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PubMed1997

Long wavelength pass filters designed for the management of color vision deficiencies.

This study reports on the effectiveness of long wavelength pass filters dispensed as tinted spectacles as an aid for individuals with congenital red-green color vision deficiencies. The effectiveness of the filters was evaluated by the performance on a series of clinical color vision tests and a questionnaire after the subjects had tried the lenses for 1 week. The lenses improved performance on color vision tests that required discrimination between large color differences, particularly between red and green hues. However, performance was degraded on tests which required fine color discrimination or used colors that were located parallel to the tritan confusion axis. The improved performance on certain tests was primarily based on brightness artificats induced by the filters, whereas the degraded performance on the other tests was due to the absorption of short- to midwavelength light by the filters. A slight majority (56%) of the subjects rated the filters as being moderate to highly effective in improving their color discrimination. Nevertheless, only 17% were interested in actually purchasing a pair. Common reasons for rejecting the filters were the color distortions produced by the red filters and fewer colors were actually perceived when wearing the filters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

New method based on random luminance masking for measuring isochromatic zones using high resolution colour displays.

A new method of measuring normal hue discrimination ellipses and dichromatic zones using a high resolution colour monitor is described. The test involves the detection of chromatic bars on a grey background (x = 0.305, y = 0.323) having a luminance of 34 cd m-2. Elements of the background matrix of square checks are varied randomly in luminance in space and time to provide random luminance masking (RLM) which compensates for differences in the relative luminous efficiency of different observers. The measurement technique provides a rapid and comprehensive colour vision test. Typical results are presented for normal trichromats, protanopes and deuteranopes without RLM and with the RLM set of 25%. The size of the discrimination ellipse in normal observers is the same in both viewing conditions, but the use of the RLM technique reveals the extent of the isochromatic zones in colour deficient observers.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1991

[Mass screening of blue color vision in divers with the desaturated Lanthony-15-Hue Test].

We tested 1002 persons, 572 divers (including 38 who had diving accidents) and 430 nondivers, for defects of the blue-sensitive system during the years 1988 and 1989. Recent research has shown functional disorders of color vision in divers, linked to previously described alterations of the retinal capillary system and pigment epithelium. The desaturated Lanthony-15-HUE test was used as a screening method. No defect of the blue-sensitive system was found, either in divers or in nondivers. Our results are similar to those of other researchers. One exception was that we found no correlation between age and error score. We found no evidence for retinal damage caused by diving.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Autosomal recessive incomplete achromatopsia with protan luminosity function.

A unique form of dichromatic color vision is described in a family with incomplete achromatopsia. In 1966, incomplete achromatopsia was diagnosed in 4 of 14 children of a consanguineous marriage. The 4 affected had best visual acuities of 6/60 or 6/180, pendular nystagmus, and aversion to bright lights. The ERG showed minimal photopic responses. No abnormality of rod function was present. There was a severe color vision defect. In 1976, one of the patients returned for further color testing. Color tests included measurement of the luminous efficiency function using heterochromatic flicker photometry and colorimetric evaluation. The luminous efficiency function resembled that of the protanope. From the colorimetric measurements, we conclude that the patient has a unique form of dichromatic color vision mediated by two visual photopigments: the normal MWS cone photopigment and a photopigment with the spectral characteristics of rhodopsin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Preretinopic changes in the colour vision of juvenile diabetics.

AIMS: To examine the colour vision of juvenile patients suffering from diabetes mellitus without retinopathy in relation to metabolic and ophthalmic state. METHODS: Metameric matches, both Rayleigh (red/green) and Moreland (blue/green) were used to test the colour vision yearly of 10 juvenile patients. The patients were monitored over 4 years, and during the final year, their blood glucose level was determined directly after testing colour vision. An ophthalmic examination was performed on the day of colour vision testing and blood and urine were analysed regularly throughout the 4 years. Their results are compared with an aged matched control group of 20 subjects, seven of whom were retested after 9-16 months. RESULTS: After 4 years, the colour vision results show an enlarged matching range for the Moreland match, as well as a smaller increase in the matching range for the Rayleigh match. No significant correlation was found between blood glucose at the time of testing and any of the variables measured. CONCLUSION: The pattern of colour vision deficits in metameric matching shown by juvenile diabetics is consistent with postreceptoral alterations of the inner retina, at this preretinopic stage of disease. Duration of diabetes is correlated with both colour vision changes and morphological alteration of the retina.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Bishnupur achromats and their relatives (an exploratory study with six colour vision tests).

Thirteen subjects from the 'Sankhabaniks' of Bishnupur and two new similar cases were given six colour vision tests. All had photophobia, fixation nystagmus, low visual acuity and marked, though not complete, loss of colour sense. Forty other males and 24 females related to the defectives were also tested with at least five of the tests, for comparison. The tests were Ishihara, HRR test, Sloan's Achromatopsia test, the Dichotomous (D 15) test, Hundred Hue test and the Pickford-Nicolson Anomaloscope. The present research confirmed the provisional conclusion of Bose et al. (1968) that the achromatopsia in Bishnupur is an autosomal recessive character. That women relatives of the achromats showed greater average error scores with the Dichotomous test, the Hundred Hue test and the Sloan's test than male relatives, suggests that the defect is more readily manifested in males, and that the female relatives would include a number of genetic defectives with incomplete manifestation due to sex control. The defectives were clearly distinguished from the relatives as a group.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Color vision in cataract, aphakia and pseudophakia].

Color vision examinations were performed using a clinical test battery and two spectral laboratory methods. With aphakia and iris-clip lenses (ICL) there were slight acquired blue-yellow defects six months to three years after surgery, especially when the more sensitive laboratory methods were used. They were possibly caused by photochemical damage to the retina or by a barrier deprivation syndrome. Color vision with posterior chamber lenses (PCL) was superior to that with ICL, and in aphakic subjects it was quite normal. In the clinical tests no differences could be found between PCLs of clear PMMA material and those with UV absorbing properties. Slight acquired blue-yellow defects in the immediate postoperative phase after implantation of PCLs can be attributed to postoperative irritation and are reversible. Lasting and severe blue-yellow defects indicate inflammation or macular edema.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Ocular side effects of beta-pyridylcarbinol].

Derivatives of nicotinic acid such as beta-pyridylcarbinol play an important role in the therapy of lipoprotein disorders. In 1973, J.D. Gass reported the development of cystoid macular edema provoking metamorphosia during the course of nicotinic acid treatment. The aim of this study was to determine subtle changes in ocular function induced by beta-pyridylcarbinol. We investigated 16 patients prior to and after 6 months of beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment and compared the results of clinical and color vision tests in 9 patients after 2-25 years of continuous beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment. After 6 months, significant blue-yellow color vision changes (total error scores within normal ranges) were detected by the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue tests in all patients. One patient demonstrated macular edema. Fluorescein angiography, however, showed no evidence of fluorescein leakage. Beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment lasting for years led to diffuse color vision disturbances (total error score = 195). To the best of our knowledge neither macular edema nor color vision disturbances following beta-pyridylcarbinol treatment have been reported so far.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Colorimetric analyses of various light sources for the D-15 color vision test.

Colorimetric analyses were performed in both normal trichromatic and dichromatic color spaces to determine whether several light sources were suitable illuminants for the Farnsworth-Munsell Panel D-15 (D-15) color vision test. Results for fluorescent lamps showed that lamps with a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 7200 degrees K and a general color rendering index (GCRI) of at least 90 are acceptable substitutes for illuminant C. Predictions for filtered tungsten light indicated that lights with a color temperature near 5000 degrees K are unsuitable because of nonuniformities in the glass daylight filter transmittance. Conclusions based on these analyses are conservative because, with exception of the GCRI, color adaptation effects were not taken into account.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a new color vision test: "color vision testing made easy".

PURPOSE: A new pseudoisochromatic color plate test, "Color Vision Testing Made Easy" (CVTMET) has recently been introduced. Said to be designed for all age groups, including pre-school children, it uses the identification of simple shapes and objects to detect red-green color deficiencies. We evaluated the CVTMET to determine if the test is suitable for color vision screening of young children. METHODS: Forty-one adults predetermined to be color normal (n = 20) or to have hereditary red-green color deficiency (n = 21), served as subjects. A battery of color vision tests including the Ishihara, Panel D-15, and the anomaloscope were used for diagnosis and color deficiency classification. Subjects were then tested with Part I and Part II of the CVTMET test and results were compared to the Ishihara, Panel D-15, and anomaloscope. In addition, the CVTMET was used to screen for color vision deficiency in 152 kindergarten children 5 to 7 years of age. RESULTS: The pass/fail results for the adult subjects were the same for Parts I and II and compared favorably with the anomaloscope. There were no false positives (100% specificity) and only a few (2 of 21) false negatives (90.5% sensitivity). The two color-deficient subjects who passed the CVTMET had the mildest color deficiencies (simple deuteranomaly) and also passed the Ishihara test. Testability of kindergarten children was found to be 100%. Color vision deficiency occurred in 5.06% of the boys, which is about the same frequency found in older boys of similar ethnic background. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study indicates that the CVTMET appears to be an excellent screening instrument for red-green color deficiency in adults and has been shown to be useful for examining color vision in children 5 to 7 years of age.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Assessment of children's colour vision using the Pickford-Nicolson anomaloscope.

The colour vision of 439 boys, aged 4-11 years, was measured by the Pickford-Nicolson anomaloscope and four pseudoisochromatic tests. Matching range and dispersion of mid match point were found to be larger than adult values, but did not decrease with age. However, younger children took longer to establish matching range. Twenty-eight (6.4%) colour defectives were found and it is concluded that the Pickford-Nicolson anomaloscope gives valid results with children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Scotopization and pseudoprotanomaly in blue-yellow/colour vision defects.

With a routine clinical colour vision test battery we found scotopization in 32% of retinal diseases presenting with pseudoprotanomaly as sign of an acquired type III blue-yellow colour vision defect. In blue-yellow colour vision defects of retinal origin scotopization is a transient phenomenon, present in early stages of the disease, but it is not an obligatory finding. There is no evident relationship between visual acuity and scotopization.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incomplete achromatopsia in Alzheimer's disease.

We report that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have a selective deficit in blue hue discrimination, as assessed with three clinical measures of color vision. The Farnsworth D-15 Test, the Lanthony New Color Test, and the City University Color Vision Test were administered to 32 patients with AD (ranging in dementia severity from mild to severe) and 32 age-matched normal control subjects (NCS). Of the AD patients, 11 who were representative of the larger group for age, education level, and dementia severity received a complete neuro-ophthalmological examination that ruled out obvious disorders of the anterior visual structures. AD patients made significantly more tritan (blue) errors than NCS on all three color vision tests but did not make more protan (red) or deutan (green) errors on two of the three tests. The results support the conclusion that there is a deficit in color discrimination in AD that is specific to blue hues, and oppose the hypothesis that AD does not deleteriously affect the color-opponent visual channel. In the absence of obvious damage to anterior visual structures, the likely substrates for the observed deficit are peristriate and inferotemporal visual cortices, which are subject to significant neuropathology in AD.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

The visual photopigments of simple deuteranomalous trichromats inferred from color matching.

Deuteranomalous trichromacy is the most common form of inherited color-vision deficiency. A modern description of its cause is a single abnormality: the normal middle-wave cone photopigment (M) is replaced by a shifted middle-wave pigment (M) that is shared by all deuteranomalous trichromats. This explanation, however, fails to account for the individual differences in color vision observed even within the sub-group of deuteranomals with good chromatic discrimination. An ensemble of color matches is used here to test whether these individual differences reflect differences in the wavelength of peak sensitivity (lambda max) of individual deuteranomals' cone photopigments. The results show variation in both the lambda max and the effective optical density of their cone pigments. The individual differences found in lambda max are in accord with recent molecular biological research that shows individual differences in the genes thought to encode deuteranomalous photopigments.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The role of small-field tritanopia in two measures of colour vision.

The present work extends the findings of previous efforts examining the comparability of current colour-screening tests. Several popular tests are shown to differ greatly in the performance exhibited by colour-normal observers as well as in their differential sensitivity to experimental manipulations of viewing duration and viewing distance. Those tests designed to identify yellow-blue dichromacy are especially sensitive to the manipulation of viewing distance, which is interpreted as reflecting 'small-field tritanopia' and the asymmetry in retinal density of the three cone types. These findings are discussed in terms of factors that influence the comparability of current colour-screening devices and the particular need for close adherence to standardized conditions with such instruments.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1989

Note on color preference and color vision test performance.

The incidence of color deficient vision was investigated using the Pseudo-Isochromatic Plates on a relatively large and representative group. In the sample of 112 adults aged 20 to 80 yr. and comprised of 53% women and 12% minorities, 8% of men and 3% of women were color deficient. Over-all performance indicated no effects for sex or race. Nearly half of the plates were nondiscriminating among sex, minority/majority, and "normal" and "defective" color vision groups. Named color preferences within the "normal" group strongly favored blues and reflected no sex differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Methods for screening and surveillance of diabetic retinopathy].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the various tests which allow to detect and follow-up diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: Sixteen patients without DR or with background retinopathy underwent, once every six months: a full ophthalmologic investigation; a fluorescein angiography; a color vision test; a central visual field investigation. RESULTS: The impairment of angiography preceeded damage of eye fundus in 27% of cases. Deficiency of color vision and visual field were found in 57% of cases and in 35% respectively. These preceeded the appearance of angiographic DR in 50% of cases and 32% of cases respectively. CONCLUSION: The importance of such tools in the evolution of DR especially in young diabetics is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Detection of colour vision abnormalities in uncomplicated type 1 diabetic patients with angiographically normal retinas.

Colour vision function was assessed in 38 non-complicated type 1 diabetic patients in whom fluorescein angiography was normal, and was compared with that in 36 age-matched, non-diabetic controls. All of the patients were healthy and none were taking medication except insulin. The eye examination, which was normal in every patient, included the Ishihara and City University tests, measurement of Snellen acuity, slit-lamp examination, tonometry, and fundal photography as well as fluorescein angiography. Colour discrimination ability was measured with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Mean (SE) 100-hue test error score for the diabetic group was 86.8 (8.1) compared with 28.2 (3.3) for controls, p<<0.001. There was no relation between colour vision abnormalities and diabetes duration (r = 0, p>0.05), blood glucose at the time the colour tests were performed (r = 0.4, p > 0.05), most recent glycated haemoglobin result (r = 0.3, p>0.05), or the mean of all previous glycated haemoglobin results (r = 0, p>0.05). It is concluded that colour discrimination may be abnormal in uncomplicated type 1 diabetic patients before the onset of retinopathy, and that colour discrimination losses in diabetes may not be of vascular aetiology.

Adult↗