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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Proliferation and cornification during development of the mammalian epidermis.

The skin is the largest organ of the body and consists of the underlying dermis and outer epidermis. Proper embryonic development and continual renewal of the adult epidermis are essential to provide an impenetrable barrier against fluid loss and serve as our most important defense against insults from the external environment. During mammalian embryogenesis the epidermis develops from the surface ectoderm, which initially consists of a multipotent single-layer epithelium. Once these epithelial cells receive the appropriate developmental cues, they become committed to stratify, initiate a massive expansion program, and finally embark on a journey of terminal differentiation to produce the morphologically distinct layers of the epidermis. The culmination of this journey is the formation of an impervious cornified envelope via a highly specialized form of programmed cell death, termed "cornification" (reviewed in Candi et al.), which is distinct in many ways from the classic apoptotic pathways. The epidermal developmental program that is first seen in the fetus is recapitulated for the entire life of the organism. The basal layer of adult skin harbors stem cells, which can divide to produce daughter stem cells and transit amplifying (TA) cells that go on to differentiate and cornify (reviewed in Fuchs and Raghavan). In this review we summarize current knowledge about the molecular regulation of proliferation and cornification in the developing mammalian epidermis. We focus on events in the interfollicular epidermis, with special emphasis on transcriptional regulation by p63, Notch, NF-kappaB/IKK, Hox, AP-1, AP-2, and C/EBP factors. We end with a discussion about perturbations in epidermal proliferation and cornification as they pertain to human skin pathologies.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Prevention of coronary restenosis with radiation therapy: a review.

The problem of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty remains the major limiting factor of the procedure. Over the last 10 years, investigators have been studying the use of radiation therapy for preventing restenosis after angioplasty or stent placement. Since radiotherapy has been proven in other cases to be effective in disrupting the cell cycle regulatory proteins and thereby slowing or stopping growth, it was decided to apply the same principle to neointimal hyperplasia. To review the data that have emerged regarding vascular radiation with an emphasis on irradiated stents, 65 articles were reviewed and both preclinical and clinical experiments were included. Overall, studies with gamma and beta radiation show promising results. Endovascular gamma radiation has been shown effective in randomized trials, even at 3-year follow-up. Beta radiation is preferred because of greater safety and localization, and because it has also shown encouraging results in initial clinical trials, as well as in larger randomized studies. Consequently, the Federal Drug Administration has approved the use of both. In both types of endovascular brachytherapy, it seems the greater the dose, the better the initial response. Safety concerns include an increased incidence of late thrombosis and greater restenosis at margins. With irradiated stents, however, the situation is not as clear. At times, animal models have presented confusing results. These have ranged from significant suppression of hyperplasia to outright adverse effects of radiation on the vessel wall. While some clinical trials have been encouraging, others have not. Follow-up of up to 1 year has been disappointing so far. Many issues, such as the "candy wrapper" effect and rebound hyperplasia, must be dealt with before this becomes a viable form of therapy. It has become clear that radiation therapy in this setting, while having potentially great benefits, can cause deleterious effects as well. However, the mixed bag of positive and negative results seen so far, and the attractiveness of stents or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty being "restenosis-proofed," eventually is cause for cautious optimism.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed2007

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease using a food and beverage intolerance, food and beverage avoidance diet.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in the outpatient with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a difficult but important challenge to recognize and treat. It is very helpful to have effective treatment approaches for IBS that are practical and use minimal medications. Because of the underlying chronic inflammation in IBD, IBS symptoms occur with increased frequency and severity, secondary to increased hypersensitivity to foods and beverages that stimulate the gastrointestinal tract. This paper discusses how to treat IBS in the IBD outpatient, with emphasis on using a food and beverage intolerance, avoidance diet. The adverse effects of many foods and beverages are amount dependent and can be delayed, additive, and cumulative. The specific types of foods and beverages that can induce IBS symptoms include milk and milk containing products; caffeine containing products; alcoholic beverages; fruits; fruit juices; spices; seasonings; diet beverages; diet foods; diet candies; diet gum; fast foods; condiments; fried foods; fatty foods; multigrain breads; sourdough breads; bagels; salads; salad dressings; vegetables; beans; red meats; gravies; spaghetti sauce; stews; nuts; popcorn; high fiber; and cookies, crackers, pretzels, cakes, and pies. The types of foods and beverages that are better tolerated include water; rice; plain pasta or noodles; baked or broiled potatoes; white breads; plain fish, chicken, turkey, or ham; eggs; dry cereals; soy or rice based products; peas; applesauce; cantaloupe; watermelon; fruit cocktail; margarine; jams; jellies; and peanut butter. Handouts that were developed based upon what worsens or helps IBS symptoms in patients are included to help patients learn which foods and beverages to avoid and which are better tolerated.

Food↗
PubMed1995

Influence of food groups and food diversity on breast cancer risk in Italy.

Although debate on breast cancer and diet has been concentrated on nutrients, assessment of the role of specific foods and food groups and variety of food intake retains a considerable importance. To further elucidate the role of dietary habits, 2,569 women with incident breast cancer (median age 55 years) and 2,588 control women (median age 56 years), hospitalised with acute non-neoplastic diseases, were interviewed between 1991 and 1994 in 6 different Italian areas. The validated food frequency questionnaire included 79 food items and recipes, which were grouped into 18 food groups (5 for "diversity" analyses purpose). After allowance for non-dietary confounding factors and total energy intake, significant trends of increasing breast cancer risk with increasing intake emerged for the following food groups: bread and cereal dishes, pork and processed meats, and sugar and candies. Conversely, high intake of milk, poultry, fish, raw vegetables, potatoes and coffee and tea seemed to exert a protection against the development of breast cancer. Intake of soups, eggs, other meats, cheese, cooked vegetables, citrus fruits, other fruits and cake and desserts were not significantly related to breast cancer risk. The variety of vegetable types consumed weekly seemed to have a beneficial effect beyond the advantage of high vegetable intake per se.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1992

Zinc(II) in saliva: determination of concentrations produced by different formulations of zinc gluconate lozenges containing common excipients.

A study of the pH of saliva produced by humans sucking hard candy lozenges containing zinc gluconate and citric acid demonstrated the probability that the formulation delivered an insignificant amount of the contained zinc as Zn2+. This could account for the negative results of several clinical studies of this lozenge and similar formulations as treatment for the common cold. Direct measurement of unbound Zn2+ in saliva from this and other zinc gluconate formulations was required to substantiate the inference from the pH study. A specific-ion-electrode assay method was developed. Using this method, it was found that saliva completely suppresses the ionization of zinc to free Zn2+ in the presence of citric acid or a 30-fold molar excess of mannitol plus sorbitol. Under the same conditions, however, the presence of an excess of glycine does not interfere with ionization to produce Zn2+. This finding supports the hypothesis that the positive clinical results of three studies were due to the use of formulations which release ionic zinc.

Excipients↗
PubMed2002

Direct analysis of volatile organic compounds in human breath using a miniaturized cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometer with a membrane inlet.

Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) coupled to a miniature mass spectrometer equipped with a cylindrical ion trap (CIT) analyzer was used to monitor the flavor components, 3-phenyl-2-propenal and methyl salicylate, found in cinnamon and wintergreen candies, respectively, directly from human breath. The poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membrane was operated in a trap-and-release mode, where the temperature of the membrane was cycled during the experiments, which permitted temporal resolution of the two compounds of interest, facilitating their observation in the complex sample. Under these thermally driven conditions, the 10-90% rise times for both compounds are similar (15 s for methyl salicylate, 17 s for 3-phenyl-2-propenal), but the difference in diffusivity means that the signal for 3-phenyl-2-propenal is delayed and the 10% point occurs 6 s later than that for wintergreen. Additional specificity needed for complex samples was gained by using tandem mass spectrometry.

Acrolein↗
PubMed2000

Role of cold receptors and menthol in thirst, the drive to breathe and arousal.

Menthol is widely used in candy, chewing gum, toothpastes, cigarettes and common cold medications. Menthol has been shown to stimulate cold receptors in the mouth and nose. The present paper puts forward the hypothesis that menthol, by its effects on oral and nasal cold receptors, may influence thirst, the drive to breathe, and arousal. The satisfying effects of menthol on thirst and breathing, together with an effect on arousal, may explain the popularity of menthol and account for the very large amount of menthol-containing products that are consumed each day.

Arousal↗
PubMed2001

Intragenic deletions at Atp7a in mouse models for Menkes disease.

Mottled mice have mutations in the copper-transporting ATPase Atp7a. They are proven models for the human disorder Menkes disease (MD), which results from mutations in a homologous gene. Mottled mice can be divided into three classes: class 1, in which affected males die before birth; class 2, in which affected males die in the early postnatal period; and class 3, in which affected males survive to adulthood. In humans, it has been shown that mutations that lead to a complete absence of functional protein cause classical MD, which is characterized by death of boys in early childhood. We hypothesized that the most severely affected mottled alleles would be the most likely to carry mutations equivalent to those causing classical MD and therefore undertook mutational analysis of several class 1 mottled alleles to assess whether these were appropriate models for the disease at the molecular level. Two novel mutations, a deletion of exons 11-14 in mottled spot and an insertion in exon 10 leading to missplicing in mottled candy, were identified. However, these are both "in-frame" mutations, as are the other eight Atp7a mutations reported to date, and therefore no frameshift or nonsense mutations have yet been associated with the mottled phenotype. This contrasts with the mutation spectrum associated with MD, emphasizing the need for caution when mottled mice are used as models for the clinical disorder.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed2002

What do middle school children bring in their bag lunches?

BACKGROUND: Limited documentation exists on nutritional characteristics of bag lunches, although about 30% of adolescents take them. This study describes: (a) the prevalence of different types of foods in bag lunches, (b) the number of kilocalories, percentage of kilocalories from fat, amount of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugar, and (c) the differences related to gender and grade. METHODS: In 24 middle schools, observations were made on 1,381 bag lunches (about 58 per school) during one semester. RESULTS: The most common bag lunch components were beverages and sandwiches. Fruits were more common than vegetables; non-chip snacks and chips were more common than cookies, candy, and cakes/pies. Bag lunches averaged 596.2 kcal (29.7% from fat), 20.8 g of total fat, 6.2 g of saturated fat, 32.6 mg of cholesterol, and 21.3 g of sugar. Boys' bag lunches had significantly more kilocalories, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and percentage of energy from fat than girls' lunches. Significant grade differences were found only for total fat and cholesterol, with seventh graders bringing more than sixth graders. CONCLUSION: More research on the nutritional quality of foods brought to school in bag lunches is important for gaining a better understanding about how to improve students' nutrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effects of olestra and sorbitol consumption on objective measures of diarrhea: impact of stool viscosity on common gastrointestinal symptoms.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of olestra and sorbitol consumption on three accepted objective measures of diarrhea (stool output >250 g/day, liquid/watery stools, bowel movement frequency >3/day), and how stool composition influences reports of common gastrointestinal symptoms. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared the effects of sorbitol (40 g/day in candy), a poorly absorbed sugar-alcohol with known osmotic effects, with those of olestra (20 or 40 g/day in potato chips), a nonabsorbed fat, on objective measures of stool composition and GI symptoms. Sixty-six subjects resided on a metabolic ward for 12 days: 2 days lead-in, 4 days baseline, 6 days treatment. Sorbitol 40 g/day resulted in loose/liquid stools within 1-3 h of consumption. In contrast, olestra resulted in a dose-responsive stool softening effect after 2-4 days of consumption. Subjects reported "diarrhea" when mean stool apparent viscosity (peak force (PF), g) decreased from a perceived "normal" (mean +/- SE, 1355 +/- 224 g PF; firm stool) to loose (260 +/- 68 g PF) stool. Mean apparent viscosity of stool during treatment: placebo, 1363 +/- 280 g (firm); olestra 20 g/day 743 +/- 65 g (soft); olestra 40 g/day, 563 +/- 105 g (soft); and sorbitol 40 g/day, 249 +/- 53 g (loose). Of the 1098 stool samples collected, 38% (419/1098) were rated by subjects as "diarrhea," yet only 2% of treatment days (all in the sorbitol treatment group) met commonly accepted criteria for a clinical diarrhea. Sorbitol, but not olestra, increased the severity of abdominal cramping, urgency and nausea compared to placebo. Olestra consumption, at levels far in excess of normal snacking conditions, resulted in a gradual stool softening effect after several days of consumption, did not meet any of the three objective measures of diarrhea, and did not increase GI symptoms. Sorbitol consumption, at only 80% of the dose requiring a "laxative effect" information label, resulted in rapid onset loose/liquid stools and a significant increase in abdominal cramping, urgency and nausea. Overall, subjects categorized stool as "diarrhea" when stool decreased from their perceived "normal," but the vast majority of these reports were not associated with clinically significant diarrhea.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Acrylamide in Japanese processed foods and factors affecting acrylamide level in potato chips and tea.

Acrylamide concentrations in processed foods sold in Japanese markets were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS methods. Most potato chips and whole potato-based fried snacks showed acrylamide concentration higher than 1000 microg/kg. The concentrations in non-whole potato based Japanese snacks, including rice crackers and candied sweet potatoes, were less tha. 350 microg/kg. Those in instant precooked noodles were less than 100 microg/kg with only one exception. The effect of storage condition of potato tubers on acrylamide concentration in potato chips after frying was also investigated. Sugar content in the tubers increased during cold storage, and the acrylamide concentration increased accordingly. The concentrations of asparagine and other amino acids, however, did not change during the cold storage. High correlations were observed between the acrylamide content in the chips and glucose and fructose contents in the tubers. This fact indicated that the limiting factor for acrylamide formation in potato chips is reducing sugar, not asparagine content in the tubers. Effects of roasting time and temperature on acrylamide concentration in roasted green tea are also described.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed1994

In vitro effect of aluminum chloride on choline acetyltransferase activity of the rat brain during postnatal growth.

A decrease in the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) has been well documented in brains from individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Bird et al., 1983; McGeer, 1984). Decreased ChAT activity was also found in dialysis encephalopathy victims, but this reduction was less marked than that observed in AD (Yates et al., 1980). The involvement of aluminum in the etiology of AD has been proposed by some authors on the basis of abnormal concentration of aluminum in autopsied brain samples from AD patients (Krishnan et al., 1987), in the neurofibrillary tangles (Perl and Pendlebury, 1986) and the neuritic plaques (Candy et al., 1986). King (1984) hypothesized that elevated levels of aluminum contribute to the cholinergic deficits in AD. Aluminum is considered to be the causal factor in dialysis encephalopathy (Alfrey et al., 1976), particularly in young children with azotemia (Andreoli et al., 1984). Several animal studies demonstrate in vivo an aluminum effect on ChAT (Yates et al., 1980; Hofstetter et al., 1987). The distribution of the cholinergic perikarya in the rat CNS has been established immunohistochemically using antisera to ChAT (Sofroniev et al., 1982). From the basal forebrain, ChAT positive fiber bundles could be followed to the olfactory bulb, neocortex and hippocampus (Ichikawa and Hirata, 1986). This paper examines the influence of aluminum chloride at different concentrations on the activity of ChAT in homogenates from basal forebrain and neostriatum of rats during postnatal growth.

Aluminum Chloride↗
PubMed1993

Bioproduction of an extract from Penicillium funiculosum Thom with activity against Ceratitis capitata and Tetranychus urticae.

The bioproduction conditions of a crude extract from a strain of Penicillium funiculosum Thom, which shows activity against Ceratitis capitata and Tetranychus urticae, have been optimized. The efficacy degree was 95% (C. capitata) and 100% (T. urticae), according to Abbot. This is the first report on the pesticide activity of an extract from P. funiculosum against these species. The best yields were obtained when P. funiculosum was grown in Raulin-Thom medium at pH 6.5 with sucrose candy as the carbon source and ammonium sulphate and phosphate as the nitrogen source. Other favourable conditions were static cultures, at 28 degrees C, and in the dark.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Obstructive sleep apnoea probably related to a foreign body.

A 2-year-old child was admitted because of sudden onset of symptoms compatible with obstructive sleep apnoea. Physical examination revealed slightly hypertrophic tonsils. A polygraphic study showed 150 apnoeic episodes of obstructive type during 8 h night sleep. A foreign body consisting of a piece of a celophane candy wrapper was found by surgery. Removal of the foreign body, the adenoids and tonsils resulted in a complete recovery. A second polygraphic study performed 4 months after surgery gave entirely normal results. A foreign body should be considered in the aetiology of obstructive sleep apnoea of sudden onset in children.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed1996

Cottonseed protein: what does the future hold?

Cottonseed protein has the potential to increase the world's food supply while decreasing the incidence of malnutrition among the world's hungry. Nutritionally, cottonseed flour compares favorably to other animal and vegetable protein sources, as it is low in fat and contains a substantial amount of high biological value protein. Animal studies, as well as human research, using gossypol-free glandless cottonseed flour have shown that cottonseed protein promotes growth, increased weight gain, and a positive nitrogen balance. Cottonseed protein food products have been shown to be a healthy addition to the diets of children, college-age women, and the elderly. With its light color and bland flavor, cottonseed has many uses in the food processing arena. Baked goods, snack foods and candy, as well as pet and livestock feed are just a few successful products developed utilizing cottonseed protein.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Training autistic children to urinate in the toilet through operant conditioning techniques.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of operant conditioning techniques to toilet train children in an autism ward of a hospital for developmentally disturbed children. Five profoundly retarded males with clear clinical manifestations of autism were selected as subjects. Records of the urination behavior of these subjects were kept during a baseline period and throughout the application of procedures. Appropriate urination behavior was immediately followed by positive reinforcers, such as candy, verbal praise, and physical affection. Inappropriate urination behavior was immediately followed by negative reinforces, verbal as well as physical. The results of this study show that operant conditioning techniques can be used to change the urination behavior of profoundly retarded autistic children even where other methods have failed. Factors requiring further investigation for their possible impact on the effectiveness of these procedures in toilet training autistic children are also discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1994

Compliance with parental prohibition in autistic children.

In a controlled observational study of young autistic children ages 3 to 5, responses to parental prohibition were compared to those of mental-age-matched mentally retarded and normal children. The children were prohibited from eating a candy offered to them by the experimenter. Behavioral response, affect, and gaze patterns were compared across the three groups. Autistic children exhibited significantly less compliant behavior than did children in the two control groups; this behavior correlated with chronological age, not with mental age, language development, or parental behavior. Although affect and gaze patterns of the autistic children were different from the controls, these patterns were not correlated with compliant behavior. In conclusion, when compared to mental-age-matched control groups, autistic children are significantly less compliant to parental prohibition and they show different gaze and affect patterns.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chromium content of foods and diets.

Comparatively few valid data are available on the chromium content of foods and on the dietary chromium (Cr) intake of various populations. This is chiefly because of the difficulties encountered in contamination control during sampling, sample pretreatment, and analysis. Moreover, there are several analytical problems involved that are mostly owing to the low concentration level of Cr in foods. However, with the recent establishment of food reference materials with certified low concentrations of Cr, the analytical validity of studies on Cr content of foods and on its dietary intake by various populations can be ascertained. With the exception of herbs and condiments, and certain other special food items with a relatively low average consumption rate, such as tea, coffee, and some candies, most foods contain Cr below 100 micrograms/kg. Staple foods, particularly cereals and milk, are very low (less than or equal to 10 micrograms/kg) in Cr, showing little or no geographic variation. Food processing may increase food Cr content depending on the process. Processes, such as meat grinding and homogenization using stainless-steel equipment, very strongly increase the Cr content of foods. Also, acidic fruit juices in contact with steel cans are high in Cr, whereas cooking in aluminium vessels reduces the Cr content of foods. Average dietary Cr intake seems to fluctuate considerably among countries. In many developing countries, such as Brazil, the Sudan, and Iran, the dietary intake is high, from 50-100 micrograms/d, whereas in certain developed countries, such as Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US, the intake is 50 micrograms/d or lower and, consequently, at or below the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake range of 50-200 micrograms/d established by the US National Academy of Sciences. The average Cr content of human milk is below 0.5 micrograms/L, thus resulting in a very low average intake of 0.3 microgram Cr/d by exclusively breast-fed infants in the US and Finland.

Chromium↗