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This article defines a spectrum of homicidal behavior of children, specifies conflicts of assaultive children, and describes the hospital treatment of such children. Hospitalization is often the best first phase of treatment with goals of redirecting homicidal impulses, strengthening ego functioning, and reducing conflicts for the child and parents.
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The paper discusses some of the principles of custody assessments in divorce proceedings. It is felt that such assessments should be undertaken only upon the request of the judge or both lawyers. The assessment should be extensive and should include collecting and collating all available data obtained through interviews or letters. The report should include historical material, the formulation, and the reasons for the recommendations. Clinically, the important issue is to decide under whose care the child's growth and development is enhanced. Factors that help in this decision include the emotional ties between the parent and the child, the capacity of each parent to provide physically and emotionally, the preference of the child, and the need for continuity. The psychiatric and moral "fitness" of parents is critically reviewed. It is maintained that no parent should be given an inherent preference in custody rulings. Finally, it is argued that access should be expected after divorce and should be changed or eliminated only under strict conditions.
The term childhood trauma has been well-accepted and frequently used since the turn of the twentieth century, yet until the early 1980s the condition itself was barely described and minimally explained. This article covers the current definitions and then critically reviews the literature, emphasizing the most recent studies on childhood trauma. It then briefly considers the current state of treatment and the promising areas of present day research.
It was attempted to describe some important aspects of the psychodynamics of respiratory attacks in childhood. Breathing is an activity, that is obviously bound up with life itself. From this fact derives the symptom of a sudden manifestation of dyspnoea attacks, disturbed respiration, palpitation and apprehensiveness. Three forms of asphyxia are described by the patients themselves: constriction of the throat, destruction of trachea, and obstruction of the respiratory tract as a whole. Sometimes a "lump in the throat" made swallowing impossible. The bases of this sensations are fears in connection with sudden death in the family, separation or loss of parental love. Among 18 cases we found a prevalence of boys in childhood, a predomination of girls in adolescence. Sexual fears proved to be an important pathogenic factor. Five individual cases among our patients illustrate the role of the underlying influences. In acute cases hospital admission is necessary, treatment by a child psychiatrist if available. Therapeutic problems are discussed.
Child custody and visitation remain vexing problems requiring input from mental health professionals as public policy decisions are formulated. Difficult problems do not have easy solutions, but through continued exploration of the issues using clinical and research methods, perhaps innovative programs will be developed and evaluated. Ultimately, this may lead to better ways of helping families cope with the trauma and the consequences of the family break-up and the resulting attempt to establish custody and visitation.
The children of Holocaust survivors who seek psychiatric care, regardless of the origins of the emotional disturbance, invariably suffer as well from the interwoven parental experience. The individual treatment of such children is singularly unsuccessful and this failure is reflected in the literature. In order to understand and deal with the connections contributing to psychopathology in survivor families, the author suggests the inclusion of family wherever possible. The children, now in their late teens to mid-thirties, may resist family therapy out of a need to individuate, whereas the parents may fear being blamed or having old wounds re-opened. In spite of a variety of resistances, it is possible in most instances to do at least a family assessment. Once family has been involved, a variety of techniques and interventions can assist the therapist with the identified patient. The two cases presented illustrate the need to know the patient's family and solicit their co-operation in therapy complicated by Holocaust-derived issues.
Divorce is dealt with as a social phenomenon, including the effects of divorce on the children concerned and on their development. In case studies the practical work with divorce families is described in detail. Depending on the possibilities and the readiness of the involved parents, different therapeutical approaches can be taken in order to diminish the loyalty conflicts of divorce children: family-therapeutical work on the symptomatic behaviour of the child, divorce therapy as such with the parents, parent counselling limited to the parental level.
OBJECTIVE: Adults with emotional disorders exhibit abnormalities in growth hormone secretion. If these abnormalities were to occur during childhood, they could affect growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between youth emotional disorders and stature in early adulthood. METHODS: Using data from a prospective epidemiologic study of youth psychopathologic status, we used linear regression to examine the prospective relationship between anxiety disorders (separation anxiety and over-anxious disorders) or major depressive disorder in youth and stature in early adulthood. RESULTS: Anxiety disorders during childhood prospectively predicted relatively short stature in early adulthood among females, accounting for more than 5% of the variance in adult height. However, these associations were not found among males. CONCLUSIONS: There may be an association between abnormalities in growth and emotional problems in youth. Further research should examine biological measures related to growth among youth with emotional disorders.
The prevalence of psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders in a 1 year birth cohort from northern Finland followed up until 19 years was examined on the basis of hospital records and national registers for subsidies for chronically sick children. Psychiatric disorders were found to occur with higher frequency in children of single parent families, especially those lacking a father during the child's whole life. Childhood enuresis was most frequent in the children who had experienced the divorce of their parents. Discriminant function analysis was used to establish the explanatory value of the family constellation for both psychiatric disorders and enuresis. The other significant explanatory variables for psychiatric disorders were school performance, place of residence and the child's height at 1 year of age, with poor school performance, high population density and short stature increasing the risk. The other significant variables increasing the risk of enuresis were psychiatric disorders, poor school performance, juvenile smoking and small size of dwelling. Disabled children had psychiatric disorders 9 times as frequently as non-disabled ones.
The aim of this article is to describe how we conceptualise in practical indications of individual psychotherapy in the frame of the consultation of a guidance center. We will not review the literature concerned with this subject. We shall start with the study of the following factors : parents, family, reality features (distance, time, money...). Then, we study the positive and negative features in the child. We explain first all we consider to be the main obstacles in the psychic structure of the child. Then we describe in detail the favorable elements to the psychotherapeutic work. We also recall cases who, without being impossible to treat, require a big experience from the therapist, because of complexity and demand. They are sometimes treated in our unit, according to the disponibility of the therapists. In conclusion, we indicate that the choice of psychotherapy depends not only from the sick child and his familial milieu, but also from the therapist who will involve himself in this type of treatment.
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An epidemiological longitudinal child psychiatric study with 334 eight- and thirteen-year-olds tried to put life events in an optimal order within a model of causal interrelations. The causal connections were tested by a Linear Structural Relationship Analysis (LISREL), which in addition to life events included child psychiatric disorders, adverse family factors and learning disabilities. By testing different models it could be demonstrated, that adverse family factors do not directly influence the number of life events of 8 to 13-year-old children. Adverse family factors influence life events as well as psychiatric disorders at age 13 predominantly by way of early psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric disorders at age 13 are best predicted by psychiatric disorders at age 8 and to a smaller degree by life events and learning disabilities.
This report chronicles the verbally mediated traumatisation and subsequent PTSD in an 11-year-old girl. Information obtained from parental interviews, academic transcripts, anecdotal teacher comments, structured and unstructured interviews, and standardised anxiety, depression, and misconduct scales was used to highlight the unique distress of the patient.
The decade of the 1980s witnessed more than a doubling in the number of incarcerated individuals. Little is known about the psychological reactions of children whose parents are incarcerated, although a variety of behavioral disorders apparently related to separation, stigma, and deception of the child has been reported. The possibility of aggressive or antisocial behavior emerging in sons of incarcerated fathers has been mentioned as of particular concern in some reports. This article discusses salient themes in the literature on the reactions of children to parental incarceration, with an emphasis on boys' reactions to incarceration of their fathers. It critiques this literature and compares the findings with literature on the effects of separation in father absence related to other causes (for example, divorce, death, military service). Behavioral or emotional disorder associated with paternal incarceration probably is related mainly to associated factors such as the meaning of the incarceration to the child, the remaining caretaker's psychological characteristics and psychopathology, the parenting relationship between the caretaker and the child, and the coping capacities and resources of the family, rather than to the separation itself. Recommendations for further research in this increasingly important field are provided.
Different genetic disorders predispose individuals to display specific, etiology-related profiles, personalities, and maladaptive behaviors. Using groups with genetic etiologies as stand-ins or proxies for a specific behavior or set of behaviors, one can then examine how others in the child's environment react and whether such reactions are limited to a particular disorder or occur generally to all individuals showing that behavior. Just as twins, adopted, and institutionalized children have all been used as natural experiments to tell us about typical development, so too can groups with specific genetic syndromes help us to understand the nature and mechanisms of the reactions and behaviors of others.
The effects of return migration on emotional well-being were studied in those school-aged children and adolescents who had returned to northern Finland from Sweden during 1984 and 1985. Each of the 320 returning children and adolescents was assigned a control from the same class at school, matched for age and sex, who had not emigrated. According to a parent questionnaire, the returning boys were irritable more often than the control boys, and they also scored higher on the self-report scale "Children's Depression Inventory." In the teachers' evaluations (Rutter B2 Scale), the returning boys had psychiatric disorders more often than their controls. For both returning boys and girls, overall scholastic achievement was poorer than in the controls, but performance in foreign languages (mainly English) was better. If the father was absent from the family, this was reflected in the scholastic achievement and emotional well-being of both the returnees and the control subjects. How well the children coped with their return to Finland was also affected by what the language of instruction had been in Sweden, whether there had been a language change upon returning to Finland and how much mental preparation there had been for moving.