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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Effects of cold storage on field and laboratory performance of Trichogramma carverae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and the response of three Trichogramma spp. (T. carverae, T. nr. brassicae, and T. funiculatum) to cold.

Delaying emergence of Trichogramma spp. is critical for commercial production. Here, diapause induction was considered for three species (Trichogramma nr. brassicae Bezdenko, Trichogramma carverae Oatman & Pinto, and Trichogramma funiculatum Carver), and the effect of storage temperature (4 degrees C, 8 degrees C, and 10 degrees C) and time (1-8 wk) was investigated for T. carverae. For all species, percentage of emergence was lowered after an initial diapause induction period (28 d at 14 degrees C and a photoperiod of 8:16 [L:D] h) and lowered further after 1-mo storage at 3 degrees C and a photoperiod of 0:24 (L:D) h. No wasps emerged after 2 mo of storage, suggesting that true diapause was not induced. The effect of 1-8-wk storage on wasp quality was investigated for T. carverae both in the laboratory and the field. Initial fieldwork suggested that this species could be successfully stored at 10 degrees C under continuous light (after 5-d development at 25 degrees C and a photoperiod of 16:8 [L:D] h) without reducing the ability of wasps to parasitize eggs in the field. In a second experiment, storage temperatures lower than 10 degrees C and storage times 3 wk or longer had a negative impact on emergence and longevity, and effects were not additive. Negative effects may partly reflect size changes, because size decreased in response to storage time, and there was an interaction between time and temperature effects on size. Storage time was the major factor influencing fecundity and field success; both fitness measures were reduced after storage of 3 wk or longer. T. carverae can therefore be successfully stored for up to 2 wk without detrimental effects, and 10 degrees C is the preferred storage temperature. T. carverae seems to survive unfavorable temperature conditions by entering a state of quiescence.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Are cold light sources really cold?

BACKGROUND: A fiber optic light source is the central part of endoscopic surgery. However, the light generation process causes heat transmission from a source to tip of a scope. In this study, we measured the amount of heating and pathologic effects of direct contact with the tip of scopes on the small bowel in an experimental set-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Temperature measurements were performed at the tip of 4 different scopes (Aesculap, Olympus, Karl Storz, and Richard Wolf), which were connected to either of 3 different xenon light sources (Olympus, Richard Wolf, Karl Storz). Temperatures at the outlet of light sources and the tip of fiber optic cables were measured as well. Tissue samples from the small bowel of a pig were obtained after exposing them to direct contact with the tip of the scopes or the fiber optic cable. RESULTS: The temperature measurements at the tip of the scopes varied between 60 degrees C and 100 degrees C (Celsius). The temperatures showed a wide variation according to the type of light source and fiber optic cable the scopes were connected to. The average temperature at the outlet of the light sources and the tip of fiber optic cables was 750 degrees C and 250 degrees C, respectively. The microscopic scores of the small bowel injury induced by exposition to the heat at the tip of the scopes were significantly high after 5 seconds of contact. Direct contact of the tip of the fiber optic cable caused total carbonization in the wall of the small bowel. CONCLUSION: Direct contact of the tip of the scope with small bowel may cause functional and cytologic injury even after short durations of exposure. Therefore, we do not recommend direct contact of scopes with the intra-abdominal organs to avoid heat injuries. In addition, this study also emphasizes the variation in heat generation at the tip of the scopes when used with a mismatching light source and fiber optic cable.

Animals↗