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PubMed2000

Demography. A billion and counting: China's tricky census.

Census officials are trying to keep politics out of the world's biggest enumeration as for the first time they gather additional data on mobility, fertility, and other sensitive demographic indicators. The government has repeatedly proclaimed that the information will remain confidential and that the census won't be used as an excuse to send migrants back to their hometowns, but rising expectations of privacy have become a problem for the government in this year's enumeration. More than accuracy is at stake: The wrong numbers could have political ramifications if they raise questions about compliance with such policies as the one-child-per-family rule.

Censuses↗
PubMed2004

Is there a north-south divide in social class inequalities in health in Great Britain? Cross sectional study using data from the 2001 census.

OBJECTIVE: To examine individual social class inequalities in self rated general health within and between the constituent countries of Great Britain and the regions of England. DESIGN: Cross sectional study using data from the 2001 national census. SETTING: Great Britain. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged between 25 and 64 in Great Britain and enumerated in the 2001 population census (n = 25.6 million). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: European age standardised rates of self rated general health, for men and women classified by the government social class scheme. RESULTS: In each of the seven social classes, Wales and the North East and North West regions of England had high rates of poor health. There were large social class inequalities in self rated health, with rates of poor health generally increasing from class 1 (higher professional occupations) to class 7 (routine occupations). The size of the health divide varied between regions: the largest rate ratios for routine versus higher professional classes were for Scotland (2.9 for men; 2.8 for women) and London (2.9 for men; 2.4 for women). Women had higher rates of poor health compared to men in the same social class, except in class 6 (semi-routine occupations). CONCLUSIONS: A northwest-southeast divide in social class inequalities existed in Great Britain at the start of the 21st century, with each of the seven social classes having higher rates of poor health in Wales, the North East and North West regions of England than elsewhere. The widest health gap between social classes, however, was in Scotland and London, adding another dimension to the policy debate on resource allocation and targets to tackle the health divide.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Exploring the relation between class, gender, and self rated general health using the new socioeconomic classification. A study using data from the 2001 census.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between class, gender, and self rated health in adults in Great Britain. DESIGN: Cross sectional study using data from the 2001 national census. SETTING: Great Britain. PARTICIPANTS: Adults aged between 25 and 64 in Great Britain, enumerated in the 2001 census (n = 30.3 million). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age standardised rates of self rated general health for men and women in different socioeconomic groupings as defined by the National Statistics classification (NS-SeC), rate ratios and the (modified) relative index of inequality. RESULTS: There was a pronounced gradient in rates of "not good" health among people in different social positions. The rate for people in class 7 (routine occupations) was more than double that for people in class 1 (higher managerial and professional occupations): 95 per 1000 and 37 per 1000 respectively. Health inequalities were larger for men than for women-the rate ratio of class 7 to class 1 was 2.7 for men and 2.2 for women. The nature and size of the gender differences varied by socioeconomic class, with the greatest gap among people in class 1 (higher managerial and professional occupations), where the rate for women was 25% higher than for men. CONCLUSIONS: The NS-SeC shows a pronounced gradient in self rated general health across the population of working age in Great Britain in 2001. It was found that the NS-SeC was a useful measure for women, although it may be better at classifying men. The size of the gender gap in "not good" health varied by NS-SeC class.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Estimated number of multiplets under 16 years using two sets of census data in Japan: 1990 and 1995.

Data for sets of multiples under 16 years of age were obtained from the population censuses of Japan in 1990 and 1995. These numbered 147,188 twin pairs, 1410 sets of triplets, 59 sets of quadruplets, and 3 sets of quintuplets in 1990, with the corresponding numbers in 1995 being 141,354, 2,211, 136 and 12, respectively. The total number of sets of multiples was 148,660 in 1990 and 143,713 in 1995. Twinning, triplet, quadruplet and quintuplet rates were estimated for each age. Rates of monozygotic twins and triplets remained constant age by age up to 15 years, while the dizygotic twinning rate, and rates of di- and tri-zygotic triplets decreased over the same period. Quadruplet and quintuplet rates also decreased. The accuracy of estimating number of multiples from census data is discussed using data on vital statistics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1970

Wildlife census methods: a resume.

Wildlife census problems and sampling schemes are discussed. Basic census methods are presented. Examples of inventory techniques utilized for various wildlife species are mentioned.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A century of U.S. censuses and the language characteristics of immigrants.

Since 1890, every U.S. census but one has asked about the language characteristics of the U.S. population. This almost uninterrupted data series, however, has been shaped by contemporaneous presumptions about the ties between language and ethnicity, the likelihood of proficiency in English among various subgroups, and practical constraints. I describe shifts across censuses in the phrasing of questions about language, the coding of responses, and the subpopulations for which the questions were asked and the results were published. I then describe the data generated by these items and discuss their interpretation. I conclude with a summary of the major insights and limitations of a century's worth of data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Implications of 2001 Census for local authority district mid-year population estimates.

ONS published mid-2001 population estimates for England and Wales based on the 2001 Census in October 2002. Mid-2001 estimates were also produced, but not published, rolled forward from the 1991 Census. By considering the differences between these two estimates, ONS is able to assess how accurate estimates of population change have been between mid-1991 and mid-2001. Results of this comparison at national and regional levels have already been published on the National Statistics website. This article concentrates on the differences at local authority district level. Analyses of these differences within the article are in three parts-basic descriptive statistics, comparison of the local authority districts as a proportion of their national totals, and more complex multiple regression analysis. The implications of these results are then assessed and recommendations put forward to help improve the mid-year estimates in the following decade. Improvements will also come through other studies such as the National Statistics Quality Review on international migration.

Censuses↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors for low birthweight based on birth registration and census information, England and Wales, 1981-2000.

This study examines whether there are socio-demographic factors (collected at census) that are not routinely available at birth registration that help to explain low birthweight in England and Wales in the 1980s and 1990s. Maternal age and marital status at the time of birth are known to affect the risk of low birthweight. The article looks at whether the additional socio-demographic information about the mother that is collected at Census modifies our understanding. It identifies specific groups at high risk of this negative birth outcome--being a mother from a non-White ethnic group, having a long-standing illness and living in a deprived area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Dental student enrollment and graduation: a report by state, census division, and region.

The purpose of this study is to provide descriptive data on the presence of dental schools, dental school graduates, instate enrollment, and interstate dental education agreements for U.S. states, districts, and regions. This information may be helpful in deciding to open or maintain a dental school. Data from the American Dental Association (ADA), American Dental Education Association (ADEA), and U.S. Census Bureau were used to conduct cross-sectional comparisons for states, census divisions, and regions for 2000. In 2000, there were fifty-four dental schools in thirty-two states and the District of Columbia. Total graduation across 1990-2000 was 43,289 dentists. Over half (56 percent) of the graduates were from public schools. The distribution of schools and graduates differed by geographic region. Alaska, Utah, Hawaii, and Nebraska were outliers with respect to high and low numbers of dental schools in states, in-state enrollment, and dentists to population. U.S. states, districts, and regions vary widely on the number of dental schools, dentists to population, first-year dental school enrollees, and dental school graduates. Further assessment on additional factors such as dental health provider shortage areas, state oral health status, and attractiveness of locations to dentists is needed to more fully understand the impact of these factors.

Censuses↗
PubMed2006

Socio-demographic characteristics of the healthcare workforce in England and Wales-- results from the 2001 Census.

Based on Census 2001 data, this article presents analysis of the socio-demographic characteristics of people working in the healthcare sector, focusing particularly on four key healthcare occupations: doctors, dentists, nurses and midwives. Unlike the NHS workforce statistics, which only include people directly employed by the NHS, census data also include those working in the private healthcare market and those who are self-employed. The article als examines patterns of distribution key healthcare professions per head of population by local authority and by area deprivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Using Labour Force Survey and census data to generate denominators for occupational injury rates: an application and expansion of Haggar-Guénette's method.

The calculation of rates of occupational injury claims is essential to identify groups at high risk, yet limitations of denominator data have often restricted our capacity to do this. Haggar-Guénette's method of using Statistics Canada's data on paid workers from the Labour Force Survey as denominators has been expanded by incorporating information from the Census. The method is illustrated by calculating denominators for male construction industry workers within the province of Ontario. Information for paid workers employed in construction occupations was derived from the Labour Force Survey to produce denominators for those aged 15-64, overall and by 10-year age groups. Census data on the distribution of construction occupational roles were applied to produce denominators both overall, then simultaneously by age and by occupational role. Advantages and disadvantages, including the limitations or biases due to the differing sources for denominators and numerators are identified.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1997

From enumeration districts to output areas: experiments in the automated creation of a census output geography.

This article briefly reviews the advantages of using separate geographies for census enumeration and output, and explains how a geographical information system is being used for the planning of enumeration districts for the 1997 Census Test. Experimental work is described which offers the potential to automatically create a new output geography, formed from aggregations of unit postcodes, and which offers control over output area population and boundaries.

Censuses↗
PubMed1998

Cigarette smoking by New Zealand doctors and nurses: results from the 1996 population census.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking among New Zealand doctors and nurses and to examine intercensal trends in smoking behaviour. METHODS: The 1996 New Zealand population census included two questions on cigarette smoking. The data for doctors and nurses have been analysed and compared with results from the 1976 and 1981 censuses. RESULTS: There were 7335 doctor respondents and 30,507 nurses. Five percent of male and female doctors smoke cigarettes regularly compared with 15% in 1981, 20% in 1976 and 35% in 1963. Almost 90% of doctors aged less than 30 years have never smoked and reductions in smoking have occurred in all specialties. Eighteen percent of nurses (18% females, 27% males) are smokers compared with 31% of females and 39% of males in 1981. The highest prevalence is among psychiatric nurses (31%) while only 10% of midwives and Plunket nurses are smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Doctors continue to lead the New Zealand community in non-smoking and the goal of a smokefree medical profession by the year 2000 may be achievable. In contrast to 1981, the prevalence of smoking by female nurses (18%) is now less than women in the general New Zealand population (23%). Substantial reductions in smoking have occurred in all categories of the nursing profession.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Impact of the HIV epidemic on mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from national surveys and censuses.

OBJECTIVE: To measure recent trends in all-cause child and adult mortality in national populations in sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data collected in national household surveys and censuses. METHODS: The index of infant and child mortality is the probability of dying before age 5 years (under-five mortality). For adult mortality, it is the probability of dying between ages 15 and 60 years. Mortality trends are assessed in three ways: (i) by comparison of data collected in the 1990s with those from the 1980s; (ii) using the retrospective reports of the survival of women's children and siblings collected by Demographic and Health Survey inquiries; and (iii) by comparing the latter estimates with estimates from data on orphanhood. RESULTS: Under-five mortality is stagnant or rising in several African countries. In some countries, however, adverse trends developed too early in the 1980s to be attributable to HIV. In most countries, the three approaches to monitoring adult mortality yield consistent results. Adult death rates doubled or tripled between the 1980s and mid-1990s in Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Mortality also rose substantially elsewhere in East and Central Africa but not in West Africa. Increases in mortality are concentrated among young adults. In general, men are worst affected, but in Uganda the rise in women's mortality is greater. CONCLUSIONS: Data can be collected in national household surveys and censuses to monitor the mortality impact of HIV in Africa. Such data have begun to document the differential impact of the epidemic. In those countries with data in which HIV became prevalent by the late 1980s, massive rises in adult mortality occurred by the mid-1990s.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

2001 Census output areas: from concept to prototype.

This article describes the development of a prototype output area production system for the 2001 Census. A number of outstanding design issues concerning 2001 output areas are explained, and the implications of using a geographical information system for the management of census geography are explored.

Censuses↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating ethnic change in London, 1981-91, using a variety of census data.

"This paper provides estimates of ethnic minority populations in 1981 in Greater London so that spatial population change can be measured. The estimation method involves the application of conditional probabilities of ethnicity given the country of birth. Several different data sources from the census of population have been used to compute the conditional probabilities. Each of these sources has deficiencies; the new method proposed here employs data on 1981-91 survivors in the ONS Longitudinal Study (LS). The estimated ethnic minority populations for 1981 are smaller than those generated using 1991 Census data, and hence the estimate of change is larger. Careful pairwise comparisons are made between alternative estimates. A set of very different maps of change, based on the LS method, are presented and interpreted for the ethnic groups of London at the borough scale."

Culture↗
PubMed1989

Industry-related urothelial carcinogens: application of a job-exposure matrix to census data.

A job-exposure matrix has been developed linking the work tasks in the Swedish National Census of population 1960 to exposure to 50 single agents or groups of substances. All 1,905,660 men, aged 20-64 years in 1960, reporting themselves as gainfully employed in the Census, were observed for the occurrence of urothelial cancer 1961-1979 by linkage to the National Swedish Cancer Registry. Subjects classified as exposed to creosote had a relative risk (with 95% confidence interval) of 2.6 (1.2-5.9) for renal pelvis cancer and 1.3 (1.0-1.8) for urinary bladder cancer; subjects exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) had a relative risk of 1.3 (1.0-1.8) for urinary bladder cancer. Adjustment was made for age, socioeconomic group, and degree of urbanization. Exposure to combustion gases from coal gave a relative risk of 1.2 (1.0-1.4) for bladder cancer. The study carries several sources of nondifferential misclassification diluting the estimates of the relative risks toward 1.0. The limitations of exposure classification by job-exposure matrices are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

How accurate are the U.S. Bureau of the Census projections of total live births.

"The accuracy of total live birth forecasts issued by the U.S. Bureau of the Census was analysed. Forecast accuracy has not improved significantly since 1950. Further, the forecasts are not more accurate than several naive alternatives. Moving from a period methodology to a cohort methodology improved forecast accuracy for certain forecasts. [It is demonstrated that] the Bureau of the Census systematically underestimated total births in the upswing and overestimated in the downswing."

Americas↗