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Distress and ad lib alcohol consumption after interactions with child confederates were investigated in parents of children with externalizing disorders--attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Sixty subjects interacted with boys trained to act like either normal children or children with ADHD/CD/ODD. Interactions with deviant confederates resulted in feelings of inadequacy and produced negative affect but had no effect on alcohol consumption. Post hoc analyses showed that parents with a family history of alcohol problems (FH+) showed increased drinking after interaction with a deviant confederate, compared with FH+ parents who interacted with the normal confederate. FH- parents showed the opposite pattern of results.
We investigate the hypothesis that "authoritarian" styles of child rearing will lead to more home and school problems than will "accommodative" styles. One hundred thirty-five children have been followed up from age 2 into first grade. Follow-up observations show no significant differences between groups on any of the scores indicating malfunctioning for boys or girls at home or school. However, the home behavior of boys being raised with accommodative styles was described in more positive terms by their mothers than those raised with authoritarian styles. The accommodatively raisded girls were described in more positive terms by their first grade teachers. We found no evidence in this study that the permissive style is producing large numbers of "spoiled brats" nor that the authoritarian styles are producing large numbers of overly aggressive or inhibited children. The way parents handle authority relationships is not sufficientyl predictive of later problems to warrant any widespread attempts by physicians to change them. The physician should respect individual differences in child-rearing syle and only intervene where there is substantial evidence that a particular approach is having a harmful effect.
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This research investigated whether father involvement in infancy may reduce or exacerbate the well-established adverse effect of maternal depression during a child's infancy on behavior problems in childhood. In a community sample (N = 350), the authors found that fathers' self-reported parenting styles interacted with the amount of time fathers spent caring for their infants to moderate the longitudinal effect of maternal depression during the child's infancy on children's internalizing, but not externalizing, behaviors. Low to medium amounts of high-warmth father involvement and high amounts of medium- or high-control father involvement at this time were associated with lower child internalizing behaviors. Paternal depression during a child's infancy exacerbated the effect of maternal depression, but this moderating effect was limited to depressed fathers spending medium to high amounts of time caring for their infants. Results emphasize the moderating role fathers may play in reducing or exacerbating the adverse long-term effects of maternal depression during a child's infancy on later child behavior problems.
This study examined the utility of classifying boys on the basis of a typology of antisocial behavior. A group of 195 boys, aged 10-17, was divided into four mutually exclusive groups based on their pattern of antisocial behavior. Stealing and fighting were chosen as criteria to define the four groups: boys who fought but did not steal (Exclusive Fighter Group), boys who stole but did not fight (Exclusive Theft Group), boys who stole and fought (Versatile Antisocial Group), and boys who did neither (Remaining Group). A multimethod-multirespondent study of these boys showed that the Exclusive Fighter Group tended to score high on a range of overt antisocial behaviors and were relatively little involved in delinquency; the Exclusive Theft Group tended to score high on some overt antisocial behaviors and were much involved in delinquency; Versatile Antisocial youths scored highest among all groups on almost all overt and covert antisocial behaviors, and in terms of delinquent acts. The Versatile boys came from families with the most disturbed child-rearing practices.
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Social and behavioral characteristics of 11,966 British children, aged 5 years, and mothers' reports of accidental injuries between birth and age 5 years were analyzed. Aggressive behavior was associated with all accidental injuries after controlling psychosocial variables including social class; crowding; mother's psychological distress, age, and marital status; and child's sex. Overactivity was associated only with injuries not resulting in hospitalization after control of the covariates. The relative risk of injuries resulting in hospitalization was 1.9 among children with both high activity and high aggression scores compared with children with low scores on both behavioral scales. The findings support the inference that aggression and overactivity are independently associated with accidents. The associations between child behavior and injuries were stronger than the associations between injuries and the social factors including social class and crowding. This finding suggests that interventions aimed at high-risk groups may be effective supplements to environmental interventions.
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