD) and wheat bran-enriched diets (WBD) on fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids of rat lymphocytes and macrophages was investigated. In neutral lipids of lymphocytes, OBD reduced the proportion of palmitoleic acid (48%), whereas WBD reduced by 43% palmitoleic acid and raised oleic (18%), linoleic (52%), and arachidonic (2.5-fold) acids. In neutral lipids of macrophages, OBD increased palmitic (16%) and linoleic (29%) acids and slightly decreased oleic acid (15%). The effect of WBD, however, was more pronounced: It reduced myristic (60%), stearic (24%) and arachidonic (63%) acids, and it raised palmitic (30%) and linoleic (2.3-fold) acids. Neither OBD nor WBD modified the composition of fatty acids in phospholipids of lymphocytes. In contrast, both diets had a marked effect on composition of fatty acids in macrophage phospholipids. OBD raised the proportion of myristic (42%) and linoleic (2.4-fold) acids and decreased that of lauric (31%), palmitoleic (43%), and arachidonic (29%) acids. WBD increased palmitic (18%) and stearic (23%) acids and lowered palmitoleic (35%) and arachidonic (78%) acids. Of both cells, macrophages were more responsive to the effect of the fiber-rich diets on fatty acid composition of phospholipids. The high turnover of fatty acids in macrophage membranes may explain the differences between both cells. The modifications observed due to the effects of both diets were similar in few cases: an increase in palmitic and linoleic acids of total neutral lipids occurred and a decrease in palmitoleic and arachidonic acids of phospholipid. Therefore, the mechanism involved in the effect of both diets might be different.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Ethanol-Metrecal diets: I. effects of different levels of ethanol-derived kilocalories on consumption of diet, body weight and grams of ethanol ingested.

Three experiments investigated the relationship between ethanol consumption and the percentage of ethanol-derived kilocalories contained in liquid diets. Rats were chronically maintained on diets where different concentrations of ethanol (10%, 12%, 14%) were added to Metrecal so that 41%, 49% and 57% of all kilocalories consumed were derived from ethanol. The ethanol-Metrecal diet served as the sole source of calories. Results demonstrated that rats can be maintained for extended time periods on diets where ethanol contributed approximately 50% of the daily kilocalories. Inspection of consummatory profiles revealed that an initial decrease occurred in volume of diet consumed when levels of ethanol were increased. This was followed by a gradual increase in the level of consumption until a new asymptotic level was established. Grams of ethanol/kg of body weight remained relatively constant over the range of ethanol concentrations employed. The results were discussed in respect to three factors controlling consummatory behavior--sensory stimuli, caloric intake and quantity of ethanol ingested.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

A low-protein diet exacerbates postprandial chylomicron concentration in moderately dyslipidaemic subjects in comparison to a lean red meat protein-enriched diet.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether altering energy intake as red meat protein or carbohydrate modifies chylomicron homeostasis and postprandial lipaemia. DESIGN: Randomized single-blind dietary intervention trial. SETTING: School of Public Health, Division of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. SUBJECTS: A total of 20 moderately hypertriglyceridaemic but otherwise healthy subjects were recruited and completed the study. INTERVENTION: Participants consumed an isocaloric weight maintenance diet low in protein (14, 53 and 30% of energy as protein, carbohydrate and fat, respectively) or high in protein (25, 35 and 30% energy as protein, carbohydrate and fat) for a period of 6 weeks. Fasting plasma lipids and postprandial lipoprotein studies (triglyceride and apolipoprotein B48) following an oral fat challenge were carried out at the start and conclusion of the dietary intervention period. RESULTS: Consumption of the low- or high-protein diet had no significant effect on fasting plasma or postprandial lipaemia, the latter determined as the incremental area under the triglyceride curve following a fat challenge. However, subjects who consumed a low-protein diet for 6 weeks had a substantially exaggerated postprandial chylomicron response, indicated as the area under the apo B48 curve following a fat challenge. The change in postprandial chylomicron kinetics could not be explained by changes in insulin sensitivity, which appeared to be similar before and after intervention with either diet. CONCLUSIONS: Daily moderate consumption of a lean red meat protein-enriched diet attenuates postprandial chylomicronaemia in response to ingestion of a fatty meal.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Dietary patterns and metabolic control in diabetic diets: a prospective study of 51 outpatient men on unmeasured and exchange diets.

In a prospective, single blind study, 51 adult diabetic, male outpatients at or below ideal body weight (IBW), all but four of whom were insulin-treated, were randomly assigned to a calorically defined exchange diet (EXCH) or an unmeasured diet avoiding refined sugars (UNMEAS). Fasting chemistries, weights and 48-hr dietary recalls were obtained every 3 months for 3 years. There was no difference between groups in mean body weight, mean caloric intake, percentages of carbohydrate or fat intake, day to day consistency of caloric intake, or fasting chemistries. The patients whose actual weight tended to be less than IBW consumed more calories than their theoretical calculated needs (p = 0.002) without effect on glycemic control or stability of weight. Patients with low carbohydrate intake (less than 30%) had significantly higher triglyceride levels (p = 0.015). Otherwise, variations in dietary patterns were not reflected in fasting clinical chemistries. Individual fasting serum glucose levels were not related to consistency of carbohydrate intake, caloric distribution throughout the day or composition of diets. These results suggest that actual dietary patterns of subjects following exchange diabetic diets with precise caloric prescriptions are similar to those resulting from unmeasured diets with restriction of simple sugars. Other than correlation between carbohydrate intake and triglycerides, there was no detectable effect of variations in dietary patterns upon conventional chemical metabolic levels.

Adult↗