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PubMed1982

Neonatal eye infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Neonatal conjunctivitis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis has been known since the beginning of the century. Isolation of chlamydiae in eggs, in conjunctivitis of newborns, and from the cervix of their mothers was achieved in the late 1950s. In volunteers, inoculations of ocular and genital strains caused conjunctivitis. Recent studies have shown that incidence figures of chlamydial conjunctivitis in infants are 0.5% to 4%, depending on the prevalence of genital infections by C. trachomatis in the pregnant women in the population studied. Younger women are more at risk. Recurrent, chronic infection and late sequelae may occur unless neonatal chlamydial infection, which is often multifocal, is effectively treated. Serious sequelae of chlamydial infection include pneumonia, which may develop in infants, and post-partum salpingitis, which may occur in infected mothers.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1980

Recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from patients of southeastern venereal disease clinic.

The authors determined the incidences of Chlamydia trachomatis colonization obtained by use of two methods of isolation in 169 specimens from individuals attending a venereal disease clinic. Speciments were collected in phosphate sucrose buffer and planted simultaneously onto McCoy cells previously treated with 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUDR) and with cycloheximide. As controls, specimens were obtained from 76 hospital employees or medical students without clinical signs of infection and cultured in a similar manner. Qualitatively, recoveries of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions from the differently treated cells were the same, but the number of inclusions per ml was greater for the cycloheximide-treated cells. Recoveries of Chlamydia trachomatis from the venereal disease clinic population were 33% for those patients who also had simultaneous culture positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and 42% for those with nongonococcal urethritis. The recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the control group was 5%.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed1993

[Urine samples for screening of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection in young male recruits].

A prevalence rate of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection among young Danish male military conscripts of 7.8% in 1989 and of 10.8% in 1992 is presented. A urine sample seems to be as valid a specimen type as a conventional urethral swab for demonstrating presence of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen by either ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) or DFM (Direct Fluorescent Microscopy). The method is noninvasive and very suitable for screening young men in order to control urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[The role of chlamydia trachomatis and some other associated microorganisms in endocervicitis].

The objective of the study was to examine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis as a causative agent in women with clinically manifested endocervicitis and to find the age group where Chlamydia trachomatis was most prevalent. 553 women sexually active women in reproductive ag with clinically manifested endocervicitis e were examined. Chlamydial infection by direct immmunofluorescence was found in 239 (43, 2%) About 75% of the patients with chlamydial infection were in the age group 20-29 years. The predominant part of these women had no other associated infection except Chlamydia trachomatis. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with candida albicans-25, 10%, bacteria vaginosis 23, 53%, Trichomonas vaginalis in 7.53% in the women with cervicitis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Chlamydia trachomatis infection of cultured motile cells after uptake of chlamydiae from the substratum.

The ability of motile cells to remove small inanimate particles from solid substrata is well documented. We show here that motile cells will pick up and internalize infectious particles of the obligate intracellular parasite Chlamydia trachomatis when they are adherent to the substratum over which the host cells move. Two cell types were used to assess chlamydial uptake; a feeder independent human squamous cell carcinoma variant (AC3A cells) and the McCoy cell line. Purified chlamydia elementary bodies were attached to glass or collagen-coated glass by centrifugation. Suspensions of cells were then allowed to sediment on to the substrata to which chlamydiae had attached. Both types of cell picked up chlamydiae and transported them over their surface during the course of attachment and spreading. Stereoscopic images obtained by confocal microscopy demonstrated that chlamydiae were found mainly on the surface of non-spread cells. After the cells had spread on the substratum they began to move around forming tracks where the chlamydiae had been removed. Some cell-surface-attached chlamydiae were endocytosed and a proportion of these proliferated during the 48 h after plating. However, chlamydiae attached to the substratum lost infectivity by a simple exponential decay process within a few hours of incubation in the extracellular environment. Therefore, increasing numbers of non-viable organisms were probably endocytosed as the time of extracellular incubation increased. This mode of infection may be relevant to in vivo situations where cell migration occurs after damage to mucosal surfaces.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of proposed cytomorphologic criteria for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in Papanicolaou smears.

To evaluate the proposed cytomorphologic criteria for the cervical cytologic diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection, a study was made of 171 endocervical smears. All cytomorphologic elements that could be ascribed to Chlamydia trachomatis infection were correlated with the diagnostic confirmation of this microorganism by monoclonal antibody (MAb) staining. The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 21 samples (12.28%) by MAb staining. Comparing the cytomorphologic results with the MAb results, the sensitivities and specificities of the Papanicolaou smear diagnoses were 19% and 86% using the cytologic criteria proposed by Gupta and coworkers, 38% and 87% using the criteria proposed by Kiviat and coworkers and 23% and 91% using the criteria proposed by Shiina. In view of (1) its low sensitivity, (2) the subjective elements and individual variations in the proposed cytologic criteria, (3) the similarity with Trichomonas vaginalis-produced exudates and (4) the implications of a misdiagnosis of a sexually transmitted disease, it is concluded that cervical cytology is not useful for ascertaining the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis.

Cervix Uteri↗

PubMed2002

[Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection, as evaluated by molecular biology methods].

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in our area by molecular methods. METHODS: We describe the combined results of three studies carried out in the city of Barcelona including a total of 408 women considered to be at high risk for acquiring a sexually transmitted disease (STD). The first study was performed in 94 women attended at a public STD clinic located downtown, the second in 112 women attended at the Hospital Clinic and the third in 202 women attended at Hospital Vall d'Hebron (both third-level hospitals). In the first and third study endocervical exudate was tested with a PCR technique, and in the second study LCR was performed in 20-ml urine samples. RESULTS: Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 1 woman in the first study, in no women in the second and in 3 women in the third. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection detected in the three studies using molecular biology techniques was 1.06%, 0% and 1.48% respectively, giving an overall prevalence of 0.98%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in our geographic area is surprisingly low.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

[Identification of latent forms of Chlamydia trachomatis in the conjunctiva signifying "new interpretation of ocular chlamydia infections"].

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) sérovar D through K was demonstrated with electron microscopy and biology in 114 patients with bilateral dry eyes. Long time ago latent CT was recognised in conjunctival epithelium of vernal kerato conjunctivitis patients. CT was found in conjunctival section of patients with an extinct trachoma. Aberrants forms of chlamydia bear the responsibility of this long lasting infection. Reticuled body does not product elementary bodies. It becomes an aberrant body which could remain latent during years. DIF and others classical investigations are negatives because abberrant chlamydiae have lost most part of their MOMP albeit keeping immunopathogenicity.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1993

[Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis in adults. Study of diagnostic techniques].

The place of Chlamydia trachomatis in acute or chronic conjunctivitis is certainly underestimated due to the difficulties involved in the diagnosis. Three diagnostic techniques for Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis were compared: conjunctival sac swab for ELISA technique, scraping of the tarsal conjunctiva for direct immunofluorescence and for culture. Two groups of patients were studied: 73 patients with acute or chronic conjunctivitis and 44 asymptomatic patients. 19.2% of the patients in the first group had a positive result with the two techniques and 6.8% of the patients in the second group also had positive results with the same criteria. Our results show that indirect immunofluorescence is the technique most frequently positive, followed by ELISA, while culture remains the most specific but the least sensitive technique. The existence of healthy carriers Chlamydia trachomatis is demonstrated.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Improved sensitivity of the Chlamydia trachomatis Cobas Amplicor assay using an optimized procedure for preparation of specimens.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of an improved sample preparation procedure that enhances the sensitivity of the Chlamydia trachomatis Cobas Amplicor assay (Roche, Switzerland). This procedure was developed after it was observed that, in some cases, endocervical swabs positive for Chlamydia trachomatis in a direct immunofluorescence assay were negative in the Chlamydia trachomatis Cobas Amplicor. For this procedure, the initial sample volume was increased over that recommended by the manufacturer, the sample was concentrated by centrifugation, and the yield of the extraction was increased by an additional enzymatic lysis. Five hundred sixteen endocervical swabs from women visiting a family planning clinic were tested in parallel by the Chlamydia trachomatis Cobas Amplicor using the extraction procedure recommended by the manufacturer and the modified in-house sample preparation procedure. Eight samples were positive with both procedures. Seven additional samples were positive with the in-house method only. The results show that the in-house sample preparation procedure markedly improves the test sensitivity of the Chlamydia trachomatis Cobas Amplicor assay. Consequently, the use of this improved screening protocol will facilitate the detection of even low-level infections with Chlamydia trachomatis, which in turn will lead to the introduction of earlier therapeutic interventions.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Regulation of tryptophan synthase gene expression in Chlamydia trachomatis.

We previously reported that Chlamydia trachomatis expresses the genes encoding tryptophan synthase (trpA and trpB). The results presented here indicate that C. trachomatis also expresses the tryptophan repressor gene (trpR). The complement of genes regulated by tryptophan levels in C. trachomatis is limited to trpBA and trpR. trp gene expression was repressed if chlamydiae-infected HeLa cells were cultured the presence of tryptophan and induced if grown in tryptophan-depleted medium or in the presence of IFN-gamma. Furthermore, expression of the trp genes in strains which encode a functional tryptophan synthase is repressed when infected cells are cultured in the presence of the tryptophan precursor indole. Results from experiments with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis, indicate that in addition to the absolute size of the intracellular tryptophan pool, host competition for available tryptophan plays a key role in regulating expression of the trp genes. The tryptophan analogue, 5-fluorotryptophan, repressed trp gene expression and induced the formation of aberrant organisms of C. trachomatis. The growth-inhibitory properties of 5-fluorotryptophan could be reversed with exogenous tryptophan but not indole. In total, our results indicate that the ability to regulate trp gene expression in response to tryptophan availability is advantageous for the intracellular survival of this organism. Furthermore, the fact that C. trachomatis has retained the capacity to respond to tryptophan limitation supports the view that the in vivo antichlamydial effect of IFN-gamma is via the induction of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1986

Fallopian tube obstruction as a sequela to Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

The association of tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy with Chlamydia trachomatis infection was investigated using a case-control study design. Although culture methods failed to document active chlamydial infection in the majority of cases, serology revealed a significant association of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody with tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Thirteen of 18 (72%) women with tubal factor infertility and 18 of 32 (56%) women with ectopic pregnancy had antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis as compared to 11 of 49 (22%) normal pregnant controls. Interestingly, only 7 of 18 (39%) infertile women and 5 of 36 (14%) women with ectopic pregnancy recalled a history of pelvic inflammatory disease. These results suggest that chlamydia-associated salpingitis, whether clinically evident or subclinical, is a major contributor to diseases of tubal dysfunction.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed1990

Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonitis: a case study and literature review.

Chlamydia trachomatis was cultured from the lung and eye of an 11-day-old infant who had rapidly deteriorating respiratory symptoms. Chlamydia trachomatis inclusion bodies were identified on thick Epon sections and by electron microscopy. We discuss the unusual presentation and review the published histopathological lung findings.

Chlamydia Infections↗

PubMed2000

The relationship of inflammation in the papanicolaou smear to Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a high-risk population.

Chlamydia trachomatis is a significant etiologic agent responsible for pelvic inflammatory disease leading to tubal infertility. A screening test aimed at identifying women at risk for Chlamydia trachomatis would be of great utility. The Papanicolaou smear is the most widely used screening test in the world. The association of inflammatory cells in the Papanicolaou smear to Chlamydia infection is controversial. We retrospectively examined the Papanicolaou smears of 80 Chlamydia-negative patients with 80 age-matched Chlamydia-positive patients in a high-risk population to see if a significant difference in inflammation was noted between the two groups. We found a statistically significant difference in inflammation scores between the Chlamydia-positive and Chlamydia-negative groups, evidenced by a sensitivity of 83% and a positive predictive value of 65% when using inflammation on Papanicolaou smears as a marker for Chlamydia infection. Grading of inflammation in the Papanicolaou smear can be of potential use in defining patients at highest risk for Chlamydia in a group considered to be at high risk based on sexual history.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Frequency of human papillomavirus-herpes simplex-cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in genital tracts of sexual partners].

OBJECTIVES: Much attention is given nowadays to the role of Human Papillomavirus, Herpes simplex virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Chlamydia trachomatis--infections in cervical carcinogenesis. Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex and Chlamydia trachomatis are now thought to be teratogenic to humans. DESIGN: We investigated the prevalence of HPV, HSV, CMV and Chlamydia trachomatis in genital tracts of sexual partners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 90 sexual partners were qualified for the research. Examination smears were taken with the dacron swab from the vaginal part of the uterine cervix, cervical canal, the lower vagina from women and from fossa navicularis penis in men. In the group of 67 men we have investigated semen as well. HPV, HSV, CMV and Chlamydia trachomatis were identified using PCR (Polymerse Chain Reaction)--method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In 48% of investigated sexual partners we proved the presence of Human Papillomavirus, in 2.2% of women and 2.9% of men--Cytomegalovirus and in 11.1% of women and 14.9% of men--Chlamydia trachomatis. In the investigated biological material we did not find any HSV infection.

Chlamydia Infections↗

PubMed2004

[Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women seeking termination of pregnancy 1985-2000].

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyse trends for Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a population of women seeking termination of pregnancy, and to assess whether socio-demographic characteristics are predictive of such infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since 1983 women seeking abortion in the university hospital in Trondheim have been systematically tested for Chlamydia trachomatis. Data on 11,376 abortions (1985-2000) were included in the study and results were analysed with logistic regression. RESULTS: Age-adjusted prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis decreased from 9.0% to 5.0% in 1999-2000. The prevalence was highest among the youngest women. Single and cohabiting women had a higher prevalence of chlamydial infections than married women. INTERPRETATION: Women terminating their pregnancy are an excellent population for sentinel surveillance of Chlamydia trachomatis infection because of their young age, high proportion of singles, and relative inconsistent use of contraception. Even though the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis has decreased over the 16-year study period, it is still high for women seeking abortion, especially in the youngest age groups.

Abortion Applicants↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence and risk factors of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

The aim of the study was to provide a survey and generalization of literature data on the epidemiological situation of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in various countries, preventive screenings and risk factors of the infection. We performed a survey of articles published during 1998-2005 and selected from bibliographical medical search databases presenting data on the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and the main risk factors for this sexually transmitted infection. Chlamydial infection is the most common among sexually transmitted genital infections worldwide. It has been found that the main risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection are age, irregular and/or accidental sexual relationships and change of sexual partners, failure to use or erratic use of barrier contraception during intercourse, and insufficient knowledge about sexual life and care for one's sexual health. Most countries do not have national preventive screening programs or exhaustive information about the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The comparison of the prevalence and incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among different countries is complicated due to the different diagnostic methods and sample selection techniques applied; however, in order to decrease the prevalence of chlamydial infection and its impact on the reproductive health of the society, significant attention should be paid to sexual education, preventive screening of people in high-risk groups, as well as to early diagnostics and timely treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Routine screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in subfertile women--is it time to start?

UNLABELLED: Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection has long been recognised as the major cause of pelvic disease and subsequently infertility. The diagnosis of this infection has traditionally relied on tissue culture. The availability of DNA amplification methods like ligase chain reaction promises faster and more sensitive results. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of chlamydial infection in a subfertile population subgroup. AIM: A case control longitudinal study of 100 subfertile women in a tertiary teaching hospital were analyzed for the prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection using ligase chain reaction test kit. RESULTS: A prevalence rate of 8% was detected, the majority being 25 years old or less (33.3%), p = 0.007. All patients gave no prior history of abnormal PAP smears, hospitalisation for pelvic inflammatory disease or abnormal vaginal discharge at the time of investigation. CONCLUSION: Our infertile group of patients has a relatively high incidence of silent genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. This being highest in the below 25 years old age group. This finding indicates that screening for chlamydia may be necessary for the subfertile couple presenting to clinic. This is especially so if the patient is of the younger age group.

Adult↗