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PubMed2006

Relationship between adolescent amenorrhea and climacteric osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVES: The relationship between climacteric osteoporosis and disturbances in menstrual cycle during adolescence was examined. METHODS: Seven hundred and seventy-one questionnaires were shared out among women visiting the outpatient department for climacteric complaints for the first time between 2001 and 2004. Questions revealed the age, age at menarche and menopause, the regularity or irregularity of menstrual cycle during adolescence and adult ages. The bone mineral density was examined using the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) method on the lumbar spine. RESULTS: Six hundred and thirty-five of the 771 questionnaires were suitable for analysis. Osteoporosis was observed in 30.1% of the cases. Age, age at the menarche or at the menopause did not alter in the subgroups with or without osteoporosis. The incidence and severity of osteoporosis were significantly higher in patients reporting secondary amenorrhea during adolescent ages (42.1%; average BMD of the lumbar spine 71.6+/-3.9), as compared to the patients with normal cycle (30.4%; average BMD of the lumbar spine 84.8+/-7.8). No correlation between the occurrence of osteoporosis and the frequency of menstrual cycle during adulthood was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary amenorrhea during the years of adolescence might play a role in the development of more severe osteoporosis in menopause.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

1-methylcyclopropene increases storability and shelf life in climacteric and nonclimacteric plums.

The effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at three different doses (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 microL L(-1)) on the ripening processes of a climacteric, cv. Santa Rosa, and a suppressed climacteric type, cv. Golden Japan, plum was studied. For both cultivars, positive effects were observed in terms of inhibition of ethylene production and delays of the physical, chemical, and biochemical changes associated with ripening. 1-MCP-treated plums were firmer with lower weight loss, reduced degrees Brix/titratable acidity ratios, and lower color changes during cold storage and subsequent shelf life at 20 degrees C than controls. For most factors, the effectiveness of 1-MCP was dose-dependent in Santa Rosa but dose-independent for Golden Japan.

Cyclopropanes↗
PubMed2004

Estradiol and drospirenone for climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of three dose regimens.

METHOD: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of drospirenone (1, 2 or 3 mg) combined with estradiol (1 mg) in the treatment of climacteric symptoms in healthy postmenopausal women. RESULTS: The frequency of hot flushes was significantly decreased in all treatment groups (range 86-90%) in comparison to placebo (45%, p < or = 0.001) and remained suppressed at 16 weeks. Treatment with drospirenone and estradiol also decreased the intensity and severity of sweating, sleep problems, depression, nervousness, and urogenital symptoms. Most adverse events were mild or moderate, with similar rates observed in all groups. No serious adverse events or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities attributed to treatment occurred. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the combinations of 1, 2, and 3 mg drospirenone with 1 mg estradiol are safe and effective for the treatment of climacteric symptoms.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Quality of life and climacteric complaints amongst women seeking medical advice in Taiwan: assessment using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of the climacteric transition on health-related quality of life amongst women, between the ages of 45 and 55 years, seeking medical advice in Taiwan. METHOD: A total of 203 women seeking medical advice (SMA) were drawn from a special integrated clinic, with a further 349 healthy referents of the same age, range and gender, with no history of hormone replacement therapy and living in the same municipality, also being recruited from a national health survey sample for comparison. Each one was asked to fill out the brief questionnaire of the Taiwan version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF), assessing quality of life on 26 items in four domains (physical, psychological, social and environmental). SMA subjects were also questioned about the 21 most frequent symptoms. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to control variables such as age, marital status, religion and educational attainment. RESULTS: The mean scores for the physical, psychological and social domains were significantly lower than those of the healthy referents, as was the overall quality of life for SMA women. Although usual vasomotor symptoms did not significantly predict quality of life in the SMA subjects, after controlling for demographic factors, insomnia and emotional disturbance were found to be major determinants of the scores in the different domains. CONCLUSION: Insomnia and emotional disturbance should be taken into consideration in the management of climacteric women seeking medical advice.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

The influence of premenopausal hormones on severity of climacteric symptoms and use of HRT.

OBJECTIVES: There is wide variation in the severity of climacteric symptoms and we hypothesized that this could be a reflection of premenopausal hormone levels. METHODS: As part of a long-term cohort study of endocrine risk factors for breast cancer, blood had been collected between 1986 and 1990 from 1882 premenopausal women aged >or=35 years. Questionnaires on menopausal symptom severity were sent to 1,843 surviving women in 2001, of whom 1,434 replied. Estradiol, progesterone and testosterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 680 women who reported a natural menopause and completed the symptom severity section in full. RESULTS: Symptom severity fell with rising premenopausal estradiol levels and women with higher premenopausal testosterone levels had more severe vasomotor symptoms. Over 70% of women with above-median severity of symptoms had used hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Those with higher testosterone levels were less likely to take HRT. CONCLUSIONS: Premenopausal hormone levels may predict risk of severe menopausal symptoms, which in turn influences use of HRT. Paradoxically, a high testosterone level was associated with more vasomotor symptoms but reduced use of HRT. Those at greatest risk of climacteric symptoms may be at lower risk of breast cancer because of premenopausal reduced estrogen exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Involvement of ethylene signalling in a non-climacteric fruit: new elements regarding the regulation of ADH expression in grapevine.

Although grape berries have been classified as non-climacteric fruits, ongoing studies on grape ethylene signalling challenge the role of ethylene in their ripening. One of the significant molecular changes in berries is the up-regulation of ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.1) enzyme activity at the inception of fruit ripening and of VvADH2 transcript levels. This paper shows that the ethylene signal transduction pathway could be involved in the control of VvADH2 expression in grapevine berries and in cell suspensions. The induction of VvADH2 transcription, either in berries at the inception of ripening or in cell suspensions, was found to be partly inhibited by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene receptors. Treatment of cell suspensions with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (2-CEPA), an ethylene-releasing compound, also resulted in a significant increase in ADH activity and VvADH2 transcription under anaerobiosis, showing that concomitant ethylene and anaerobic treatments in cell suspensions could result in changes in VvADH2 expression. All these results associated with the presence in the VvADH2 promoter of regulatory elements for ethylene and anaerobic response, suggest that the ethylene transduction pathway and anaerobic stress could be, in part, involved in the regulation of VvADH2 expression in ripening berries and cell suspensions. These data open new aspects of the expression control of a ripening-related gene in a non-climacteric fruit.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2002

Novel insight into vascular, stress, and auxin-dependent and -independent gene expression programs in strawberry, a non-climacteric fruit.

Using cDNA microarrays, a comprehensive investigation of gene expression was carried out in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) fruit to understand the flow of events associated with its maturation and non-climacteric ripening. We detected key processes and novel genes not previously associated with fruit development and ripening, related to vascular development, oxidative stress, and auxin response. Microarray analysis during fruit development and in receptacle and seed (achene) tissues established an interesting parallelism in gene expression between the transdifferentiation of tracheary elements in Zinnia elegans and strawberry. One of the genes, CAD, common to both systems and encoding the lignin-related protein cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, was immunolocalized to immature xylem cells of the vascular bundles in the strawberry receptacle. To examine the importance of oxidative stress in ripening, gene expression was compared between fruit treated on-vine with a free radical generator and non-treated fruit. Of 46 genes induced, 20 were also ripening regulated. This might suggest that active gene expression is induced to cope with oxidative stress conditions during ripening or that the strawberry ripening transcriptional program is an oxidative stress-induced process. To gain insight into the hormonal control of non-climacteric fruit ripening, an additional microarray experiment was conducted comparing gene expression in fruit treated exogenously with auxin and control fruit. Novel auxin-dependent genes and processes were identified in addition to transcriptional programs acting independent of auxin mainly related to cell wall metabolism and stress response.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1992

Intact Leaves Exhibit a Climacteric-Like Rise in Ethylene Production before Abscission.

The rate of ethylene production by intact, attached leaves of cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) during aging and senescence was studied using a continuous flow system that allowed air around enclosed leaves to be scrubbed to collect and assay ethylene. Senescence of lower leaves began around 150 d after planting in a controlled environment room. A progressive decline in the ethylene production rate was observed when comparing the 3rd, 6th, and 10th leaves from the base with each other. Ethylene production rates of individual leaves also declined over a 50-d period. However, as leaves began to appear chlorotic, a peak of ethylene production occurred that lasted for about 4 d followed by abscission. This peak involved a 3-fold or greater increase in the rate of ethylene production. The data indicate that intact leaves experience a climacteric-like surge in ethylene production after visible symptoms of senescence appear. This "ethylene climacteric" is apparently the signal that initiates hydrolysis of cell walls in the abscission zone.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

ETHY. A theory of fruit climacteric ethylene emission.

A theory of fruit climacteric ethylene emission was developed and used as the basis of a simulation model called ETHY. According to the theory, the biosynthetic pathway of ethylene is supplied by ATP and is regulated by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase. The conjugation of ACC with malonate to form MACC was taken into account as a way to decrease the availability of ACC. Because of the seasonal increase of fruit volume, the dilution of biochemical compounds used in ETHY was taken into account. Finally, the ethylene diffusion across the skin was considered. The theory took into account the effect of temperature and O(2) and CO(2) internal concentrations on ethylene. The model was applied to peach (Prunus persica) fruit over 3 years, several leaf:fruit ratios, and irrigation conditions. An adequate ethylene increase was predicted without considering any increase in respiration during the ripening period, which suggests that the respiratory climacteric may not be required for ripening. Another important result of this study is the high sensitivity of ETHY to the parameters involved in the calculation of ACC oxidase and ACC synthase activities, ATP production, and skin surface and permeability. ETHY was also highly sensitive to changes in fruit growth and temperature.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1966

Sucrose density gradient distribution of mitochondrial protein and enzymes from preclimacteric and climacteric pears.

Mitochondrial fractions isolated from pears (Pyrus communis L.) at the climacteric minimum and peak were subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The distribution of protein and specific activities of 3 enzymes from this mitochondrial fraction were investigated.Cytochrome oxidase specific activity remained associated with the particulate fraction and increased slightly during the period in which respiration of the whole fruit reached its climacteric peak. Catalase and acid phosphatase specific activity was associated with both the particulate and the least dense region of the gradient and decreased with postharvest ripening.Evidence for several differences between the subcellular behavior of catalase and acid phosphatase from pear tissue compared to their counterparts isolated from mammalian cells is discussed. A general shift of maximum specific enzymic activities and protein distribution to lighter regions of the density gradient occurs with ripening, suggestive of diminution in size or density of intracellular particles.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1966

Protein and nucleic acid metabolism in fruits. I. Studies of amino acid incorporation during the climacteric rise in respiration of the avocado.

Incorporation of (14)C L-valine and (14)C L-leucine into protein of tissue slices of the avocado fruit was relatively high during the early stages of the climacteric rise, declined sharply thereafter, and was virtually absent at the peak. The incorporation of amino acids in the preclimacteric stage was markedly lower than during the early stage of the respiratory rise. By following incorporation in relation to uptake at several concentrations it was established that the results were not a reflection of endogenous dilution. Puromycin was effective as an inhibitor of incorporation but not of oxygen uptake. When respiration was at its maximum there was no protein synthesis. It was concluded, therefore, that the respiratory upsurge characteristic of the climacteric was not related directly to protein synthesis.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1967

Metabolic processes in cytoplasmic particles of the avocado fruit. IX. The oxidation of pyruvate and malate during the climacteric cycle.

Mitochondria isolated from preclimacteric avocado fruit oxidize pyruvate at a much lower rate than those separated from climacteric fruit. The external addition of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) increased the rate of pyruvate oxidation in both cases. The study of the influence of TPP on the rate of oxidation of malate by mitochondria obtained from both preclimacteric and climacteric fruit indicated that the effect of this cofactor could be understood by assuming that malate was converted to pyruvate. TPP stimulation of malate oxidation was prevented by arsenite, an inhibitor of keto acid oxidation. The addition of glutamate increased the rate of malate oxidation through the transamination of oxaloacetate. This suggests that the rate of oxidation of malate is highly dependent upon mechanisms which remove oxaloacetate efficiently. Incubation of mitochondria from preclimacteric fruit with malate-U-(14)C resulted in the labeling of oxaloacetate and the accumulation of labeled pyruvate. Addition of TPP to this system induced the rapid formation of citrate. This conversion was completely inhibited by arsenite. The results indicate that the ability to carry out the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids improves as the ripening process progresses. The idea was advanced that TPP available to the mitochondria plays an important controlling role.

Carbon Isotopes↗
PubMed1975

The control properties of phosphofructokinase in relation to the respiratory climacteric in banana fruit.

Glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose 1, 6-diphosphate, and triose phosphates, and the enzymes phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were extracted from banana fruit (Musa cavendishii, Lambert var. Valery) at the (a) preclimacteric, (b) climacteric rise, (c) climacteric peak, and (d) postclimacteric stages of ripening. The level of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate increased 20-fold whereas the concentration of other intermediates changed no more than 2.5-fold between stages a and c. For these same extracts, phosphofructokinase activity increased 2.5-fold whereas the activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase changed only fractionally. Substrate saturation studies (fructose 6-phosphate) of phosphofructokinase activity showed a decrease in the [S](0.5) from 5.6 to 1.7 mM betwen stages a and c. The enzyme from both sources seems to be regulated by a negative cooperative effect with the control being more stringent in the enzyme from stage a. The difference in enzyme activity is consistent with the increase in respiratory activity between the two stages.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Malate Oxidation and Cyanide-Insensitive Respiration in Avocado Mitochondria during the Climacteric Cycle.

After preparation on self-generated Percoll gradients, avocado (Persea americana Mill, var. Fuerte and Hass) mitochondria retain a high proportion of cyanide-insensitive respiration, especially with alpha-ketoglutarate and malate as substrates. Whereas alpha-ketoglutarate oxidation remains unchanged, the rate of malate oxidation increases as ripening advances through the climacteric. An enhancement of mitochondrial malic enzyme activity, measured by the accumulation of pyruvate, closely parallels the increase of malate oxidation. The capacity for cyanide-insensitive respiration is also considerably enhanced while respiratory control decreases (from 3.3 to 1.7), leading to high state 4 rates.Both malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme are functional in state 3, but malic enzyme appears to predominate before the addition of ADP and after its depletion. In the presence of cyanide, a membrane potential is generated when the alterntive pathway is operating. Cyanide-insensitive malate oxidation can be either coupled to the first phosphorylation site, sensitive to rotenone, or by-pass this site. In the absence of phosphate acceptor, malate oxidation is mainly carried out via malic enzyme and the alternative pathway. Experimental modification of the external mitochondrial environment in vitro (pH, NAD(+), glutamade) results in changes in malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activities, which also modify cyanide resistance. It appears that a functional connection exists between malic enzyme and the alternative pathway via a rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase and that this pathway is responsible, in part, for nonphosphorylating respiratory activity during the climacteric.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Chai-hu-gui-zhi-gan-jiang-tang regulates plasma interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor concentrations and improves depressed mood in climacteric women with insomnia.

This study was performed to compare the effects of Chai-hu-gui-zhi-gan-jiang-tang (Saiko-keishi-kankyo-to), an herbal medicine, in improving depressed mood and on plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) concentrations with those of anti-depressants in peri- and post-menopausal women. Ninety patients complaining of menopausal symptoms including insomnia who were diagnosed with mood disorder based on DSM-IV were recruited and separated into two groups (Chai-hu-gui-zhi-gan-jiang-tang group was selected on the basis of SHO for 42 cases, while anti-depressants were used for 48 cases), and plasma IL-6 and sIL-6R concentrations were determined before and after three months of the treatment. There were no significant differences in the decrease in both climacteric and Hamilton depression score after treatment between the two groups. Plasma IL-6 and sIL-6R concentrations were significantly lower in the Chai-hu-gui-zhi-gan-jiang-tang group (-34.8 +/- 15.5% and -22.4 +/- 14.6%, respectively) than in the anti-depressant group (7.5 +/- 4.8% and 2.4 +/- 3.8%, respectively) after 3 months of treatment. Correlations between rate of decrease in climacteric score and plasma IL-6 (R = 0.498, P = 0.0056) and sIL-6R (R = 0.512, P = 0.0045) concentrations were observed. Chai-hu-gui-zhi-gan-jiang-tang reduced plasma IL-6 and sIL-6R concentrations in relation to improvement of depressed mood during treatment. The findings of this study suggest that Chai-hu-gui-zhi-gan-jiang-tang has the potential to decrease morbidity by alleviation of stress reactions in peri- and post-menopausal women.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in symptoms, lipid and hormone levels after the administration of a cream with phytoestrogens in the Climacteric--preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the changes in lipid and hormone levels, as well as in symptoms, after topical application of a cream with phytoestrogens in postmenopausal women. METHODS: 30 postmenopausal women were studied. At baseline and 1 month after the beginning of treatment, levels of FSH, estradiol, estrone, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides were measured. Climacteric symptoms were evaluated with a modified Kupperman's index (KI). The subjects received a cream with phytoestrogens (n = 15) or placebo (cold cream) (n = 15) in a randomized, double-blind manner. Statistically significant differences were determined by Student's t test. RESULTS: No differences were found in hormones, lipids, or in KI between the groups. When comparing each group separately, only a significant decrease in KI was found, in both groups, at the end of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This cream with phytoestrogens had an effect only in climacteric symptoms, but similar to the placebo. The lack of effect in the other variables was probably due to the administration route, or to a lack of effect of this product.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2002

Climacteric: concept, consequence and care.

Climacteric is the period of life starting from the decline in ovarian activity until after the end of ovarian function. According to the definition, the period includes peri-menopause, menopause and post-menopause. Climacteric is considered to be a natural change of life which may be accompanied by various health consequences i.e., menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, or Alzheimer's disease. The key concept is that women enter menopause with different menopausal status for instances, natural menopause, surgical menopause, early menopause or even premature ovarian failure. Women may experience various health consequences due to the difference in genetic and environmental interaction. The prevalence and incidence of menopausal problems vary according to ethnic groups. For instance, Asian women seem to have less problems after menopause than their occidental counterparts. Nevertheless, the problems do exist and seem to be increasing due to the longer life expectancy and lifestyle changes of people in the region. Clinical decision in menopausal therapy can be determined according to health risk stratification. Appropriated menopausal therapeutic strategies include medical and non-medical modalities. The non-medical modalities are mainly focussed on lifestyle modification, while the medical modalities are classified as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and non-HRT. Those in the high risk group will probably benefit most from medication besides lifestyle modification. There are various types, doses, routes and regimens of medication which need to be appropriately matched with the proper women's characteristics. Those who have contraindications to HRT or can not tolerate its side effects may choose other alternatives eg, selective estrogen receptor modulators, bisphosphonates, calcitonin or calcium and vitamin D. The success of menopausal therapy is to give an appropriate therapeutic option to the right woman. The future direction of research will remain focussing on the development in diagnosis and menopausal therapy particularly the main three areas of health promotion, disease prevention and treatment. The trend of research and development will probably be concentrated on new pharmaceutical agents with more specific action and high selectivity in an attempt to maximize its efficacy and safety. Attention may be paid more on the convenience of drug administration to increase its compliance. Alternative medicine and appropriated technologies are also the fields of special interest of which research is underway.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of the hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular system, bone mass and memory in climacteric patients].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the hormone replacement therapy type estradiol-medroxyprogesterone and tibolona on cardiovascular system, bone mass and memory in the climacteric patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: From January through December 2001 at the Specialties Hospital No. 1, we included 77 consecutive climacteric patients. They were divided in 2 groups: premenopause in treatment with estradiol-medroxyprogesterone and postmenopause with tibolona. We studied cardiovascular system, the bone mass and memory. The statistical analysis was by means of t Student for difference between the groups. RESULTS: With the estradiol-medroxyprogesterone use, the blood pressure diminished significaticantly just for systolic pressure (-10.22/-6.38 mmHg). Cholesterol and triglyceride, both diminished significantly (-43.92 mg and -58.79 mg). There is not significance for the bone mass of lumbar-spine and femoral neck (+0.68% and +0.69%) as neither in the memory test (20-22). With the tibolona use, the blood pressure was not reduced significantly (-6.93/-1.94 mmHg), with single significant reduction for cholesterol (-25.83 mg and -18.15 mg), presenting bone mass significant improvement just for femoral neck (+0.13% and +0.84%) and without improving in the memory test (17-18). CONCLUSIONS: A diminution of lipids with the estradiol-medroxyprogesterone use, as well as reduction of the cholesterol and improvement of the bone mass with the tibolona use but without benefits in the memory test with both treatments.

Adult↗