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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Outcome of patients with lung cancer detected by mass screening versus presentation with symptoms.

Lung cancers in the early stages are frequently detected via mass screening in Japan. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of patients with lung cancer detected via mass screening and to compare them to those in whom the malignancy was detected by symptoms. A total of 774 untreated patients with lung cancer who were admitted to Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tsukuba University Hospital over a 20 year period up to 1995, were analyzed with reference to their reasons for detection of the cancer. In the mass screened group(116 patients), 50.0% of lung cancer was detected at stage I of TNM classification, while only 8.2% of patients with symptoms(561 patients) had stage I lung cancer (p = 0.0001). As lung cancers detected via mass screening were more often at operable stage (stage I, II or IIIA) (p = 0.0001), surgical treatment was chosen more frequently in the mass screened group(p = 0.0001). The outcome of patients with lung cancer detected via mass screening was more favorable than that of the patients detected by their symptoms (p = 0.0002). The early detection of lung cancer via mass screening contributes to improvement of the outcome.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1996

New method for breast cancer detection using TC-99m sestamibi scintimammography.

The combination of breast examination and radiographic mammography (XRMM) are the established methods for breast cancer detection. However, XRMM lacks sensitivity and specificity in women with dense breasts, leading to false positive findings in 80% and false negative findings in 10% to 15% of the cases. Tc-99m Sestamibi (MIBI) scintimammography (SMM) is a new breast-imaging technique. This study shows that SMM has a positive predictive value of 83% and negative predictive value of 93%, which is similar to that reported by others. This supports other published reports that SMM is a potential excellent complimentary imaging technique to XRMM in improving the accuracy of breast cancer detection.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Standards for plasma and serum proteomics in early cancer detection: a needs assessment report from the national institute of standards and technology--National Cancer Institute Standards, Methods, Assays, Reagents and Technologies Workshop, August 18-19, 2005.

NIST and the National Cancer Institute cosponsored a workshop on August 18-19, 2005, to examine needs for reference materials for early cancer detection. This meeting focused on standards, methods, assays, reagents, and technologies. Needs for plasma and serum proteomics, DNA methylation, and specimen reference collections were discussed, and recommendations from participants were solicited. This report summarizes the discussion and recommendations for proteomics reference materials.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2005

[Innovative concepts in early cancer detection and staging of localized prostate cancer].

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in males. Men aged 50 years and older are recommended to undergo an annual digital rectal examination (DRE) and determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in serum for early detection. Fortunately, disease-specific mortality continues to decline as a result of advances in screening, staging, and patient awareness. However, about 30% of men with a clinically organ-confined disease show evidence of extracapsular extension or seminal vesicle invasion on pathological analysis. Consequently, there is a need for more accurate diagnostic tools for planning tailored treatment. A variety of modern imaging techniques has been implemented in an attempt to obtain more precise staging, thereby allowing for more detailed counseling, and instituting optimum therapy. This review highlights developments in prostate cancer imaging that may improve staging and treatment planning for prostate cancer patients.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2002

New markers for cancer detection.

Circulating tumor nucleic acids in blood have been demonstrated to reflect the biologic characteristics of tumors. During tumor progression, aberrant DNA methylation can lead to transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and metastasis-inhibitor genes. Hypermethylation of multiple genes, detectable in the blood of cancer patients, has demonstrated increasing promise as a specific and sensitive molecular marker for detecting and monitoring cancer. In addition to these epigenetic markers, a number of mRNA markers may also enable cancer detection in the blood of patients with different cancer types. Quantification of circulating tumor cell mRNAs in cancer patients appears to be useful for monitoring cancer progression and response to treatment. DNA methylation markers and mRNA markers in the blood may open up diagnostic and prognostic possibilities.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of a prostate biopsy strategy for cancer detection using a computer simulation system with virtual needle biopsy for three-dimensional prostate models.

AIM: We evaluated a prostate biopsy strategy for cancer detection using a computer simulation system with virtual needle biopsy for three-dimensional (3D) prostate models. METHODS: Two 3D prostate models with a volume of 25 cc or 50 cc were constructed from computed tomographic images of radical prostatectomy specimens. The peripheral zone (PZ) and transition zone (TZ) were arranged in the prostate models according to the anatomical information. Four thousand patterns of cancer lesions were automatically inserted into each prostate model with a proportion of 75% in PZ and 25% in TZ. Average hit rates (AHR) in prostate models were evaluated both with an increased number of biopsy cores and various angles of virtual needle biopsy. The influence of adding secondary tumors for hit rates was also evaluated. RESULTS: For both sizes, the laterally angled biopsy in 4-8 core biopsy schemes showed higher AHR than the vertical plane biopsy, while the vertical plane biopsy in 10-18 core biopsy schemes showed higher AHR than the laterally angled biopsy. A higher number of biopsy cores increased the AHR of secondary tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that it is important in prostate cancer detection to change the needle placement according to the number of biopsy cores and the size of the prostate.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed2002

[Early lung cancer detection with low-dose CT: an update].

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from malignancy. Due to a lack of early symptoms patients usually undergo therapy at advanced tumor stages when prognosis is poor. Feasibility studies of low-dose spiral CT screening of heavy smokers have shown that many small, resectable lung cancers can be diagnosed at early stages using simple diagnostic algorithms based on size and attenuation of detected pulmonary nodules with a small proportion of invasive procedures for benign lesions. Preliminary results of repeat screening confirms small size and favourable stage distribution of detected cancers, using even simpler diagnostic algorithms: additional diagnostic procedures are only required in new or growing nodules whereas follow-up with low-dose CT is sufficient in nodules that appear unchanged to exclude slow growth. However, mortality reduction by lung cancer screening with low-dose CT has yet to be demonstrated. Several randomised controlled trials are under way to assess possible mortality reduction by comparison of mortalities in a screening group and a control group. It is hoped that through international cooperation data from these trials can be pooled to allow for statistically significant conclusions as early as possible.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The utility of ductal lavage in breast cancer detection and risk assessment.

Ductal lavage (DL) permits noninvasive retrieval of epithelial cells from the breast. Clinical development of this technique has been fueled largely by its potential, as yet unproven, to improve detection of breast cancer and definition of individual risk for development of breast cancer. Early studies demonstrate the feasibility of performing this technique, provide data on cellular yield and findings, and demonstrate the ability to measure molecular markers in DL fluid. However, the sensitivity and specificity of DL for the detection of breast cancer remains unknown, as does the significance of atypia, particularly mild atypia, when found in DL fluid. Although DL appears safe and the device is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, DL is still best utilized in the setting of clinical trials designed to resolve issues of sensitivity, specificity, and localization.

Breast↗
PubMed2001

Modeling cancer detection: tumor size as a source of information on unobservable stages of carcinogenesis.

This paper is concerned with modern approaches to mechanistic modeling of the process of cancer detection. Measurements of tumor size at diagnosis represent a valuable source of information to enrich statistical inference on the processes underlying tumor latency. One possible way of utilizing this information is to model cancer detection as a quantal response variable. In doing so, one relates the chance of detecting a tumor to its current size. We present various theoretical results emerging from this approach and illustrate their usefulness with numerical examples and analyses of epidemiological data. An alternative approach based on a threshold type mechanism of tumor detection is briefly described.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1981

Pathologic discriminants of breast cancers detected on screening by mammography and physical examination.

Pathologic discriminants such as lesion size, ratio of infiltrating to intraductal growth, histologic type, histologic grade, percentage tubule formation, lymph vessel invasion, and axillary lymph node metastases were used to analyze 183 breast cancers detected on screening by mammography and physical examination. In general, cancers detected only on mammography should be associated with favorable long-term survival because of their early stage. These lesions had histologic features indicating significant potential for subsequent metastatic spread, which would have occurred had screening been performed by physical examination alone.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

Cost analyses of prostate cancer screening: frameworks for discussion. Investigators of the American Cancer Society-National Prostate Cancer Detection Project.

Our recent cost analysis of prostate cancer early detection evaluated the economic performance of various prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening approaches, detected marginal cost variations with time and used a benefit-cost calculation as a framework for further discussion. Receiver operator characteristic analysis initially suggested an optimal test performance for PSA of 2 to 3 ng./ml. when used alone and at approximately 3 ng./ml. in combination with digital rectal examination. However, lower PSA decision levels require cost justifications. Marginal cost analysis demonstrated markedly decreased use of digital rectal examination by year 3 due to significantly lower sensitivity for incident cancer. The benefit-cost equation acknowledges that many parameters of cost and probability are not definitive to date yet illustrated major points for discussion. The cost parameters most sensitive to incremental change in decreasing order are the specificity of the screening test, benefits obtained from early therapy and prevalence of the disease. Discussions about improving the likelihood of overall benefit for the United States population should focus on these parameters, as well as social and ethical implications. If we assume minimized future expenditures for terminal cancer care via decreases in therapy choices or coverage, no economic benefit for screening exists. If we also assume that potential costs to society are not roughly approximated by any benefits, we may engender inappropriate attempts at cost reduction by effectively discouraging screening in the highest risk groups. Perhaps the greatest immediate cost control issue is the marked increase in prostate cancer detection in the oldest age groups who have the least likelihood of mortality or morbidity benefits. Current cost savings may be possible with improved public health education about the appropriateness of early detection in the oldest age groups or those with significant preexisting medical conditions.

American Cancer Society↗
PubMed1999

The clinical epidemiological investigation of diagnostic modalities in breast cancer detection--a comparison of ultrasonography and mammography.

We reviewed the medical records and images of 39 women with palpable breast masses, including 18 cases with breast cancer and 21 cases with benign breast mass, to compare diagnostic accuracy and clinical agreement between ultrasonography and mammography in breast cancer detection. We showed that the operating characteristics of ultrasonography, including sensitivity, specificity and positive likelihood ratio, were superior to that of mammography. We also confirmed that the established malignant criteria for malignancy, including lobulated shape, irregular contour and non-uniform internal echo in ultrasonography, and stellate mass in mammography, were statistically significant in distinguishing breast cancer from benign breast lesion. Moreover, the interobserver agreement kappa of ultrasonography and mammography were 0.64 and 0.59, respectively. Ultrasonography was also superior to mammography in attaining clinical agreement between the different observers in breast cancer detection.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

New SCM (structuredness of the cytoplasmatic matrix)-based approach in breast cancer detection.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: We evaluate the possibility to use a combination of techniques such as lymphocyte stimulation and the Cell Scan Instrument for early detection of breast cancer. This method can detect differences in lymphocytes activation in the presence of absence of cancer. METHODS: The Cell Scan is a static cytometer system able to examine cellular membrane polarization. We screened 88 women with benign breast lesions, 207 women with mammary carcinoma and 325 healthy blood donors. After lymphocytes separation, each blood sample was incubated with encephalitogenic factor (EF), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and Breast Antigen (-BrAg) then SCM test was performed. RESULTS: Positivity was 50% among breast cancer patients, 34% among women affected by benign disease and 27% and 22% respectively among healthy female and male controls with an increase of the specific predictivity of the test during the period of ovulation. A significant difference (P < 0.0001) was observed between healthy donors and breast cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: This results suggest that the Cell Scan test could be useful to investigate patient's immunogenicity to molecules known to be involved in tumor development and progression, such as oncogene or suppressor gene products, which could be appropriate targets for immune-derived therapeutic approaches.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast cancer detection behavior among urban women.

Data from the ongoing Los Angeles Health Study were analyzed to determine women's behavior and behavioral intentions regarding three modes of breast cancer detection behavior: breast self-examination (BSE), physician examination of the breasts, and mammography. Two questions were addressed: Are women who engage in one type of breast surveillance behavior likely to engage in all three? What are the social characteristics of women who engage in these breast cancer detection behaviors?The data indicated that women who had had a recent professional (physician) breast examination did not necessarily practice monthly BSE. Only 82 of a sample of 540 women had had mammography; thus, it was not possible to relate this type of surveillance to the other two types. However, 93 percent of the women interviewed indicated they would obtain a mammography examination if their physicians recommended it. There were few differences among the sociodemographic subgroups with respect to BSE and professional examination, with the exception that black women were more likely to report practicing monthly BSE than were white or Hispanic women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[No apparent correlation between the level of participation in the German early cancer detection program and the development of cancer mortality in females. An ecologic analysis].

Attendance rates of the German cancer screening programme and female cancer mortality rates (cancers of the uterus, breast, and colon-rectum) were calculated by age (5-year groups), region (Federal States) and period (annually; 1975-1982 for attendance rates, 1975-1984 for mortality rates). There was no apparent association of attendance and mortality pattern. This finding may be due to avoidable shortcomings in data collection. Programme effectiveness is unlikely to be demonstrated by more data of the same aggregate type. We have to collect information on screening histories linked to cause of death on a person-to-person basis. This can be done in retrospective case-control-studies or prospectively using records for cancer patients. Provisions for such studies are essential.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Prostate cancer detection with an improved resonance sensor system: parameter evaluation in a silicone model and on human prostate tissue in vitro.

The purpose of this study was to improve a resonance sensor system for prostate cancer detection and evaluate its performance on silicone with different hardness. Furthermore, to investigate if the instrument could distinguish between cancerous and normal prostate tissue in one in vitro prostate specimen. The system could measure the frequency shift, impression depth and the rise time of the force signal. The frequency shift, impression depth and the rise time described the relative hardness of silicone (n = 50, P < 0.05). The results from measurements on the prostate specimen indicated that there is a significant difference in the parameter data between cancerous and normal prostate tissue (n = 15, P < 0.05). The parameters' impression depth and force rise time adds important information for cancer detection. Further studies on prostate tissue with different tumour types must be performed in order to understand the full value of the new sensor system.

Acoustics↗