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PubMed2006

Effect of early and late exposure to estrual ewes on ram sexual performance classifications.

This study was conducted to determine whether exposure of ram lambs to estrual ewes during their first autumn and again as adults just before serving capacity tests (SCT) affected the outcome of the sexual performance tests. Treatments were either early exposure of Polypay ram lambs (i.e., 7-8-mo-old rams with ewes for 17 d [n=30] or no early exposure [n=30]), and late exposure (i.e., 16-19-mo-old rams with estrual ewes for 3 d) or no exposure to estrual ewes in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. Three serving capacity tests were conducted immediately after the early exposure period for individual ram lambs that were exposed to ewes early. Three sham sexual performance tests (i.e., four ram lambs placed in test pens for 30-min without ewes) were conducted with ram lambs that were not exposed to ewes early. All rams were evaluated during nine 30-min serving capacity tests over a 2-mo period at 16-19 mo of age to determine sexual performance. Prior to serving capacity tests, one half of the rams from each early exposure treatment were exposed to estrual-induced ewes for 3 d. Specific sexual behaviors (e.g., sniffs, flehmens, foreleg kicks, vocalizations, mount attempts, mounts, and ejaculations) were recorded during serving capacity tests. Number of sniffs, flehmens, foreleg kicks, vocalizations, and mount attempts were summed without estimating the value of importance and analyzed as courtship behaviors. Sexual performance data were analyzed with Mixed model procedures for repeated measures. During serving capacity tests, the early exposed rams exhibited more courtships (40.3+/-8.0 versus 23.4+/-4.6; P<0.05; LSM+/-estimated SE), mounts (11.3+/-1.0 versus 7.7+/-0.9; P<0.01), and ejaculations (3.3+/-0.2 or 2.4+/-0.2; P<0.01) than rams not exposed to ewes as ram lambs, respectively. We conclude that early exposure of 7-8-mo-old ram lambs to estrual ewes improves sexual performance in serving capacity tests at 16-19 mo of age in most rams whereas, late exposure to estrual ewes for 3 d prior to serving capacity tests did not improve sexual performance scores.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Radiographic development of osteochondral abnormalities, in the hock and stifle of Dutch Warmblood foals, from age 1 to 11 months.

In a longitudinal study the hocks and stifles of Dutch Warmblood foals were radiographed at age 1 month and subsequently at intervals of 4 weeks. Forty-three foals were radiographed until age 5 months and 19 foals until age 11 months. The chance for the development of osteochondrosis was enhanced by using only offspring from diseased sires with radiographically proven OC at either the intermediate ridge of the distal tibia or the lateral ridge of the femoral trochlea. The radiographic appearances of the intermediate ridge of the distal tibia, the distal aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus and the midregion of the lateral ridge of the femoral trochlea were classified on a 0-4 scale using a standardised radiographic classification. At age 1 month the appearance of the intermediate ridge of the distal tibia was frequently abnormal (grades 1-3: 67%; grade 4: 1%). Abnormal appearances of the distal aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus were less common (grades 1-3: 25%; grade 4: 6%). The midregion of the lateral ridge of the femoral trochlea was predominantly normal (grade 0: 98%; grade 1: 2%). Initial abnormalities of the intermediate tibial ridge showed a marked tendency for regression. Progression was less common. Normal appearances rarely turned into abnormal. Only 18% of the hocks were still abnormal at this site at age 11 months. Abnormalities of the distal aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus showed a strong tendency towards resolution. Progression never occurred. Normal appearances seldom turned into abnormal. Only 3% of the hocks were still abnormal at this site at age 11 months. For both predilection sites in the hock normal and abnormal appearances were permanent from age 5 months. In the stifle, abnormal appearances of the midregion of the lateral ridge of the femoral trochlea became obvious from age 3 or 4 months. Subsequent progression was usually followed by regression and resolution, the appearance returned in most cases to normal at age 8 months. At 5 months, 20% of the stifles were abnormal, but at 11 months this percentage had decreased to 3%. Normal and abnormal appearances were permanent from age 8 months. Osteochondrosis of the main predilection sites in the hock and stifle develops very early in life. The majority of the lesions were temporary, the 'age of no return' was 5 months for the hock and 8 months for the stifle.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Angioarchitectural form, functional distributive pattern and classification of the filiform papillae on the crossbred Japanese cat tongue anterodorsal surface in scanning electron microscopic specimens.

The purpose of this study was to undertake a three-dimensional comparative observation of the angioarchitectural form, functional distributive pattern and classification of the filiform papillae (FiP) as they appear on the entire dorsal surface of the front of the Japanese cat tongue using microvascular cast specimens (MVCS). By means of the corrosive resin casting technique, the MVSC of the FiP of the cat tongue were prepared and examined in detail under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). On the frontal half of the anterodorsal surface of the anterior tongue, types I-V of the FiP are arranged in the form of a A with the point in the direction of the apex and in an oblique line running from the antero-central to both postero-peripheral regions. In the rear half of the anterodorsal surface of the anterior part of the tongue, types I-V of the FiP are arranged in the form of a V with the point in the direction of the root and in an oblique line running from both antero-peripheral regions to the postero-median region or towards the pharynx on the anterior centro-dorsal surface of the tongue. The FiP, arranged in an oblique line running fron the central to the apical part of both the periphery and the pharyngeal region of the cat tongue, can be classified into five types (Types I-V) according to the shape and size of the main process (MP), numbers of the accessory processes (AP) and regional position of the lozenge arrangement. FiP Types I-III consisted of an MP which contained a large spoon-shaped and concave network process, and the AP contained a bundle of spin-like processes arranged radially at the anterior basal margin of the MP. FiP Types IV and V consisted only of MP. It was conjectured that the lozenge arrangement of the A and V form FiPs, classified into five types (Types I-V) from the frontal portion of the anterodorsal surface toward the pharynx on the front of the tongue, play a functionally assistant role in the mastication of food and sucking of liquid, including milk.

Animals↗