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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Pterygium: prevalence, demography and risk factors.

Pterygium is not just a degenerative disease, but may be a proliferative disorder of the ocular surface. The etiology of pterygia has intrigued researchers for centuries. Several surveys have consistently shown that countries nearer the equator have higher rates of pterygia. A possible reason for this geographic variation is that (ultraviolet) UV B light may be a risk factor for the development of pterygia. UV B radiation may induce cellular changes in the medial limbus of the cornea. Several case-control and cross-sectional studies have attempted to accurately quantify UV light exposure and document its relationship with pterygia. Genetic attributes and other lifestyle behaviors may also contribute to the development of pterygia. However, further research efforts are needed to enable us to better understand the relative contribution of the different risk factors and how each risk factor may be linked to pterygium formation. In addition, the underlying mechanism of the effects of UV radiation needs to be further evaluated. By readdressing these unresolved issues in a newly proposed epidemiological study, new measures might be taken to reduce incidences and improve clinical managements of diseases, in addition to preventing UV exposure by eliminating other contributory factors. Meanwhile, preventive measures such as protection of the eyes by the wearing of sunglasses with UV B protective lenses and brimmed hats outdoors are recommended.

Demography↗
PubMed2005

Phenology and demography of Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in southern California citrus and implications for management.

Populations of Homalodisca coagulata (Say) were sampled from citrus orchards in southern California, USA to characterize and quantify seasonal occurrences of nymphs and adults with the goal of identifying management opportunities through well-timed treatments and/or natural enemy releases. Higher densities of H. coagulata in 2001 contributed to a complete seasonal profile that began in early spring with the emergence of first instar nymphs and their progression through five nymphal instars lasting until mid-August. Adult emergence began in mid-June with peak adult densities attained from mid to late August followed by a gradual decline through autumn. A persistent and significant male bias was observed in the adult sex ratio from the time of first emergence through mid-October in oranges; the same trend was present in lemons, but with more variability. Adult densities gradually declined through the winter months into the following spring before rapidly increasing again in June as the 2002 spring generation of nymphs began emerging as adults. The seasonal timing of nymphs and adults in 2002 was nearly identical to that observed the previous year. Phenology data from both years were incorporated into a stochastic, temperature-dependent model that predicts the occurrences of H. coagulata stages through time. Applications of imidacloprid early in the spring generation of nymphs proved very effective at reducing nymphs and sustaining lower densities of adults through summer.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Intermarriage and the demography of secularization.

One way of measuring religious affiliation is to look at rites of initiation such as baptism. English statistics show that for the first time since the Church of England was founded, less than half the nation is Anglican on this criterion. The pattern of formal religious transmission changed during the Second World War. Previously christening was quasi-universal, and the Church of England was the preferred provider. By the end of the war baptism was evidently optional, and chosen principally by parents whose religious identities matched. Further analysis suggests that affiliation now tends to be lost following marriage to someone from a different religious background, though the USA differs from Europe in this respect. A demographic theory of advanced secularization is outlined that specifies a proximal cause for declining religious affiliation, and provides tools for predicting the changes to be expected over future decades. The theory also helps to explain why affiliation may fall most quickly where there is most religious diversity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic demography of the Moscow population: migration, outbreeding and assortative mating.

Using marriage records, census data, and other statistical sources, some demographic parameters of Moscow population in 1955 and 1980 have been studied, such as age at marriage, birthplace, nationality and profession of permanent residents. Migration has been shown to be the main factor of Moscow population dynamics. Genetically significant, quantitative and geographic parameters of this process have been obtained (migration rates, migration and marital distances, proportion of interethnic marriages). During the past two centuries the mean distance travelled by migrants, arriving in Moscow, increased by several times, the genetic contribution from eastern and southern parts of the country being especially marked. In the period of maximum migration rates the percentage share of marriages between Moscow-born people was only 10%. The percentage share of interethnic marriages was 14.75% in 1955 and 16.53% in 1980. The degree of isolation by distance, predicted by Malécot's model, appeared to be quite low. Positive assortative mating for nationality, birthplace, age and profession was characterized as a factor, counteracting outbreeding. While the deleterious effects of isolation and inbreeding are well known, the genetic consequences of alternative state are still obscure.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Property structures, demography and the crisis of the agrarian economy of colonial Bombay Presidency.

Reasons for the relative failure of agricultural development in India during the colonial period are analyzed, and the effects of the scarcity of capital, the absence of suitable technology, and the growth of the population are assessed. "The article explores the manner in which peasant possession of land and other means of subsistence limited productive utilisation of capital and technology, triggered a certain demographic regime and, in turn, disrupted further developmental possibilities." The geographical focus is on the area coinciding with the modern states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Agriculture↗