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PubMedDate not supplied

Conflicting advice? Australian adolescents' use of condoms or the pill.

CONTEXT: Teenagers are exposed to two potentially conflicting sexual health messages, one emphasizing the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the other stressing pregnancy prevention. To protect teenagers from both STDs and unwanted pregnancy, it is important to know what method choices they make and why. METHODS: Data from a 1997 national survey of 3,550 Australian secondary school students were used to examine teenagers' method choice and patterns of advice-seeking about contraception and STD prevention. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the exclusive use of condoms or the pill. RESULTS: Virtually all 961 currently sexually active students were using at least one contraceptive method--primarily condoms (78%) or the pill (45%). Some 31% were using condoms exclusively, and 10% were using the pill exclusively. Older students and those who had sought contraceptive advice had elevated odds of using the pill rather than condoms exclusively (odds ratios, 4.4 and 2.6, respectively), while those who had had only casual partners in the last year had a reduced likelihood of exclusive pill rather than condom use (0.1). Furthermore, the more students believed that their peers used condoms, the less likely they were to report exclusive pill use (0.4). Parents were the most frequent source of advice about contraception, followed by physicians and teachers. The most common sources of advice about HIV and other STDs were parents, teachers and then physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Young people must be educated about the distinction between safer sex and contraception, and about how to prevent both STDs and pregnancy. Providing parents with current sexual health information may help to improve young people's sexual health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Factors related to choosing oral contraception at age 15.

This report aims to identify factors which are related to use of oral contraceptives at an early age. A self-administered questionnaire was completed at schools in 1988 and 1992 in southern and western Finland (N = 1339). Sexually experienced girls (mean age 15.8 years) who had answered the question concerning their oral contraceptive use were included (N = 389). Logistic regression analysis was used to compare oral contraceptive users (N = 121) with the group of non-users. Total number of coital experiences was associated with oral contraceptive use: the odds ratio for those having at least 10 coital experiences was 6.30 compared with those with only one intercourse. The proportion was 73% among oral contraceptive users and 30% among non-users. Girls using oral contraceptives perceived more often (67%) that parents accept their sexual relationship (30% among non-users). Oral contraceptive users were less afraid of getting pregnant (9% compared with 31% among non-users) and felt more often that sex was very important in their life (31 and 13%, respectively). Other factors that entered the model were age at menarche, having a steady partner and frequency of disco visits. When a young girl asks for oral contraceptives, she is probably at true risk of pregnancy, and regular contraception should be considered both in view of effective prevention of pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Smoking and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. An association independent of sexual and other risk factors?

The connection between smoking and cervical neoplasia has been questioned. The association demonstrated has been suspected to depend on a correlation between smoking and sexual behavior or other risk factors for cervical neoplasia. This case-control study included 140 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosed during pregnancy. For each case, 2 healthy, age-matched women, who simultaneously attended for a pregnancy check at the same maternity clinic, served as controls. Information was obtained on obstetrical and gynecological history, sexual behavior, contraceptive methods, female and male smoking habits and socioeconomic status, using both an interview and a questionnaire. The patients were significantly younger at first intercourse and first pregnancy, had more sexual partners, showed a higher frequency of both female and male smokers and had a different pattern of contraceptive use vis-á-vis the controls. Analyses of covariance were used to identify and check for possible confounding before a log-linear regression analysis was ultimately carried out. Two factors remained closely associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: number of sexual partners, and female smoking. We conclude that smoking seems to be a genuine risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Contraceptive methods: do Hispanic adolescents and their family planning care providers think about contraceptive methods the same way?

This article describes how a family planning clinic-based program to prevent repeat pregnancy among Hispanic adolescents in Los Angeles used qualitative research to understand client contraceptive behavior. Background information on Hispanic adolescent reproductive patterns and an overview of paths to motherhood among teen clients are provided to contextualize the results. Participants sorted contraceptive methods on perceived similarities and ranked them on effectiveness, safety, and use-preference. Multidimensional scaling was used to identify and compare conceptual models. Both providers and teens grouped methods by effectiveness and mode of action, but acceptability and ease of method use were also important for teens. Providers found participation a worthwhile educational experience that facilitated self-reflection about their own biases and better understanding of their clients' needs. This method could be applied in many clinical settings where education and counseling are important in treatment and where patients and providers are likely to have different conceptual models regarding therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

A study of the vaginal contraceptive sponge used with and without the fertility awareness method.

The actual effectiveness rates of natural and barrier methods of family planning are lower than the theoretical ones. If couples accurately defined the limits of the fertile phase and used barriers at that time, then actual effectiveness might increase. A randomized, controlled clinical trial was initiated to determine the effectiveness of the contraceptive sponge used only during the fertile time and to compare this with sponge use at every intercourse. Recruitment problems and discontinuation forced the early termination of this study, but qualitative information about compliance and acceptability was collected. Common sponge problems were reported as were misuses of the sponge, but problems and misuse were not related. Determination of the fertile phase was reportedly easy, but complaints of and discontinuation for inconvenience occurred. For unplanned pregnancies, contraceptive behaviors around the time of conception are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Menstrual bleeding expectations and short-term contraception discontinuation in Mexico.

This study tests the hypothesis that women will be more likely to continue a contraceptive if their expectations about changes in bleeding and discomfort are accurate. The study examined the relationship between women's expectations and discontinuation rates for IUD and pill acceptors over a three-month interval. The results show that attitudes and expectations are as important as actual changes in accounting for contraceptive discontinuation among pill users; the results for IUD users are not as clear. It is recommended that family planning programs make it a priority to inform women about the changes in their bodies that can be caused by contraceptives in order to reduce high rates of discontinuation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effect of educational leaflets and questions on knowledge of contraception in women taking the combined contraceptive pill: randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether provision of educational leaflets or questions on contraception improves knowledge of contraception in women taking the combined contraceptive pill. DESIGN: Randomisation of women into three groups according to type of educational leaflet on contraceptive information. These groups were subdivided into two on the basis of questions on contraception asked by the doctor or practice nurse. The women were followed up by postal questionnaire 3 months later. SETTING: 15 general practices in South and West region. SUBJECTS: 636 women attending check up appointment for repeat prescription of the combined contraceptive pill. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knowledge of: factors causing pill failure, subsequent action, emergency contraception, and all the rules (pill rules) that apply to the contraceptive pill. RESULTS: 523 women returned completed questionnaires (response rate 82%). Knowledge of contraception with no intervention was low with only 10 (12%) women knowing all the pill rules. Educational intervention had a highly significant effect on knowledge of: factors causing pill failure (likelihood ratio chi2=22); subsequent action (21); emergency contraception (24); and all the pill rules (22) (P<0.01 in all cases). Improvement in knowledge of all the pill rules occurred with provision of the summary leaflet (28% knew all the rules, adjusted odds ratio 4.04, 95% confidence interval 1.68 to 9.75), the Family Planning Association's leaflet (27%, 3.43, 1.45 to 8.09), and asking questions (26%, 3.03, 1.30 to 7.00). Asking questions in addition to provision of leaflets improved knowledge of contraception further for the summary leaflet (39%, 6.81, 2.85 to 16.27) but not for the Family Planning Association leaflet (21%, 2.58, 1.07 to 6.18). CONCLUSION: Women attending check ups for repeat prescriptions of the contraceptive pill should be provided with educational leaflets on contraception or asked relevant questions to help improve their knowledge of contraception. Asking questions in addition to providing a summary leaflet is time consuming, but results in the most knowledge gained.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oral contraceptive pill use after an initial visit to a family planning clinic.

A retrospective study of 1,311 women making initial family planning visits to metropolitan-area health department clinics found that many women switch methods or discontinue use in the first year following the clinic visits. Among a subgroup of women, most of whom selected the pill as their primary method and who used the pill for at least one of the months in the study period, almost half either changed methods or used no method at some point during a follow-up period averaging eight months. This includes 13 percent of women who made two or more changes. In addition, only 42 percent said they took a pill every day, and only half of these said they always took their pill at about the same time every day. Despite such irregularities, pill users were approximately one-third as likely to get pregnant during the study period as women making an initial family planning visit to a health department clinic who did not use the pill at all.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed1999

Marriages and fertility among Turkish and Moroccan women in Belgium: results from census data.

The patterns of family formation and fertility behavior of Turkish and Moroccan women in Belgium are changing rapidly. The census data (1991) indicate a fertility decline. The reasons are changes in the nuptiality patterns, contraceptive behavior, and migratory flows. The changes are not identical in both communities. Young cohorts postpone their marriage, but this is most prominent among Moroccan women. On the other hand, young Turkish women have a clear preference for smaller families. The changes also differentiate according to migrant "generation" and level of education. The changes are not restricted to Belgium but are also observed in the countries of origin.

Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A clinical study on injectable contraceptive Noristerat.

Results of a clinical study involving 382 subjects using the injectable contraceptive Noristerat (norethisterone enanthate) is presented. The maximum number of acceptors were between 21-25 years of age and had been married for 6-10 years. 50% began their 1st injection within 1 year of the last childbirth. Continuation rates were very high and about 75% returned for their 2nd injection. Among the users, weight gain was seen more commonly than weight loss. There was no significant change in blood pressure. 52.2% reported a menstrual pattern which was within the acceptable range of normal, while only 12.7% had amenorrhea. 15% showed other types of menstrual disturbance. Only 1 woman in the series became pregnant. Menstrual abnormality was the most common cause for discontinuation among the 71 subjects available for interview.

Age Distribution↗