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PubMed2000

[Precarcinoma and early carcinomatous lesions in the uterine cervix and the use of oral contraceptives].

Precancerous and early cancerous lesions of the cervix uteri (ASCUS, AGUS, LSIL and HSIL) are precursors of invasive cancer of the cervix uteri. By Papanicolaou test they are graded as Pap III and Pap IV. Different factors may increase a risk for those lesions as well as converting low stage lesion into higher one. Oral contraceptive use is one of the most potential risk factor for those lesions. The goal of this study was to examine a relationship between oral contraceptive use and precancerous and early cancerous lesion of the cervix lesion of the cervix uteri by using Papanicolaou test. After adjustment for other potential risk factors our results have shown: 1) there is high significant positive relationship between oral contraceptives use and precancerous and early cancerous lesions of the cervix uteri; 2) the users of oral contraceptives have shown Pap III and Pap IV smear grade five to ten years earlier than non-users; 3) long-term users have shown Pap III and Pap IV five years earlier than short-term users for middle age group (35-44 years); 4) the border between Pap III and Pap IV is shifted for five years toward earlier age.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Carcinoma of the uterine cervix and herpes simplex virus type 2. Investigations on the causal relationship (author's transl)].

Epidemiological serological studies have shown that women with carcinoma of the uterine cervix show a higher incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (HSV 2) than controls. The attempt to demonstrate the genomic DNS of the HSV 2 in cells of carcinoma of the cervix by experiments of hybridization is reported. The investigations were carried out directly on material from carcinoma of the cervix and also on cell cultures from tumor material. The majority of the cultures grew fibroblasts but some cultures grew cells with the characteristics of malignant cells. The hybridization of DNS from portions of carcinoma or of DNS from cell cultures with complementary HSV 2 radioactive RNS showed in no case HSV-2-DNS in a quantity of one or one half genomic equivalent per cell. These investigations suggest that a casual relationship between carcinoma of the uterine cervix and an infection with HSV 2 is unlikely. However, it cannot be excluded that carcinoma of the uterine cervix has different quantitative proportions than the Burkitt-lymphoma and that only a fraction of the genomic material of the virus (smaller than 1/10) is incorporated into the malignant cell.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

Solitary metastasis to the uterine cervix from the early gastric cancer: a case report.

Metastasis of gastric cancer to the uterine cervix is rare, and a case of metastasis to the uterine cervix from early gastric cancer has never before been reported. We here present a patient who underwent a gastrectomy due to asymptomatic early gastric cancer found by chance and who subsequently suffered from a solitary metastasis to the uterine cervix from the primary early gastric cancer. Similar to Krukenberg tumors of the ovary, lymphatic dissemination is regarded as the route of metastasis from the stomach to the uterine cervix. We surmise that the present metastasis occurred through the lymphatic channel because lymph vessel permeations were found in both the primary lesion of the stomach and the metastatic lesion of the uterine cervix.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2002

Localized distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes in the uterine cervix.

INTRODUCTION: The localization and distribution of single or multiple HPV genotypes in the uterine cervix has not been studied thus far. The present study was undertaken to determine whether single or multiple HPV genotypes detected in cervical smears originate from a single (dysplastic) area, or from different areas (dysplastic or normal) of the uterine cervix. METHODS: Of eight patients with moderate or severe dysplasia, 31 colposcopically guided biopsies of different dysplastic lesions of the uterine cervix, as well as of normal epithelium were investigated. A highly sensitive, broad spectrum, short fragment polymerase chain reaction (SPF-10 PCR) HPV detection method in combination with a line probe assay (LiPA) for simultaneous genotyping was used. RESULTS: In the uterine cervix of four of the eight patients, multiple HPV genotypes were detected. These multiple HPV genotypes were detected in different biopsies as well as within a single biopsy. In three patients, all with carcinoma in situ or microinvasive carcinoma, only a single HPV genotype, HPV 16, was found all over the cervix including in the normal epithelium. CONCLUSION: Different HPV genotypes can be detected in different dysplastic lesions as well as within single lesions, especially in patients with severe dysplasia. The severity of the lesion may possibly have a relation with the distribution of the HPV genotypes. The low number of patients and biopsies does not allow definite conclusions. However, the impact of these findings on the outcome of screening and vaccination programs remains to be elucidated.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Treating intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix by laser CO2. Evaluation of the past, appraisal for the future.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Carbon dioxide laser (CO2) has been widely used in the past for the treatment of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) of the uterine cervix. We present our 10-year experience of using this modality while evaluating its current and future use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1988 to 1998, 3,078 women were treated for an intraepithelial lesion of the uterine cervix (SIL) by laser CO2 either by vaporization or conization. The procedure was performed on an outpatient basis and was well tolerated by the great majority of patients. The mean age of the women treated by vaporization was 27.5 years whereas of those managed by conization, 34.8 years. RESULTS: From the 3,078 women, 750 (24.4%) underwent laser vaporization and the remaining 2,328 (75.6%), conization of the cervix. Complications were minimal and consisted of intraoperative and postoperative bleeding (0.56%), pelvic infections (0.04%) and cervical stenosis (1.1%). Mean follow-up time was 83 months (range 24-142). Relapsing disease (either persistent or recurrent) was detected in 5.6% of the vaporization and 3.9% of the conization group. CONCLUSIONS: The management of SIL of the uterine cervix by laser CO2 offers excellent success rates with minor complications. The preservation of the anatomical integrity of the cervical tissue offers a better follow-up of these patients and the potential for repeat treatment. Although other treatment modalities are available, we believe that laser CO2 represents an excellent surgical tool for the management of intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Proliferative activity in squamous intraepithelial and invasive lesions of cervix: analysis by AgNOR staining.

Proliferation potential of squamous intraepithelial lesions of cervix is the main factor affecting the biological aggressiveness of the lesion. The present study was aimed at assessing the proliferation in preinvasive and invasive squamous epithelial lesions of cervix using a simple and inexpensive proliferation marker: AgNOR (Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions). Fifty biopsy sections of various grades of preinvasive and invasive squamous epithelial lesions of cervix were taken for AgNOR staining. Single step staining technique using gelatin in formic acid solution was employed. Counting was done with the help of 'CAMERA LUCIDA' drawings. AgNOR counts/nucleus in parabasal and basal layer showed progressive rise in their mean value with increasing grade of lesion. Amongst invasive malignancies, highest mean of AgNORs/nucleus was observed in poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of cervix. In conclusion, AgNORs can prove to be a simple inexpensive and reliable proliferation marker in lesions of cervix.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2005

Effect of depleted uranium weapons used in the Balkan war on the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cancer of the cervix in Greece.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence rates of CIN and invasive cancer of the cervix in two district areas near the borders with the former Yugoslavia and an urban area away from these borders three years before and three years after the bombings in this country. MATERIAL: Two peripheral hospitals (in Kilkis and Serres) which are near the border with the former Yugoslavia and one University hospital (Hippocratio hospital of Thessaloniki) in a rural area away from the borders, where routine Papanicolaou smear tests for screening of CIN and invasive cancer of the cervix are performed in the general female population. METHODS: Hospital records were searched for abnormal smear test results. Incidence rates of CIN and invasive cancer of the cervix three years before (1997-1999) and three years after (2000-2002) the bombings were calculated and compared in the three different settings. The relation between the mean age of the first occurrence of an abnormal smear test was also examined. The results were examined using the chi-square test. RESULTS: The incidence of CIN in the three-year period 1997-1999 was 0.68% and 0.9% for the two district hospitals of Kilkis and Serres, respectively. These figures rose to 1.11% and 1.13% in the three-year period 2000-2002 for the two district hospitals. The incidence of CIN in the three-year period 1997-1999 was 1.06% for the Hippokrateion University Hospital of Thessaloniki and 0.88% for the three-year period 2000-2002. There has been a small but not statistically significant increase in the incidence rates of CIN in the two district areas near the borders with the former Yugoslavia over the last few years (p = 0.355 for Kilkis and p = 0.472 for Serres), compared with the small but statistically significant decrease in the incidence of CIN in the urban area of Thessaloniki (p = 0.0275). The rates of invasive cancer of the cervix diagnosed from the routine smear tests were too small to make any conclusions. CONCLUSION: The increase in the incidence of precancerous lesions of the cervix in areas near the borders with the former Yugoslavia during the last three years may be influenced by environmental factors such as exposure to depleted uranium due to the bombings of 1999. To comfirm this bigger epidemiological studies are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Eighteen cases of glassy cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix are presented. Glassy cell carcinoma is an uncommon, aggressive type of adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix, which is considered to originate from the subcylindrical reserve cells of the cervix. The patients with this tumor are younger than those with other types of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix, and all but three in this study were 34 years or younger. The tumors were frequently large, endophytic and growing rapidly. Metastases were found on presentation in two cases. The larger tumors did not respond well to treatment. Seven of the patients died within 20 month of diagnosis. Histologically glassy cell carcinoma is composed of nests of large cells with ground glass cytoplasm and large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli. There is marked cellular and nuclear pleomorphism and tumor giant cells are frequently seen. Mitotic activity is brisk. Infiltration by eosinophils and plasma cells with admixture of lymphocytes is a characteristic feature. Focal squamous or glandular differentiation may be seen. Ultrastructural studies showed a wide spectrum of appearances. These findings lend further support to the view that glassy cell carcinoma is a distinctive type of poorly differentiated adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Oxygenation of carcinomas of the uterine cervix: evaluation by computerized O2 tension measurements.

Direct oxygen partial pressure (pO2) readings in cancers of the cervix and in the normal cervix of nulliparous or parous women were obtained using a computerized pO2 histography system. The oxygenation status of the tumors was evaluated as a function of clinical staging and histological grading. pO2 measurements were performed with a customized electrode system in conscious pre- and postmenopausal, untreated patients with well-defined arterial blood gas status. With this technique, pO2 measurements in the normal cervix of nulliparous women resulted in oxygenation patterns which were characteristic for normal, adequately supplied tissues (median pO2, 48 mm Hg) with approximately 1% of the pO2 values grouped between zero and 2.5 mm Hg, i.e., in a range with less than half-maximum radiosensitivity. As a rule, the mean (and median) pO2 values were distinctly lower in the normal cervix of parous women (most probably due to scar formation following vaginal delivery) and in malignancies. In the normal cervix of parous women the median pO2 value was 13 mm Hg (with approximately 14% of the pO2 readings in the lowest class), 14 mm Hg in International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians I/II tumors (2% of the readings in the lowest pO2 class), and 11 mm Hg in International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians III/IV cancers (1% of the pO2 data in the lowest class). To date, 5 of 18 cervical cancers exhibited pO2 values between zero and 2.5 mm Hg. The oxygenation pattern in cervical cancers and the occurrence of hypoxia and/or anoxia did not correlate with either the clinical stages and histological grades or with a series of clinically relevant parameters (e.g., tumor size). No significant differences were found between pre- and postmenopausal tumors, between squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas, and between endophytic or exophytic tumors. From these studies there is clear indication that the oxygenation status of individual tumors cannot be predicted on the basis of staging and/or grading, predominantly because of the pronounced tumor-to-tumor variabilities. Evaluation of the tissue oxygenation of individual tumors is thus mandatory to prove that tumor oxygenation can predict the overall prognosis and/or treatment outcome.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1986

[Value and importance of intracavitary therapy in cervix carcinoma].

The guiding topic of this report was "the value and importance of intracavitary therapy in uterine cervix carcinoma". This implies first of all the task to assess the importance of contact therapy within the scope of all therapeutic measures taken in case of uterine cervix carcinoma. Furthermore it was necessary to compare the importance of the different methods of contact therapy: conventional radium therapy as well as low dose rate and high dose rate afterloading techniques. As to surgical intervention, it is clear that only favorable stages can be taken into consideration for this treatment. It is shown by means of data taken from the Annual Report, Vol. 18, that a considerable number of patients with uterine cervix carcinoma I are irradiated even in hospitals whose field of activity lies preponderantly in surgery, and that by far most of the patients cured from uterine cervix cancer owe their recovery to contact therapy. The consideration of contact therapy methods shows clearly that radium should no longer be used in clinical practice. Psychological doubts often hinder the decision if long-term or short-term afterloading therapy is to be applied. It is therefore shown that the very different forms of radium therapy with their chronological and spatial dose distribution were due to the characteristics of radium (e.g. little specific activity) or to other compelling features and that they were not based on radiobiological aspects. The radium dose values obtained by empirical research and the resulting spatial and chronological dose distribution are therefore not imperative. So it is not inevitable to choose the low dose rate afterloading method. On the contrary, the high dose rate technique with an adequate fractionation is very probably the method of choice. To sum up it can be said that contact therapy is still the most important therapeutic method in uterine cervix cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Recurrent carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].

Among 228 patients who had previous treatment for carcinoma in situ of the cervix, most by hysterectomy, 3 recurrences in vaginal stumps were detected in women age 36, 46, and 56. In another case a carcinoma in situ of the cervix was found in a 25 year old patient who had a diagnostic and therapeutic conization because of desire for childbearing. The histology of the cone showed no residual carcinoma. Concommitent to the recurrent carcinoma in situ of the cervix a carcinoma of the vulva was detected. Recurrences of carcinoma in situ could occur because of incomplete resection of primary lesion. Wrong classification in the laboratory is possible if the invasion is missed on the microscopic examination and the case therefore receives the wrong treatment. Recurrences which are not true recurrences could arise from multicentric atypical foci of the squamous epitheleum of the -ower female genital tract. These considerations lead to the following recommendations: 1. When the suspected diagnosis carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix is made a large enough cone biopsy which is appropriately marked is obtained and a complete microscopic examination of the cone must be obtained. 2. A hysterectomy with a large vaginal cuff is the treatment of choice. 3. A careful workup of the operative specimen in the microscopic laboratory is expecially essential. 4. A patient with such previous treatment for carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix must be urged to continue with regular preventive examinations for cancer. The vaginal stump must be regularly re-examined both by colposcopy and by cytology.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Haemoglobin genotype, ABO blood groups and carcinoma of the cervix.

Genetic factors have been suggested as having a possible aetiological role in the incidence of carcinoma of the cervix. With the high frequency of carcinoma of the cervix in Ibadan as well as the high incidence of sickle-cell trait, the haemoglobin genotypes and ABO blood groups were analysed in patients managed for carcinoma of the cervix uteri in the University College Hospital, Ibadan. No significant association was found between any haemoglobin genotype or blood group and carcinoma of the cervix. The protection afforded against malaria by the haemoglobin S trait does not seem to protect against the development of invasive carcinoma of the cervix.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serum CYFRA 21-1 assay in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) is the best known marker for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix as well as of the lung, oesophagus, head and neck and anal canal. Elevated levels of cytokeratin 19-fragments (CYFRA 21-1) have recently been detected in a large proportion of patients with non small cell cancer of the lung, and in particular of those with squamous cell carcinoma. Serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 (cut-off = 1.06 ng/mL) and SCC (cut-off = 2 ng/mL) were measured in blood samples collected before treatment from 15 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 56 patients with cervical cancer, 48 patients with endometrial cancer, and 361 patients with benign uterine diseases. Serum CYFRA 21-1 values in patients with CIN were superimposable on those detected in patients with benign uterine diseases. Conversely, serum CYFRA 21-1 levels were higher in patients with cervical cancer (p < 0.05) and in patients with endometrial cancer (p < 0.05) than in those with benign uterine diseases. There was no significant difference in serum CYFRA 21-1 levels between cervical and endometrial cancer, and, as regards cervical cancer, there was no significant difference in antigen values between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Among patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, CYFRA 21-1 values correlated with FIGO stage (stage IIb-IV vs stage Ib-IIa, p = 0.0303). Elevated CYFRA 21-1 levels were found in 20.0% of patients with CIN, in 41.7% of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, in 62.5% of patients with adenocarcinoma of the cervix, in 45.8% of patients with endometrial cancer, and in 13% of patients with benign uterine diseases. Serum SCC was more sensitive than serum CYFRA 21-1 for both early and advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix; these preliminary data seem to show that serum CYFRA 21-1 is of limited value for the management of patients with this malignancy.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

Transitional cell neoplasms (carcinomas and inverted papillomas) of the uterine cervix. A report of five cases.

We report five transitional cell neoplasms of the uterine cervix: three infiltrating high-grade transitional cell carcinomas and two inverted transitional cell papillomas. The patients with TCCs were aged 34, 73, and 81 years, two presented with vaginal bleeding and the third with a large cystic ovarian mass. The three transitional cell carcinomas had a superficial noninvasive papillary component. Two tumors metastasized, one to the pelvic lymph nodes, the other to the ovary. The two patients with metastasis are alive after radical hysterectomy or total abdominal hysterectomy and chemotherapy, but follow-up is short. The third patient is currently receiving radiotherapy. Microscopically, the transitional cell carcinomas were similar to those originating in the urinary bladder or ovary. The inverted transitional cell papillomas were discovered in the cervixes of young adult women, one of whom had atypical squamous cells on a cervical smear at her presentation. The second patient had a slightly raised lesion in the cervix noted when routine smears were obtained. The microscopic features of the inverted transitional cell papillomas were similar to those of the corresponding tumor of the urinary bladder. It is important to separate transitional cell carcinomas from other papillary cancers of the cervix to delineate their clinical and pathological features and establish the prognostic differences, if any, from squamous cell carcinoma. Inverted transitional cell papilloma of the cervix represents a hitherto undescribed benign neoplasm arising at this site. These cases illustrate that cervical epithelium, which is known to undergo benign transitional cell metaplasia, may also give rise to benign and malignant transitional cell neoplasms.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[A histopathological study on the biological behavior of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix].

Fifty-two cases of carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the uterine cervix were examined histopathologically and compared with seventeen cases of microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix (restricted to the general rules for clinical and pathological management of uterine cervical cancer of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology) in order to investigate the influence of the patient's age on the intraepithelial extension of CIS. The results were summarized as follows. 1. There was a positive correlation between circular spread and longitudinal spread of the lesion in CIS cases. 2. There was a positive correlation between circular spread and the depth of gland involvement of the lesion in CIS cases. 3. Circular spread of the lesion in microinvasive carcinoma cases was significantly more extensive than that in CIS cases. 4. Circular spread of the lesion in microinvasive carcinoma at menopause was significantly more extensive than that in microinvasive carcinoma at sexual maturity. These results suggest that CIS has intraepithelial extensibility, and that in CIS at sexual maturity there is a higher risk of invading stroma when circular spread of the lesion becomes greater than one fourth of the whole circle in the cervix, whereas CIS at menopause is more likely to invade the stroma when the circular spread of the lesion becomes greater than half of the whole circle in the cervix. In this respect we can find the influence of the patient's age on the biological behavior of CIS of the uterine cervix.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation of serum sialic acid fractions as markers for carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Serum total sialic acid (TSA) and lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) levels have aroused considerable interest as markers of malignancy. FSA (Free Sialic Acid) has not been considered as a potential tumor marker due to a lack of sensitivity of the methods used in the studies performed up to now. The present investigation determined the TSA, CLSA (Corrected Lipid Sialic Acidi) and FSA values for 20 normal females, 10 patients with benign gynecological disease and 32 patients with various stages of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Data analysis indicated significant (0.01 < P < 0.05) increases of TSA value only in the mean values (671 +/- 126 micrograms mL-1) in stage II A of carcinoma of the uterine cervix when compared to normal controls (mean 534 +/- 102 micrograms mL-1). It showed, instead, significant (0.01 < P < 0.1) increases of CLSA values only in the mean values (6.41 +/- 1.32 micrograms mL-1) found on stage I B of carcinoma of the uterine cervix when compared to normal controls (mean 5.33 +/- 1.50 micrograms mL-1). In the case of FSA significant differences were found with respect to normal controls (mean 0.316 +/- 0.081 micrograms mL-1) in all stages of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The mean values found were 0.485 +/- 0.118 micrograms mL-1 (0.001 < P < 0.01) in patients with stage I A, 0.666 +/- 0.176 micrograms mL-1 (P < 0.001) in patients with stage I B and 0.572 +/- 0.164 +/- micrograms mL-1 (0.001 < P < 0.01) in patients with stage II A. TSA and CLSA separated measurements appeared to be of limited value in the detection of carcinoma of the uterine cervix. However, results show that FSA was the most sensitive of the three markers tested for detecting malignancies.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Chemoprevention trials in the cervix: design, feasibility, and recruitment.

The cervix is an ideal organ for chemoprevention studies and the study of squamous carcinogenesis. In chemoprevention trial design, four factors are important: high-risk cohorts must be identified; suitable agents must be selected; study designs should include Phase 1, II, and III; and studies should include the use of surrogate endpoint biomarkers. High-risk cohorts can be selected for Phase I, II and III trials in the cervix, for example, patients with high grade lesions such as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 and carcinoma in situ (CIS). A Phase III trial might also include patients with lesions infected with oncogenic HPV types. The cervix is accessible and can be safely followed with Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and colposcopy. Suitable agents include those likely to work in squamous lesions, including retinoids, difluoromethylornithine, beta-carotene, and others. In Phase I chemopreventive studies, does are de-escalated rather than escalated, determining toxicity and optimal dose schedule. Phase II studies looking at effectiveness need placebo control groups since regression of high-risk lesions is possible. Phase III studies, now multicentric, should be carefully designed and include wide patient representation in order to evaluate the risk-benefit ratio of therapy, focusing on cancer incidence reduction. Surrogate endpoint biomarkers include quantitative histopathology, biologic measures of proliferation, regulation, differentiation, genetic instability, and fluorescence emission. Quantitative histopathologic markers include nuclear grading (i.e., shape, area, optical density, texture), nuclear pleomorphism, ploidy, and nucleolar size and position. Biomarkers under study at the present time in the cervix include proliferation markers (PCNA), regulation marker (EGFR, ras, myc, p53, retinoic acid receptors, ODC, spermidine/spermine ratios), differentiation markers (involucrin, cornifin, keratins), and markers of genetic instability (chromosome polysomy). Fluorescent spectroscopy uses light to probe the biochemical properties of tissue. This technique provides an automated diagnosis in real time with comparable sensitivity and specificity to colposcopy and can be used to monitor lesions in chemoprevention trials. Recruitment designs for cervix studies need to include a large referral population and patients with sufficiently large lesions. Clinicians involved in such studies need to stress contraception and smoking cessation, deal with language barriers, and provide compensation for child care and parking to patients in order to increase compliance.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
PubMed1996

Study of a new tumor marker, CYFRA 21-1, in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, and comparison with squamous cell carcinoma antigen.

The diagnostic value of a new tumor marker, CYFRA 21-1, was studied in the blood samples collected from 22 controls, and 87 pre-treatment patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Sensitivity and specificity of CYFRA 21-1 was compared with those of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC) measured in the sera of the same patients. Serum CYFRA 21-1 levels were higher in patients with squamous cell carcinoma than in controls (p < 0.05), and correlated with FIGO stage (Stage IIb-IV vs. Stage Ib-IIa, p = 0.0477). Using 2.5 ng/ml as cut-off value, elevated CYFRA 21-1 levels were found in 13.6% of controls, 34.8% of patients with Stage Ib-IIa squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, and 63.5% of patients with Stage IIb-IV squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. However, there was less sensitivity and specificity of CYFRA 21-1 than those of SCC in detecting squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. CYFRA 21-1 may not be a better tumor marker than SCC for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.

Aged↗