Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Conjunctivitis”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Rapid diagnosis of chlamydial conjunctivitis in laboratory.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the techniques of rapid and accurate diagnosis of chlamydial conjunctivitis. METHODS: Total 100 conjunctivitis patients (200 eyes) were studied. Twenty-two of 100 cases were diagnosed as chlamydial conjunctivitis. The infected epithelia were scraped from tarsal conjunctiva of both eyes and stained separately with Giemsa (100 cases) and immunofluorescence (anti-chlamydial antigen monoclonal antibody, 100 cases). RESULT: In immunofluorescent staining, 38 cases were seen positive staining and 62 were negative. In Giemsa staining, 29 were positive, and 71 were negative. In 22 cases with clinical diagnosis of chlamydial conjunctivitis, 13 cases were confirmed, and 9 were excluded by immunofluorescent staining. Technically, immunofluorescent and Giemsa stain takes 45 and 40 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION: Comparing to Giemsa stain, 38 of 100 scraping specimens were positive (38%) by immunofluorescent staining, 29 of 100 per cent were positive by Giemsa staining. Giemsa staining takes 5 minutes less than immunofluorescent staining (40 versus 45 minutes), however, the positive staining in immunofluorescent staining is much easier to be recognized than Giemsa staining.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A hospital based study on the prevalence of conjunctivitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Very few studies have been done in India to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis causing conjunctivitis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Hence the prevalence of primary conjunctivitis due to C. trachomatis among individuals attending ophthalmic hospitals in Chennai was determined and compared with our earlier results. METHODS: A total of 328 conjunctival swabs from 255 (both eyes 73 and one eye 182) patients were investigated by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) on direct smears, culture and PCRs for cryptic plasmid and major outer membrane protein (MOMPI) gene of C. trachomatis. An infant with ophthalmia neonatorum was also included. RESULTS: Among these 328 specimens processed, 16 (4.9%) from 12 (4.7%) patients were positive by cryptic plasmid PCR. Among these, 3 from 2 patients were positive by FAT (direct smear), culture and PCR for MOMP 1 gene. Both eyes of the infant with ophthalmia neonatorum were positive by all the methods. The sensitivity of FAT and culture (18.8%) was lower compared to PCR. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: A significant decrease in the prevalence of adult chlamydial conjunctivitis has occurred in the 10-year period among patients reporting to the ophthalmic hospitals in Chennai. PCR using cryptic plasmid primers was found to be the most sensitive method to detect C. trachomatis in patients with conjunctivitis.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed2005

Epidemic adenoviral conjunctivitis report of an outbreak in a military garrison and recommendations for its management and prevention.

OBJECTIVE: The study was conducted to document the cases of adenoviral conjunctivitis, evaluate its clinical patterns, prevent its transmission and reduce its severity and complications during an epidemic. METHODS: A total of 2968 cases of adenoviral conjunctivitis were documented during the months of June, July and August 2003. By simple randomization, 200 Patients were selected and divided into two groups on the basis of treatment. Group 1 (Treatment group) 40% patients were given topical anti-histamine/decongestant eye drops whereas Group 2 (Control group) 60% patients were managed conservatively by washing eyes with cold water and applying ice packs on the eyes. RESULTS: Highest incidence of the disease was seen in the month of July 2003. In most of cases (90%) both eyes of the respondents were affected. Acute illness lasted from 4.91 days in Group 1 and 7.86 days in Group 2. Commonly observed symptoms included redness, watering, itching, burning, pain in the eyes and photophobia. Duration of the illness was less and severity was mild in Group 1 patients as compared with Group 2 patients this was found to be statistically significant using T test (P< 0.05). None of the cases reported any complication after complete recovery from adenoviral conjunctivitis. CONCLUSION: Adenoviral conjunctivitis is a highly contagious disease and often spreads in epidemics, particularly in crowded communities with poor hygiene. Prevention of transmission is the most important therapeutic measure particularly in the ophthalmic clinics of the hospitals. Although the disease is benign and self-limiting, cold compresses and topical anti-histamine/decongestant eye drops reduce the discomfort and severity of the disease.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2006

[Changes of tear film after recovery from acute conjunctivitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate tear film changes after recovery from acute conjunctivitis. METHODS: This study involved 73 eyes of 56 consecutive patients who had recovered from acute conjunctivitis after routine treatment in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between July 2002 and August 2003. Excluded other factors which could affect the stability of the tear film, tear film break up time (BUT), Schirmer I test (ST), fluorescein staining (FL) and the height of tear meniscus were measured on both recovered and healthy eyes of the patients at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after recovery. RESULTS: BUT was 14.72 s in healthy eyes, 5.23, 5.11, 7.84, 10.26 and 12.74 s in recovered eyes at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days (P = 0.012, 0.018, 0.032, 0.028 and 0.122), respectively. FL scored at 2.26 in healthy eyes, 3.02, 6.23, 7.92, 6.37 and 3.53 at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days in recovered eyes (P = 0.063, 0.017, 0.008, 0.024 and 0.074), respectively. ST scored at 16.30 mm in healthy eyes, 9.39, 11.48, 13.85, 21.24 and 17.40 mm, at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days in recovered eyes (P = 0.025, 0.040, 0.082, 0.012 and 0.104), respectively. The height of tear meniscus was 0.62 mm in healthy eyes; it scored at 0.39, 0.32, 0.44, 0.53 and 0.58 mm at 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days in recovered eyes (P = 0.008, 0.015, 0.037, 0.120 and 0.182), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Instability of tear film and transient dry eye can occur after recovery from acute conjunctivitis. However, dry eye can be avoided during the treatment of acute conjunctivitis by consideration of drug side effects to the tear film and minimizing the unnecessary use of drugs.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Epidemic conjunctivitis in Germany, 2004.

Epidemic conjunctivitis can be associated with viral or bacterial pathogens, whereas epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is caused mainly by adenoviruses type 8,19 and 37. In Germany, the incidence of adenovirus conjunctivitis cases increased from 0.2 per 100,000 inhabitants (in 2001 and 2002) eventually to 0.5 in 2003 and 0.8 in 2004. The detection of adenovirus in conjunctival swabs is notifiable to the local health departments. Data about cases with positive conjunctival swabs are then transmitted to the Robert Koch-Institut. Quality control of data takes place and national surveillance data of confirmed cases with adenovirus conjunctivitis are published. From January to April 2004 the national surveillance system captured an outbreak with 1024 cases (131 laboratory confirmed). Analysis of the national surveillance data showed that in March 2004 the group primarily affected by epidemic keratoconjunctivitis was young men between 18-29 years old followed by an increased number of notifications from women in the same age group. Meanwhile the German Armed Forces experienced an outbreak of conjunctivitis, almost exclusively without laboratory confirmation, affecting 6378 soldiers. Despite the small number of laboratory confirmed cases it became clear from the analysis of the national surveillance data that person-to-person transmission between young men and similar age groups of the population did occur. Whether the outbreak started within the garrisons of the German Armed Forces or whether it was triggered within these accommodations, there is clearly a need for the national and the military public health institutions to work together on guidelines to handle future challenges.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Conjunctivitis in rabbits caused by enterovirus type 70 (EV70).

A rabbit enterovirus 70 (EV70) model infection that closely mimics human enteroviral conjunctivitis was developed. Conjunctivitis occurred 24 hr following topical application of EV70. The conjunctivitis was characterized by tearing, redness, swelling of the eye lids, follicles in the superior palpebral conjunctiva, and dilatation of subconjunctival blood vessels. Histologic examination of conjunctival and corneal tissue taken 1 and 2 days after infection revealed numerous punctate areas devoid of squamous epithelium on the upper palpebral conjunctiva. Also, follicles without germinal centers were observed microscopically in the palpebral and tarsal conjunctiva. Fibroblast infiltration characteristic of wound healing and a sparse mononuclear infiltration was noted by the second day. Peak levels of virus [10(3) to 10(6.2) plaque forming units (PFU)/ml] were detected 1 to 2 days after infection and declined to undetectable levels after 3 to 5 days. Interestingly, antiserum to parental EV70 was less effective (8-10-fold) in neutralizing EV70 adapted to animal and tissue culture systems. This finding suggests that an antigenic variant of EV70 arose during adaptation. Fibroblast interferon (IFN beta), which is indicative of viral infection, was detected in tears from 6 of 16 rabbits and declined to undetectable levels 3 days after infection. Serum antibody to EV70 was detectable 8 to 10 days after infection. However, the level of serum antibody was highly variable. The results indicate that the clinical disease, virologic and immunologic courses were similar to that of the human infection. Results suggest that this animal model provides a system for studying the natural antigenic variation of EV70, the natural host defenses of the eye, and antiviral treatments against enteroviral conjunctivitis.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1986

Viral conjunctivitis with special reference to adenovirus type 37 and enterovirus 70 infection.

The clinical and etiological findings in 727 patients with viral conjunctivitis treated from January 1982 through December 1984 at Aoki Eye Clinic in Sapporo, Japan, were presented. The age of the patients ranged from 11 days to 88 years, and the monthly incidences of the disease from 18 to 131 cases, with a clustering in the summer season. The etiological diagnosis was established in 399 (54.9%) of the 727 patients: adenovirus (Ad) 3 in 45 cases; Ad4 in 98 cases; Ad8 in 57 cases; Ad19 in 23 cases; Ad37 in 51 cases; untyped Ad in 33 cases; enterovirus (EV) 70 in 60 cases; herpes simplex virus type I in 24 cases and varicella-zoster virus in 4 cases. The clinical pictures of adenovirus 37 conjunctivitis were generally similar to those of adenovirus 8 conjunctivitis, and subconjunctival hemorrhage was more frequently seen in cases of EV70 conjunctivitis. EV70 cases showed nosocomial infection. In addition to Ad8, Ad37 seems to play an important role as a causative agent of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in Japan.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1988

Clinical and etiological studies of chlamydial conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan.

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 21.5% (61/284 cases) of the patients with conjunctivitis seen in an eye clinic in Sapporo, Japan, during a recent 4-year period. The frequency was the highest in newborn babies and the 20- to 29-year-old age group. The early incidence of neonatal conjunctivitis suggested that transmission had occurred at delivery. Isolation by tissue culture is the most sensitive method for detection of this condition but the Micro Trak direct fluorescence antibody test is more practical. The detection of a specific IgG antibody and IgA antibody against chlamydia in human sera and in tears showed that patients with chlamydial conjunctivitis had the antibody before the onset of conjunctivitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Prophylactic effects of silver nitrate and erythromycin on Chlamydia psittaci conjunctivitis.

An animal model has been developed to study the effects of various prophylaxis agents on acquisition of chlamydial conjunctivitis. When Hartley strain newborn guinea pigs received ocular inoculations of Chlamydia psittaci followed by the instillation of various agents, 1% AgNO3 significantly lowered the risk of developing chlamydial conjunctivitis if it was administered within 15 min after the inoculation with C. psittaci. However, if the AgNO3 was administered at either 1 hr or 2 hr following inoculation, it did not have any prophylactic effect on the development of chlamydial conjunctivitis. Erythromycin ointment, 0.5%, was also found to prevent chlamydial conjunctivitis. The prophylactic effect was similar to placebo when the drug was given at 15 min; however, erythromycin ointment prophylaxis 1 hr or 2 hr after inoculation with C. psittaci was statistically superior to placebo.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Bovine mycoplasmal conjunctivitis: experimental reproduction and characterization of the disease.

Epizootic conjunctivitis was studied in eight Iowa cattle herds. Mycoplasma bovoculi was isolated from the eyes of cattle in all affected herds and Ureaplasma sp. was isolated from the eyes of cattle in 3 of the herds. When either of these two organisms was experimentally inoculated into the conjunctival sac of healthy calves, conjunctivitis became apparent within 3 to 4 days after infection and persisted for more than 1 month. Calves inoculated with M. bovoculi responded with mild localized conjunctivitis and with serous lacrimation while calves inoculated with Ureaplasma sp. had diffuse conjunctivitis with watery lacrimation. With both microorganisms, the symptoms varied in intensity with peaks of recrudescence through the observation period. The microorganisms were recovered for periods of 1 to 2 months from the conjunctival mucosae of cattle undergoing natural or experimental infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effect of (Z)-11-[3-(dimethylamino) propylidene]-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b,e]oxepin-2-acetic acid hydrochloride on experimental allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis in rats and guinea pigs.

The effect of KW-4679 (Z)-11-[3-(dimethylamino) propylidene]-6,11-dihydrodibenz [b,e] oxepin-2-acetic acid hydrochloride, CAS 140462-76-6; proposed INN: olopatadine) on experimental conjunctivitis and rhinitis was studied in comparison with that of ketotifen (CAS 34580-14-8) using guinea pigs and rats, respectively. KW-4679 was effective in inhibiting the antigen- and histamine-induced conjunctivitis by both oral and topical administrations. These effects of KW-4679 were somewhat more potent than those of ketotifen. KW-4679 as well as ketotifen was more effective in inhibiting the histamine-induced conjunctivitis than that seen in antigen-induced conjunctivitis when they were given topically. KW-4679 inhibited the increased dye leakage into the nasal cavity induced not only by antigen in actively sensitized rats but also by histamine perfusion in non-sensitized rats by oral and topical administrations. Similar to ketotifen, the effect of KW-4679 on histamine-induced increase in dye leakage was almost same as that induced by antigen. The potency of KW-4679 was higher than that of ketotifen in the increased dye leakage induced by both antigen and histamine perfusion.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Allergic conjunctivitis disorders.

Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common disorders of the external eye. Hypersensitivity of the conjunctiva to foreign substances is characterized by discharge, redness, itching, irritation, swelling, light sensitivity, and tearing. The tear fluid contains a small amount of eosinophils and histamine. Allergic eye conditions can be classified into four categories. They are hay fever conjunctivitis, vernal conjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and giant papillary conjunctivitis.

Conjunctivitis, Allergic↗
PubMed1994

Diagnosing inclusion conjunctivitis.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosing adult inclusion and neonatal conjunctivitis can be challenging. They are sexually transmitted diseases that can easily be managed without any serious ocular or systemic sequelae if recognized and treated early on. METHODS: A proper differential diagnosis and careful examination is essential in the management of chlamydial conjunctivitis. RESULTS: Two case reports of patients with laboratory-confirmed inclusion conjunctivitis will be presented. CONCLUSIONS: A careful history and ophthalmic evaluation, along with laboratory studies, which revealed inclusion bodies, confirmed the diagnosis of adult inclusion conjunctivitis. Therefore, proper treatment and management of each case occurred.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Silver nitrate ophthalmic solution and chemical conjunctivities.

The current status of nursery routines of prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum were surveyed by mail questionnaire to 100 leading maternity hospitals. More than 20% of the respondents were not using silver nitrate, mainly because of chemical conjunctivitis. The clinical significance and incidence of chemical conjunctivitis were studied in 1,000 newborns whose eyes were handled differently. Rinsing after instillation of silver nitrate does not reduce the conjunctival irritation. Although 90% of the infants had conjunctivitis in the first hours of life, the majority cleared within 24 hours. Chemical conjunctivitis did not increase secondary infection, neither did it mask bacterial infection. Silver nitrate is effective in vitro against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Staphylococcus aureus in a concentration of 0.1% and against Escherichia coli in a concentration of 0.01%.

Conjunctivitis↗
PubMed1995

[Rapid diagnosis of adenoviral conjunctivitis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Adenoclone)].

We evaluated an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (Adenoclone) for the rapid diagnosis of adenovirus infection in 589 cases of acute follicular conjunctivitis. Of 255 cases of adenoviral conjunctivitis proven by positive virus isolation. Adenoclone was positive in 51.0% by visual determination and 40.4% by spectrophotometry. Twenty-seven of 130 cases giving visually positive results were interpreted to be negative by spectrophotometry. In 334 adenovirus-negative cases, Adenoclone was negative in 99.1% and 99.4 by visual and spectrophotometric determination, respectively. Adenoclone was less sensitive in cases of adenovirus 3, 4 or 37, infections than in those of adenovirus 8, and also showed lower sensitivity in cases presenting mild conjunctivitis. Adenoclone is a rapid and easy test with high specificity but low sensitivity, and thus the test seems to be helpful in diagnosing adenoviral conjunctivitis.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed1996

Contact lens induced conjunctivitis: a model of human ocular inflammation.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the usefulness of contact lens induced conjunctivitis as a model of human ocular inflammation and to evaluate the effect of antiallergic eyedrops on this model. METHODS: We recruited 40 subjects with contact lens induced conjunctivitis. Half were treated with ketorolac tromethamine (KT), and half with iodoxamide tromethamine (LT). Signs, symptoms, contact lens wearing time, and wearing time until discomfort developed were evaluated at baseline, day 7, and day 14. RESULTS: The group receiving LT showed improvement of symptoms 7 days after beginning the study (P = 0.016), and both the LT and KT groups showed improvement from baseline on day 14 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). Signs improved for both the KT group (P = 0.011) and the LT group (P = 0.043) on day 7 and day 14 (P = 0.033 and P = 0.007, respectively). Mean contact lens wearing time improved on day 14 for the group treated with KT (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Contact lens induced conjunctivitis appears to be a useful model of human ocular inflammation. Both antiallergics KT and LT improve contact lens tolerance in subjects with contact lens induced conjunctivitis. Two weeks of treatment may be required to demonstrate therapeutic benefits of antiallergic drops.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1996

Serotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis from inclusion conjunctivitis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

A molecular biological method of detecting and serotyping Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) directly from conjunctival specimens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed and applied to the diagnosis of inclusion conjunctivitis. We amplified 1.2 kbp DNA fragments of ompA gene from 15 reference strains of C. trachomatis by two-step PCR using two pairs of primers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using a combination of three endonucleases (HinfI, HindIII and HhaI) completely differentiated 13 of the 15 serovars; the exceptions were B and Ba. We then used this method for 18 strains of C. trachomatis isolated from Japanese patients with inclusion conjunctivitis, serotyping them into six groups: D (5/18), G (5/18), E (3/18), H (2/18), F (1/18), and K (1/18). In our comparison of cell culture isolation with PCR analysis of 38 conjunctival swabs from 35 patients in Sapporo with follicular conjunctivitis, 8 were positive in culture isolation and were also positive in two-step PCR. Twenty-five of 26 strains (the 18 isolated strains and 8 strains amplified by two-step PCR) were genotyped to D, G, H, E, F, and K. One isolated strain could not be identified. The C. trachomatis which causes inclusion conjunctivitis in Japan appears to have a distribution of serovars similar to that of the sexually transmitted diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Characterization of cytokine mRNA transcripts in conjunctival cells in patients with allergic conjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: The host response to allergens appears to be regulated by specific patterns of local cytokine production. More than 20,000 conjunctival superficial cells were collected with a special brush, a smaller version of the Cytobrush used in cervical cytology, from the upper palpebral conjuntiva. METHODS: Samples were obtained by cytology brush from seven patients with allergic conjunctivitis and from seven healthy volunteers. Giemsa staining, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometric analysis were performed. Cytokine gene expression was assayed by the reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: Giemsa staining of cytocentrifuged preparations from patients with allergic conjunctivitis showed conjunctival epithelial cells with lymphocytes, mast cells, and eosinophils. In an immunohistochemical study, a few CD3- and CD4-bearing cells, but not CD20- and CD14-bearing cells, were seen in patients. In 82.6 +/- 17% of the samples obtained from allergic patients, HLA-DR was present, but it was present in only 34.2 +/- 17.8% of samples from control subjects (P = 0.0001) using flow cytometric analysis. Steady state transcripts of mRNA for cytokines were analyzed with RT-PCR in conjunctival cell samples, and results showed that samples from allergic conjunctivitis expressed increased transcripts of interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 but virtually no interleukin 2 or interferon-gamma; six samples from seven healthy subjects expressed no interleukin 2, interleukin 4, interleukin 13, or interferon-gamma transcripts. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the clinical features of allergic conjunctivitis in humans are associated with a specific local pattern of proinflammatory cytokine expression.

Adolescent↗