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PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of cytologic and histologic evaluations of the conjunctiva in the normal equine eye.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the cells observed in conjunctival brush cytology (CBC) from normal horses and compare these findings with conjunctival structural histology so as to understand which cells are recovered from CBC. METHODS: This study was divided into three parts. (1) Conjunctival brush smears were collected from 20 healthy horses on both eyes and a differential count on 300 cells was carried out on May Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) smears. (2) A similar protocol was used for whole eyes from five horses obtained rapidly after death from a slaughterhouse. The eyes were then assessed for conjunctival histology. (3) Cytobrush smears were collected from five healthy horses. Smears were examined after MGG or periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. RESULTS: The differential cell count showed a majority of deep and intermediate epithelial cells with very few superficial and goblet cells in both eyes. A stratified columnar to cuboidal epithelium was observed on nearly the whole surface of the conjunctiva. A stratified squamous type was observed at the palpebral and bulbar edges. Areas with highest mucus cell indices were found from the nasal to the temporal edge of the equine inferior conjunctiva in the upper palpebral segment near the fornix and in a part of the nasal fornix. In MGG smears no mucus cells were identified; however, they were numerous in PAS smears (22.6% +/- 11) and were mostly cylindrical cells (42.5% +/- 14.4 PAS positive). CONCLUSIONS: Cytobrush smears in the healthy horse are characterized by a majority of polyhedral and cylindrical cells and a few squamous cells. The cylindrical cells may be mucous cells and probably originate from the main stratified columnar to cuboidal epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Blockade by oral or parenteral RPR 100893 (a non-peptide NK1 receptor antagonist) of neurogenic plasma protein extravasation within guinea-pig dura mater and conjunctiva.

1. The ability of an NK1 receptor antagonist, RPR 100893, and its enantiomer, RPR 103253 to block neurogenic plasma protein extravasation in guinea-pig dura mater and conjunctiva was assessed following 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin ([125I]-BSA, 50 muCi kg-1, i.v.) and unilateral electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion (0.6 mA, 5 ms, 5 Hz, 5 min) or capsaicin administration (150 micrograms kg-1, i.v.). 2. When administered p.o. 60 min prior to electrical stimulation, RPR 100893 (> or = 0.1 microgram kg-1) decreased plasma protein extravasation in dura mater in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the enantiomer (10 or 100 micrograms kg-1, p.o.) was inactive. 3. When given i.v. 30 min prior to electrical stimulation, RPR 100893 (> or = 0.5 ng kg-1) significantly inhibited plasma protein extravasation in the dura mater evoked by electrical stimulation in a dose-dependent manner. 4. RPR 100893 (100 micrograms kg-1, p.o.) also reduced the leakage when given 45 min before the guinea-pigs were killed and 10, 40 and 80 min after electrical trigeminal stimulation. 5. RPR 100893 given p.o. dose-dependently inhibited capsaicin-induced plasma protein extravasation with ID50S of 7.4 micrograms kg-1 and 82 micrograms kg-1 for dura mater and conjunctiva, respectively. 6. These results are consistent with the contention that NK1 receptors mediate neurogenic plasma protein leakage following trigeminal stimulation, and suggest that NK1 receptor antagonists of the perhydroisoindolone series may be useful for treating migraine and cluster headaches.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1975

Bacterial flora of the normal conjunctiva. II. Methods of obtaining cultures.

The methods used for obtaining bacterial cultures from the normal conjunctiva were reviewed. A comparison was made between four methods; a) platinum loop, b)calcium alginate swab c) dry, and d) wet cotton wool swab, using agar (all methods) and serum-bouillon (methods b, c, d) as culture media. The comparisons were based on the isolation rate of Staphylococcus albus and corynebacteria. At the same time, four topical anaesthetics (benoxinate, tetracaine, proparacaine, cocaine) and one vital stain (tetrazolium - alcian blue mixture) instilled into the conjunctiva immediately before taking samples, were studied for their effects on the isolation rate of Staphylococcus albus and corynebacteria. For isolating Staphylococcus albus, method d was found to be superior to the others when the methods were used in the above mentioned order, and when agar was the only culture medium used. On the other hand, after instillation of the above mentioned eyedrops, causing the so-called "washing-out" effect (Fahmy et al. 1974), method a was found better than the others, providing the methods were used in the a-b-c-d order and when agar only was used. When considering the growth of Staphylococcus albus in serum boullion as well, methods b, c, and d were found equal in effect, but somewhat superior to a. Corynebacteria showed nearly the same isolation rate with all the methods before as well as after the instillation of eye drops.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Influence of cataract extraction on cornea and conjunctiva, assessed by vital staining.

A study of the post-operative course in 100 patients subjected to cataract extraction revealed fairly pronounced dehydration of the corneal epithelium and the generally non-exposed segment of the conjunctiva, estimated by Rose Bengal stainability. This dehydration was to become appreciably reduced from the first to the third post-operative day, reaching normal levels of Rose Bengal stainability. The exposed conjunctival segment showed a surprisingly low Rose Bengal stainability on the first post-operative day, in 10% declining until the third day. Disinfection with polyvinylpyrrolidine iodide was found not to alter the stainability of cornea and conjunctiva, compared with the commonly employed method of disinfection with tincture of iodine. In 34% 'bulla'-like formations localized in the superior half of the cornea were noticed on the first post-operative day. These were supposed to represent oedema. The percentage had declined to 20 on the third day.

Aged↗
PubMed1972

Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma conjunctivae sp. n. from sheep and goats with keratoconjunctivitis.

Fourteen conjunctival strains of mycoplasma were isolated from infected sheep and goats in two separate naturally occurring outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis (pink-eye). The biological and serological properties and cell protein patterns of these strains are presented in this report. These strains were related to each other and were unrelated to 40 recognized Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species and serotypes. We are proposing that this group of mycoplasmas be named M. conjunctivae. The role of M. conjunctivae in the etiology of keratoconjunctivitis in sheep and goats remains to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Identification of T and B lymphocytes in the human conjunctiva and lacrimal gland in ocular diseases.

The presence and localisation of T and B lymphocytes in biopsy specimens of human conjunctiva and lacrimal gland from 34 patients were studied in frozen sections. Eighteen patients had follicular conjunctivitis, 13 patients had Sjögren's syndrome, and 3 were normal. All cases of follicular conjunctivitis showed a similar picture. B cells were in higher number than T cells, but both types of lymphocytes were present in the infiltrates. In the developed follicles T cells occupied the periphery and B cells the central part of the infiltrates. In patients with Sjögren's syndrome the conjunctival biopsies showed a higher number of B lymphocytes. The number of T cells was higher in the lesions from Sjögren's syndrome than in cases of follicular conjunctivitis. The infiltrate in lacrimal gland biopsies showed T cells which were scattered while B cells were more numerous and formed clusters close to vessels. Normal conjunctiva and lacrimal gland showed no adherence of either sheep erythrocytes or human erythrocytes sensitised with antibody and complement.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1985

Distribution of tetracycline in the conjunctiva of patients on long term systemic doses.

After oral administration of tetracycline fluorescence has been detected in biopsy specimens taken from human and animal conjunctiva. The fluorescence is not uniform but appears to be concentrated in the goblet cells, around the blood vessels, and in a thin film on the external surface of the epithelium. Immersion studies suggest there is a selective binding to the surface of the conjunctiva.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1985

On the nature and the role of the subsurface vesicles in the outer epithelial cells of the conjunctiva.

The layer of the tear film in contact with the conjunctiva is mucus. This mucus comes from two sources, the conjunctival goblet cells and the subsurface vesicles. These vesicles are found just below the surface of the conjunctival cells. They contain long chain mucus glycoprotein molecules that are joined to the vesicle membrane. The vesicles fuse with the surface membrane of the conjunctival cells and expose their mucus glycoprotein chains to the overlying mucus. Chemical and physical bonds between the two types of mucus help to bind the mucus layer to the conjunctiva. The vesicle membrane becomes incorporated in the cell membrane and supplies the membranes for the microvilli that cover the exposed surface.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1990

Tuberculosis of the conjunctiva occurring in association with a neighbouring lupus vulgaris lesion.

A case of tuberculosis of the conjunctiva in association with a neighbouring lupus vulgaris lesion is reported. Both lesions resolved within one month of starting antituberculous therapy. Tuberculosis of the conjunctiva is nowadays a rare condition. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any unusual chronic conjunctivitis, particularly in patients who are at risk of contracting tuberculosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Lectin and immunohistochemical comparison of glycoconjugates in the conjunctiva of patients with and without exfoliation syndrome.

AIMS--The study was carried out to search for labelling similar to that of intraocular exfoliation material in the conjunctiva by light microscopy using lectin and immunohistochemistry. METHODS--Ten formalin fixed and paraffin embedded conjunctival biopsy specimens both from patients with and without exfoliation syndrome were studied with a panel of 11 lectins and with three monoclonal antibodies to the HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope, all of which react with intraocular exfoliation material. RESULTS--The lectin binding profile was essentially the same in specimens from patients with and without exfoliation syndrome. The superficial epithelium reacted similarly with Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA-E), Caragana arborescens (CAA), Helix pomatia (HPA), concanavalin A (ConA), and wheat germ (WGA) agglutinins. Binding was also detected with peanut (PNA) and Bauhinia purpurea (BPA) agglutinins, particularly in patients with exfoliation. The basement membrane generally reacted with Ricinus communis (RCA-I), PHA-E, Vicia villosa (VVA), ConA, and Lens culinaris (LCA) agglutinins. The stroma was weakly labelled with RCA-I, PHA-E, ConA, and LCA. Lectin binding to the vascular endothelium was moderate with RCA-I, PHA-E, CAA, ConA, LCA, and WGA. Inconsistent labelling was also detected with PNA, BPA, and Erythrina cristagalli agglutinin (ECA). The subendothelial region reacted weakly but consistently with PHA-E, ConA, and LCA, and inconsistently with PNA. Pretreatment with neuraminidase did not change that pattern. Antibodies to the HNK-1 epitope reacted only with myelinated stromal nerve branches. CONCLUSION--No evidence of abnormal deposits in any specimen was found. The carbohydrate composition of intraocular exfoliation material may differ from that of exfoliation-like fibres often detected in the conjunctiva by electron microscopy.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1989

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea-pig conjunctiva: studies with a second-generation leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist, MK-571.

The role of leukotriene D4 (LTD4) as a mediator of immediate hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea-pig conjunctiva was examined using a potent, second-generation LTD4 receptor antagonist, MK-571 (also known as L-660,711). The microvascular permeability changes in the guinea-pig conjunctiva following challenge with either LTD4 or antigen were measured through accumulation of intravenously administered 99mtechnetium-labeled albumin. Topical application of MK-571 (up to 2 h pretreatment) significantly inhibited the conjunctival responses to LTD4 (ED50 of 18-60 ng/eye) but not to histamine. The responses to a single topical antigen challenge in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs were significantly inhibited (44%) by topical treatment with MK-571, in contrast to the lack of effect previously observed with prototypic antagonists. The inhibitory effects of MK-571 did not involve an action on conversion of [3H]LTC4 to LTD4 and LTE4. Following a second antigen challenge (24 h after the first), MK-571 inhibited the resultant permeability changes by 78%. Specific histamine H1 and H2 antagonists similarly inhibited the responses to the first and second challenges (63 and 74%, respectively). The present study suggests that LTD4 is involved in conjunctival hypersensitivity reactions and that potent LTD4 receptor antagonists may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Transcript expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the conjunctiva following glaucoma filtration surgery in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To determine the changes in the expression of transcripts of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitor (TIMP) in the conjunctiva following glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). METHODS: The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method was performed on tissue specimens obtained from adult rabbits undergoing GFS at various postoperative time points. RESULTS: MMP 1 decreased more than 7-fold from its baseline level during the first 2 weeks following surgery. MMP 2 decreased on the 1st postoperative day, but increased on day 2, and remained elevated for 2 weeks. The postoperative level of MMP 14 did not change much from baseline except that noted on day 9. The TIMP 1 expression showed an early biphasic pattern. MMP 3 and MMP 9 were not detected in all the specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The transcript expression of MMPs and TIMP 1 in the conjunctiva is altered following GFS, with each gene product demonstrating a unique temporal pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The surface of the conjunctiva in domestic ruminants. A scanning electron microscopic investigation.

The surface of the conjunctiva was investigated in goats, sheep and bovines. The lid-facing surface of the nictitating membrane carries a serrated crest. At a low magnification the areas covered by a stratified squamous epithelium appear as a mosaic. In the superior and inferior conjunctival fornices the mucous membrane has a uniform appearance. Areas of goblet cells have an irregular appearance. Four functional stages can be observed in the goblet cells. At a high magnification the superficial cells of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva are covered by microplicae. In the fornix conjunctival microvilli project over the superficial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Characteristics of the cellular response of the rat conjunctiva to topically applied leukotriene B4.

Cellular events in the rat conjunctiva were studied at 1, 6 and 24 h following the topical application of leukotriene B4. A significant increase was noted in the number of eosinophils (p less than 0.01) and neutrophils (p less than 0.05) at 1 h and only in eosinophils at 6 h after leukotriene B4 application at the 2-micrograms dose. At the 200-ng dose, the eosinophil count was significantly elevated at 1 h only, and the number of neutrophils was not significantly changed at any time point. No significant increase in cell counts was observed at the 20-ng dose. In conclusion, certain doses of topically applied leukotriene B4 significantly increased the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in the rat conjunctiva.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1990

Determination of the interval during which one application of compound 48/80 to the rat conjunctiva influences the response to a second application.

We studied the effect of one application of compound 48/80 to the conjunctiva of the rat on the response to a subsequent challenge. Rats treated once showed conjunctival edema and marked degranulation of conjunctival mast cells. A second exposure to compound 48/80, applied after an interval of 24 h, produced slight clinical effects but had marked effects on conjunctival mast cells. Approximately 90% of the mast cells could no longer be observed by light microscopy. As the interval between initial challenge and rechallenge was increased, the clinical response returned, mast cells were again observable in normal numbers, and the extent of degranulation returned to approximately 50%. After an interval of 7 days, rats responded clinically as they had to the first application of compound 48/80. Although the number of mast cells in the conjunctiva was normal and extensive degranulation occurred, exocytosis was not observed. Thus some effects of the first application of compound 48/80 persisted for at least 1 week. Whether the effects observed depend upon the continued presence of compound 48/80 in the mast cell or granule membrane remains to be determined.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacodynamics of Amlexanox (AA-673) in normal and anaphylactic rat conjunctiva and its effect on histamine concentration.

The pharmacodynamics of Amlexanox (AA-673), an azoxanthone derivative recently developed as an ocular anti-allergic drug, were studied in normal and anaphylactic rat conjunctiva. Ocular anaphylaxis was induced by topical application of dithiothreitol and antigen challenge (egg albumin). The drug concentration was measured at 5, 30, 60 and 120 min after instillation of AA-673 0.25% ophthalmic solution. Histamine concentrations in the pretreated and untreated anaphylactic conjunctiva were compared. In both groups the drug concentration decreased exponentially with time, showing a marked delay in the anaphylactic group. There was a significant difference in histamine values between the pretreated and untreated groups.

Aminopyridines↗
PubMed2005

In vitro study of inflammatory potential and toxicity profile of latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost in conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells.

PURPOSE: Conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells were used to investigate, in vitro, the expression of various inflammation-associated markers known to be overexpressed in patients with glaucoma after contact with the three major commercially available eye drops containing prostaglandin analogues. The impact on cellular viability and apoptosis in the same cell line was evaluated, to address the possible proinflammatory and/or toxic origin of the most frequent clinical impairments induced by prostanoids (i.e., conjunctival hyperemia). METHODS: Conjunctiva-derived cells were treated in vitro with the commercial solutions of latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, prostaglandin (PG)F2alpha, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and different concentrations of benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Expressions of three inflammation- and immune-related markers, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 and HLA DR, were evaluated with flow cytometry after 24 to 72 hours of contact at low, subtoxic concentrations. Toxicological tests were also performed with cold-light cytofluorometry, in which cellular viability and apoptosis were evaluated with the neutral red and Hoechst/propidium iodide tests, respectively. RESULTS: TNFalpha induced or stimulated expression of the three inflammatory markers, whereas the PGF2alpha, latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost solutions did not induce an increase in these markers and even produced a marked reduction of ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 expression in those solutions most concentrated in BAC, thus suggesting a toxic phenomenon in cellular membranes induced by the preservative rather than the medication itself. Cytotoxic assays confirmed this hypothesis and showed significant toxicity with prostaglandin analogues after prolonged contact, proportional to the concentration of BAC in the solution and similar to that of the corresponding concentration of BAC alone, bimatoprost having both the least concentration of BAC and the least cytotoxic in these experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost, in their commercial formulations, showed that none of them appeared to induce direct stimulation of the inflammatory pathways involving adhesion molecules or class II antigens, although these markers have been found ex vivo in conjunctival specimens from patients treated with prostaglandins. In fact, their toxicity was mild and seemed to be primarily related to the concentration of BAC, their common preservative, which may be the major factor responsible for long-term ocular surface reactions in patients receiving topical prostaglandins, but most likely is not a factor in early and transient conjunctival hyperemia.

Amides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reconstruction of conjunctiva with amniotic membrane after excision of large conjunctival melanoma: a long-term study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate, on a long- term basis, the role of amniotic membrane in the reconstruction of large conjunctival defects after excision of large conjunctival melanoma. METHODS: Four consecutive patients with diffuse conjunctival melanoma involving both bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva were studied. Conjunctival melanoma was completely excised (with wide clinically disease-free margins) and amniotic membrane immediately sutured to the surrounding conjunctiva and sclera to cover the conjunctival defect. Minimum follow-up was 48 months. RESULTS: Successful conjunctival surface reconstruction and physiologic fornical depth were achieved in all patients within 6 weeks. No recurrence of primary melanoma was observed during long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Amniotic membrane transplantation is an effective alternative in ocular surface repairing surgery after removal of large conjunctival tumors.

Aged↗