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PubMed2005

Microtensile bond strengths to enamel of self-etching and one bottle adhesive systems.

UNLABELLED: This study compared the enamel bond strengths of self-etching and one bottle adhesives, and evaluated microscopically their debonding modes. Evaluated systems were: Self-etch--Prompt L-Pop (LP); one bottle, total etch--Single Bond (SB), Prime & Bond NT (PB); compomer--Hytac Aplitip (HA), F2000 (F2); resin composite- Reference 21 Aplitip (R2), Herculite XRV (XRV), Esthet.X (EX); in the following combinations: LP/HA; LP/R2; SB/F2; SB/XRV; PB/EX. Flat surfaces of enamel were ground on caries free extracted third molars. An adhesive resin was applied to this surface and a restorative material built on it. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally into 1 mm thick specimens and trimmed to a 1 mm2 area at the enamel/adhesive interface. For each material combination, 10 specimens were tested. Microtensile bond strengths were determined at 0.5 mm min(-1). Fractured specimens were examined using confocal and scanning electron microscopy to determine failure modes. Bond strength data was analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, a log-rank test and a Bonferroni multiple comparison. Failure mode data was analysed with a chi2 test. The interface of additional fluorescent-labelled specimens was examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The bond strength data showed significant differences: LP/R2 > LP/HA, SB/F2 and PB/EX; SB/F2 < LP/HA, SB/XRV and PB/EX. Both compomers principally exhibited cohesive failure. Resin composite materials showed more complex failure modes. Fluorescence images demonstrated interfacial characteristics consistent with the failure modes observed. SIGNIFICANCE: bond strength was not influenced by the use of self-etch or one bottle adhesives.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of wear-resistance of Class V restorative materials.

Compomers and resin-modified glass ionomers have been developed to improve the physical properties of traditional glass ionomer cements. This project compared the toothbrush wear-resistance of three compomers (Compoglass, Dyract, Hytac) and three resin-modified glass ionomer restorative materials (Fuji II LC, Photac-Fil, Vitremer) to that of two resin-based composites (Herculite XRV, Silux Plus). Specimens (n = 7) were prepared according to manufacturers' instructions and stored in a humidor for 48 hours prior to testing. The specimens were subjected to 120,000 strokes at 1.5 Hz, using a brush-head force of 200 g on a Manly V-8 cross-brushing machine. The slurry contained a 50:50 (w/w) mixture of toothpaste and deionized water. Abrasion-resistance was calculated by measuring specimen mass-loss prior to and subsequent to brushing. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test. Significant differences (p < .0001) in mass-loss were found, and loss ranged from 0.013 +/- 0.003 g (Hytac) to 0.061 +/- 0.009 g (Compoglass). No correlation (p = .959) between wear-resistance and experimentally determined filler content existed. This study showed that all but one hybrid resin-ionomer type material exhibited a resistance to toothbrush wear that was as good as or better than that of the two traditional resin-based composite materials.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Synthesis and evaluation of novel bifunctional oligomer-based composites for dental applications.

Five novel bifunctional oligomers containing both carboxylic acid and methacrylate groups are synthesized, characterized, and used to formulate compomers by mixing with strontium fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder at a filler level of 75% (by weight). Compressive strength (CS) of the cements and viscosity of the resin liquids are used as screening tools to find the optimal formulation. Diametral tensile (DTS) and flexural strengths (FS) are also determined. Results show that the oligomers derivatized with glycerol dimethacrylate exhibit higher CS than those with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The CS increases with increasing diluent content, filler level, and light-exposure time. During aging, the cement shows an increase of strength over 24 h and then remains unaltered for up to 3 months. The experimental compomer is 45 and 69% higher in CS, 35 and 174% higher in DTS, and 39 and 170% higher in FS, respectively, as compared to Dyract and Fuji II LC.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1998

Decay-inhibiting restorative materials: past and present.

Clear differences exist in the fluoride release characteristics and setting reactions of glass-ionomer cements and compomers. Differences in decay inhibition associated with specific materials are less clear. Furthermore, resin added to glass ionomer cement formulations and acids added to composite resins make it difficult to distinguish composite resins from compomers and glass ionomer cements, all of which have reported fluoride release. Optimal fluoride release from a dental restorative depends on several conditions, including oral flora, saliva, diet, mineral content of the dental tissues, and marginal seal of the restoration. Presently, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that materials which behave similarly to silicate cements in their setting reactions and hydration characteristics will behave as decay-inhibiting restoratives. Until optimal fluoride release from dental restoratives can be quantified, dental clinicians are encouraged to consider clinical outcomes as the best test for decay inhibition. Nearly a century of clinical findings support the anticariogenicity of silicate cements. This article reviews fluoride release and anticariogenicity of restorative materials using silicate cement as a model with a well-defined mechanism for preventing secondary caries. The behavior of newer materials is compared to silicate cement for predicting decay inhibition.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2003

Flow, strength, stiffness and radiopacity of flowable resin composites.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to characterize 9 currently available proprietary flowable composites with respect to key properties of flow, flexural strength, stiffness (modulus of elasticity) and radiopacity. METHODS: Seven proprietary flowable composites (Aelite Flo, Filtek Flow, Heliomolar Flow, PermaFlo, Revolution Formula 2, Tetric Flow, Wave) and 2 flowable compomers (Compoglass Flow, Dyract Flow) were evaluated. A universal hybrid composite (Filtek Z250) and a restorative compomer (Dyract AP) were used as controls. Standard mechanical testing of 25 x 2 x 2 mm bar specimens was carried out at 24 hours and 1 month. Flow testing used a fixed volume of material under consistent loading, and radiopacity was measured simultaneously for all materials using disk specimens of 1 mm thickness. RESULTS: As expected, flowable composites showed higher flow and lower mechanical properties than the controls. Moduli of the composites were approximately 50% or less of the moduli of control materials, which indicates high flexibility. Flexural strengths approached that of the control composite. Flow properties varied widely. The material Tetric Flow had the highest radiopacity, above that of enamel and the control composite. Lowest radiopacity, below or equivalent to that of dentin, was shown by Wave and Revolution Formula 2. CONCLUSIONS: The flowable materials possessed a wide range of mechanical and physical properties. Their lower mechanical properties suggest that they should not be used in bulk in areas of high occlusal loading. Within intracoronal restorations, clinicians are advised to use materials with high radiopacity. A wide range of fluidity options is available. The clinical applications and performance of these materials require further study.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Buonocore Memorial Lecture. Review of the clinical survival of direct and indirect restorations in posterior teeth of the permanent dentition.

This review provides a survey on the longevity of restorations in stress-bearing posterior cavities and assesses possible reasons for clinical failure. The dental literature, predominantly since 1990, was reviewed for longitudinal, controlled clinical studies and retrospective cross-sectional studies of posterior restorations. Only studies investigating the clinical performance of restorations in permanent teeth were included. Longevity and annual failure rates of amalgam, direct composite restorations, compomers, glass ionomers and derivative products, composite and ceramic inlays and cast gold restorations were determined for Class I and II cavities. Mean (SD) annual failure rates in posterior stress-bearing cavities are: 3.0% (1.9) for amalgam restorations, 2.2% (2.0) for direct composites, 3.6% (4.2) for direct composites with inserts, 1.1% (1.2) for compomer restorations, 7.2% (5.6) for regular glass ionomer restorations, 7.1% (2.8) for tunnel glass ionomers, 6.0% (4.6) for ART glass ionomers, 2.9% (2.6) for composite inlays, 1.9% (1.8) for ceramic restorations, 1.7% (1.6) for CAD/CAM ceramic restorations and 1.4% (1.4) for cast gold inlays and onlays. Publications from 1990 forward showed better results. Indirect restorations exhibited a significantly lower mean annual failure rate than direct techniques (p=0.0031). Longevity of dental restorations is dependent upon many different factors, including material, patient- and dentist-related. Principal reasons for failure were secondary caries, fracture, marginal deficiencies, wear and postoperative sensitivity. We need to learn to distinguish between reasons that cause early failures and those that are responsible for restoration loss after several years of service.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed2005

The influence of human plasma used for dentin perfusion on tensile bond strength of different light-curing materials.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of two perfusion solutions, saline and human plasma, on tensile bond strengths of five different light-curing materials in an in vitro investigation. METHODS: 150 human third molars were used. All teeth were prepared in a special manner allowing the simulation of intrapulpal pressure and dentin perfusion. Dentin specimens with a thickness of 3.5 mm were obtained under standardized conditions. The specimens were randomly assigned to 10 experimental groups. Five groups were perfused with physiologic saline while with the other five with human plasma under constant hydrostatic pressure of 30 cm H2O was used for at least 1 hour. Tensile bond strength of the different dentin bonding agents and composite or compomer materials (A: Syntac/Tetric, B: Prime & Bond NT/Spectrum TPH, C: Solobond Plus/Arabesk, D: Compoglass SCA/Compoglass, E: Dyract PSA/Dyract) was evaluated using an Zwick Universal testing machine 10 minutes after light-curing. RESULTS: Pairwise comparison showed a significant increase of bond strengths in all human plasma perfused subgroups (P< 0.05; Wilcoxon). The influence of the different dentin adhesives was significant (P< 0.001; ANOVA). The significantly highest values were observed for the composite groups Syntac/Tetric and Solobond Plus/Arabesk (P< 0.05; closed test procedure). The compomer Group D (Compoglass SCA/Compoglass) showed significantly decreased values compared to all other groups (P< 0.05; closed test procedure). Within the limitations of an in vitro study, it can be concluded that the use of human plasma might result in higher tensile bond strength compared to saline.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Shear bond strength of a self-etching adhesive in primary and permanent dentition.

PURPOSE: To assess the shear bond strength obtained with a new self-etching adhesive material (Adper Prompt-L-Pop) compared with the total-etch technique and posterior application of an adhesive (Prime & Bond NT) in both primary and permanent teeth. METHODS: 28 human teeth were selected (14 primary and 14 permanent). The vestibular and lingual surfaces were prepared in dentin, followed by application of the adhesive materials (Adper Prompt-L-Pop and Prime & Bond NT), in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer. Compomer and composite (Compoglass and TPH Spectrum) were used as filler materials. The samples were thermocycled (150 cycles), after which adhesion was assessed with an Autograph AGS machine. The type of fracture produced was evaluated using an Olympus SCZ-CTV microscope. The data were compared by triple-factor analysis of variance, statistically significant differences being considered for P< 0.01. RESULTS: The adhesion strength achieved with Prime & Bond NT involving both composite and compomer as restorative material was significantly greater than with Prompt-L-Pop. No differences were observed between the two dentitions.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Resin modified glass ionomer cements. In vitro microleakage in direct class V and class II sandwich restorations.

Microleakage of conventional chemically cured and resin modified glass ionomer cements (GIC), a compomer and a composite resin was studied in vitro in direct class V and class II GIC/composite sandwich fillings. None of the restorative techniques investigated completely resisted microleakage at both the occlusal and gingival margins. The dentinal gingival margins exhibited the highest leakage pattern. The compomer and the resin modified GIC showed a better seal than the chemically cured GIC's. The use of a liner as separating agent between composite resin and GIC in the class II sandwich fillings did not improve the seal. The results suggest that the initial bond obtained immediately after light curing of the resin modified GIC's is stronger than that for chemically cured GIC's. The contradictory results of dye leakage studies reported in the literature are discussed and in vivo evaluations are suggested necessary to predict clinical performance.

Composite Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Artificial secondary caries around two new F-containing restoratives.

Replacement of restorations due to secondary caries is a continuing problem in restorative dentistry. This investigation evaluated the ability of two new light-cured fluoride-containing restorative materials to inhibit caries in vitro. Class 5 cavities were prepared in buccal and lingual surfaces of 20 extracted premolars. The occlusal cavosurface margin of each preparation was on enamel and the gingival cavosurface margin was on root surface. The four materials used were: glass-ionomer cement (Fuji II), composite resin (Silux Plus), light-cured glass ionomer (Vitremer), and compomer (Dyract). After 5 weeks in an acid gel for caries-like lesion formation, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally and examined with polarized light. The results showed that use of a light-cured glass ionomer and/or compomer may prevent both secondary caries around restorations and primary caries in surface enamel adjacent to the restorations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

In-vitro study of resin-modified glass ionomer cements for cementation of orthodontic bands. Isolation, surplus removal and humidity as factors influencing the bond strength between enamel, cement and metal.

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate different light-cured and chemically cured resin-modified glass ionomer cements used for the cementation of orthodontic bands and to analyze various factors influencing the adhesive strength between enamel, cement and stainless steel. Four resin-modified glass ionomers (Fuji Ortho LC/GC, Fuji Duet/GC, Unitek Multi-Cure Glass Ionomer Orthodontic Band Cement/3M Unitek, Vitremer/3M) and 1 compomer (Band-Lok/Reliance) were examined. Flattened and polished bovine teeth embedded in polyurethane resin were used as enamel specimens. Before cementation, 50% of the specimens were moistened with the aerosol of an inhalation device, while the rest were dried with compressed air. Stainless steel cylinders (CrNi 18 10) were perpendicularly bonded onto the polished enamel using a custom-made cementation device and immediately topped with a pressure of 0.25 MPa. The cement was isolated with either Ketac Glaze/ESPE, Fuji Coat/GC, Cacao Butter/GC, Dryfoil/Jalenko or Final Varnish/VOCO, or was left uncoated. Eight minutes after the beginning of mixing, either the surplus cement was removed with a scalpel or surplus removal was simulated with ultrasound. After 24 hours storage in a water bath at 37 degrees C and 1,000 thermocycles the shear bond strength was determined. Significant differences with respect to the shear bond strength were found among the following cements, ranking from highest to lowest: Fuji Duet, Unitek cement > Fuji Ortho LC > Vitremer > Band-Lok. The application of a barrier coating significantly increased the shear bond strength of all cements except Fuji Ortho LC. The light-cured resin Ketac Glaze proved to be the most effective barrier coating. A dry enamel surface increased the bond strength of all investigated cements except Unitek cement. The use of ultrasound led to no significant reduction in shear bond strength in comparison with surplus removal with a scalpel.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Resistance of marginal enamel to acid solubility is influenced by restorative systems: an in vitro scanning electron microscopic study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology of the enamel surface along margins of class V restorations following exposure to cariogenic solution. Restorations were placed in vitro in human third molars. The specimens were divided into groups according to resin composition: (1) Scotchbond 1 + Filtek Flow, (2) Scotchbond 1 + F2000, and (3) Prompt L-Pop + experimental flowable composite. Samples were stored in a demineralizing solution (lactic acid, pH 4.5, 0.1 M) at 37 degrees for 1-4 weeks or in deionized water (control group). The solution was changed every day. Replicas of the specimens were obtained in order to exclude drying artifacts. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of original and replica specimens identified a distinct enamel zone, defined as perimarginal enamel showing numerous fractures, porosities, voids, and pits. After the 4-week treatment, perimarginal prismatic enamel was greatly removed, while interprismatic enamel was still in place and only partially dissolved. Enamel not in relation with composite/compomer margins (0.5-1 mm away) showed minor alterations. Perimarginal enamel fractures probably due to composite/compomer shrinkage or the bur preparation may greatly contribute to this marginal enamel demineralization by increasing the number and size of porosities, that enhance the penetration and diffusion of cariogenic solution and create a sort of demineralized enamel subsurface. Only compomer restorations revealed a thin caries inhibition zone (1-2 micro m) probably related to fluoride release. Below this protected area, we observed the typical alterations of the other samples. These morphological alterations are probably related to secondary demineralization lesions and may affect the clinical life of restorations.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

In vitro cytotoxicity of resin-containing restorative materials after aging in artificial saliva.

Studies have reported that dental resin-based materials release substances which have biological liabilities. However, some current methods for detecting these substances may not be adequate to detect biologically relevant concentrations. In the current study, we hypothesized that resin-based materials exhibit cytotoxic effects and alter cellular function in vitro when high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV detection) cannot detect any release of substances. We further hypothesized that this release continues even after aging the samples in artificial saliva. Five types of composite or compomer materials (Z-100, Tetric Ceram, Dyract AP, Solitaire, and Clearfil AP-X) and one organically modified ceramic material (Definite) were tested after aging in artificial saliva for 0, 7, or 14 days. Cytotoxicity was assessed using direct contact with fibroblasts and measurement of succinic dehydrogenase activity after 48 h of exposure post aging. Release of substances from the materials was assessed using HPLC with UV detection. Altered cellular function was estimated by measuring proliferation of MCF-7 cells with sulforhodamine staining. HPLC showed that whereas initial release of substances was higher without aging, this release dropped significantly after 7 or 14 days of aging, and was equivalent to the Teflon controls after 14 days for four of the materials (Tetric Ceram, Definite, Solitaire, and Clearfil AP-X). Without aging in saliva, all materials had cytotoxicities > 50% of the Teflon negative controls. After 14 days of aging, all materials except the Definite continued to show severe cytotoxicity. Only the Definite could be tested for its ability to alter cellular function because of the continuing toxicity of the other materials. This modified ceramic material caused a significant proliferative effect on the MCF-7 cells indicating that sufficient substances were released to alter cellular function. We concluded that all of these commercially available resin-based dental materials continue to release sufficient components to cause lethal effects or alter cellular function in vitro even after 2 weeks of aging in artificial saliva.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2007

Combined effect of staining substances on the discoloration of esthetic Class V dental restorative materials.

The purpose of this study was to determine the combined effect of an organic substance (mucin as a substitute for salivary organic substances), chlorhexidine, and an iron compound/tea solution on the changes in the color of esthetic Class V dental restorative materials. Color of a glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer, compomer and flowable resin composite of A2 shade, respectively, was determined according to the CIELAB color scale relative to the standard illuminant D65. Color was measured at baseline, and after sequential immersion in the following substances: Step-1, mucin in PBS (MCP) for 48 h; Step-2, chlorhexidine (CHX) for 24 h; Step-3, iron compound (IRN) or tea solution (TEA) up to 7 days; and Step-4, ultrasonic cleaning for 1 h. Color change (DeltaE(ab )*) was calculated by the equation: DeltaE(ab)* = [(DeltaL*)(2) + (Deltaa*)(2) + (Deltab*)(2)](1/2), of which DeltaL(*) indicates changes in value, Deltaa(*) indicates changes in red-green parameter and Deltab(*) indicates changes in yellow-blue parameter. DeltaE(ab)* values after immersion in MCP and CHX were compared, and DeltaE(ab)* values after immersion in IRN or TEA, and subsequent ultrasonic cleaning were compared with respect to the restorative material and immersion substance. DeltaE(ab)* and changes in the color parameters (DeltaL(*), DeltaC(ab)* and DeltaH(ab)*) were analyzed by repeated measures, analysis of variance and a post-hoc test at the 0.05 level of significance. Color changes after immersion in MCP were acceptable (DeltaE(ab)* < 3.3), and those after immersion in CHX were generally acceptable. The range of DeltaE(ab)* values after immersion in IRN was 3.1-19.6, and that after ultrasonic cleaning was 2.4-9.6. The range of DeltaE(ab)* values after immersion in TEA was 10.7-21.1, and that after ultrasonic cleaning was 11.9-14.5. Color changes of four Class V restorative materials after combined treatment with mucin, chlorhexidine and an iron compound/tea solution were not acceptable. Colors did not recover to their original values after ultrasonic cleaning. Modifications on the surface of a restoration should be considered to reduce stain accumulation.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2005

Influence of the antagonist material on the wear of different composites using two different wear simulation methods.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate two ceramic materials as possible substitutes for enamel using two wear simulation methods, and to compare both methods with regard to the wear results for different materials. METHODS: Flat specimens (OHSU n=6, Ivoclar n=8) of one compomer and three composite materials (Dyract AP, Tetric Ceram, Z250, experimental composite) were fabricated and subjected to wear using two different wear testing methods and two pressable ceramic materials as stylus (Empress, experimental ceramic). For the OHSU method, enamel styli of the same dimensions as the ceramic stylus were fabricated additionally. Both wear testing methods differ with regard to loading force, lateral movement of stylus, stylus dimension, number of cycles, thermocycling and abrasive medium. In the OHSU method, the wear facets (mean vertical loss) were measured using a contact profilometer, while in the Ivoclar method (maximal vertical loss) a laser scanner was used for this purpose. Additionally, the vertical loss of the ceramic stylus was quantified for the Ivoclar method. The results obtained from each method were compared by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). To compare both wear methods, the log-transformed data were used to establish relative ranks between material/stylus combinations and assessed by applying the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The experimental ceramic material generated significantly less wear in Tetric Ceram and Z250 specimens compared to the Empress stylus in the Ivoclar method, whereas with the OHSU method, no difference between the two ceramic antagonists was found with regard to abrasion or attrition. The wear generated by the enamel stylus was not statistically different from that generated by the other two ceramic materials in the OHSU method. With the Ivoclar method, wear of the ceramic stylus was only statistically different when in contact with Tetric Ceram. There was a close correlation between the attrition wear of the OHSU and the wear of the Ivoclar method (Pearson coefficient 0.83, p=0.01). SIGNIFICANCE: Pressable ceramic materials can be used as a substitute for enamel in wear testing machines. However, material ranking may be affected by the type of ceramic material chosen. The attrition wear of the OHSU method was comparable with the wear generated with the Ivoclar method.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2006

The effects of thermocycling on the flexural strength and flexural modulus of modern resin-based filling materials.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of flexural strengths and flexural moduli of hybrids, packables, ormocers, compomers and flowables prior to, and after, thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty specimens, size (25 +/- 2) mm x (2 +/- 0.1) mm x (2+/-0.1) mm, of Herculite (HE), Point 4 (P4), TetricCeram (TC), Miris (MI), TetricCeram HB, (HB), Solitaire 2 (SO), Surefil A (SU), Definte (DE), Admira (AD), Dyract AP (DY), Compoglass (CO) and TetricFlow (TF) were made according to ISO 4049. A three-point-bending test was carried out for the first 10 specimens after 24 h water storage at 37 degrees C and for the second 10 specimens after 30-day water storage at 37 degrees C, followed by 5000 thermocycles between +5 and +55 degrees C. For each test series flexural strengths and flexural moduli were calculated. Statistical significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: Flexural strengths of DY and CO missed the 80 MPa limit of ISO 4049 for occlusal fillings prior to and after thermocycling. AD missed it after thermocycling. HE, P4, TC, MI, HB, SO, SU, DE and TF did not significantly differ prior to and after thermocycling. Flexural strength of SO and AD significantly decreased after thermocycling. No change of the flexural moduli could be observed for any of the test materials. Only SU exceeded 10,000 MPa prior to and after thermocycling. SIGNIFICANCE: Only DY and CO missed the flexural strength limit of ISO 4049 for occlusal fillings. Only SU exceeded a flexural modulus of 10,000 MPa prior to and after thermocycling.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Long-term bond between dual-polymerizing cementing agents and human hard dental tissue.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the long-term adhesion of seven dual-polymerizing cementing agents to human dentin in vitro. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty extracted non-carious human molars were ground flat to expose dentin surfaces. The bond strengths of cementing agents with their respective bonding systems were examined: one compomer cement (PermaCem), five resin cements (RelyX ARC, Panavia F, Variolink II, Nexus 2, Calibra) and one self-adhesive universal resin cement (RelyX Unicem). One subgroup (n=10) was tested after 150 days of storage in water at 37 degrees C (time t(1)), the other subgroup (n=10) was tested after 150 days of storage plus 37,500 thermal cycles (time t(2)). All specimens were stressed in shear at a constant crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min until failure. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, taking effect interactions into account. The Tukey method was used for multiple paired comparisons (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: The three-way ANOVA (cementing agents, polymerization methods, times of measurements) showed Variolink II to have the highest strength at 9.9+/-4.5MPa. Values were slightly higher at t(1) (5.9+/-4.7MPa) than at t(2) (4.9+/-4.2MPa) (p=0.0044). Polymerization with light activation (6.5+/-5.1MPa) yielded higher strengths than polymerization without (4.3+/-3.3MPa) (p<0.0001). Separate two-way ANOVAs for t(1) and t(2) showed that the two main effects (cementing agent, polymerization method) and their interactions differed significantly. SIGNIFICANCE: Cementing agents/adhesive systems and the polymerization method influence the long-term bond to hard dental tissues.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed2004

Effect of Carisolv on the human dental pulp: a histological study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate histopathologically after 1 week and 1 month the effect of Carisolv on exposed human pulp after a contact period of 10 min in comparison to sterile saline solution. METHODS: Class V cavities were prepared in 40 human first premolars, and the pulp chambers were perforated. The pulp tissue was either exposed to Carisolv or sterile saline solution for 10 min, covered with Teflon and restored with compomer filling material. After observation periods of 1 week and 1 month, the teeth were extracted and examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: Histological evaluation revealed similar pulpal response which consisted of a slight inflammation in both groups after 1 week. The only difference was localized haemorrhage in controls while no haemorrhage was observed in the test group which may show the haemostatic effect of Carisolv. After 1 month the test teeth displayed a very mild inflammation adjacent to the perforation area while haemorrhage disappeared in the controls. In general, pulps showed structural integrity in both groups. Statistical analysis showed no difference between the test and the control groups in both test periods. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that Carisolv is biocompatible with human pulp tissue and may have a haemostatic effect.

Adolescent↗