Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Botrytis”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Extracellular proteinases of the isolate of Botrytis cinerea virulent to apple tissues.

B. cinerea produces extracellular acid proteinases: aspartic proteinase and carboxypeptidase, separable on CM-Sepharose CL-6B. Aspartic proteinase showed the maximum activity at pH 2.5-3.0, was inactivated by diazoacetyl-DL-norleucine methyl ester and was unable to hydrolyse carbobenzoxy Glu-Tyr. Carboxypeptidase showed the maximum activity at pH 4.7-5.0, was inactivated by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and carbobenzoxy-Glu-Tyr served as an efficient enzyme substrate. The isolated aspartic proteinase hydrolysed proteins in the preparations of apple cell walls. Excretion of aspartic proteinase by B. cinerea preceded that of carboxypeptidase.

Carboxypeptidases↗
PubMed1993

Mycelial elongation and sporulation of two fungi on amended media in light or dark.

Botrytis allii and Collectotrichum dematium are onion pathogens which can infect in the field and cause decay in storage. Some phenolics can hinder development of these fungi, but the effect of cytokinins is not clear. Cytokinins (kinetin or 6-benzyladenine) or phenolics (caffeic or chlorogenic acids) were added to agar at concentrations of 0 to 10(-3) M. Cultures were continuously irradiated with fluorescent light or maintained in the dark for 6 days. On unamended media, final mycelial elongation was 45 or 17.8 mm and sporulation was 28 or 10.6 x 10(4) spores/ml for Botrytis and Colletotrichum, respectively. For Botrytis, mycelial elongation was slightly (5%) but significantly increased and sporulation increased by 21% by incubation on phenolics as compared to cytokinins. Mycelial extension of Colletotrichum was not affected by amendment. Sporulation of Colletotrichum on kinetin was 16 to 28% greater than on the other amendments. As amendments concentration increased elongation of mycelia of both fungi decreased. Sporulation of Botrytis increased by 60% as amendment concentration increased from 0 to 10(-5) M and then decreased 25% at 10(-3) M. As amendment concentration increased from 0 to 10(-3) M, sporulation of Colletotrichum increased by 45%. Incubation in light increased mycelial extension 3 to 17% for Botrytis and Colletotrichum respectively, and sporulation was increased approximately 78% for both fungi. These compounds do not appear to inhibit development of these Botrytis or Colletotrichum species in culture.

Culture Media↗
PubMed2005

Secondary metabolites influence Arabidopsis/Botrytis interactions: variation in host production and pathogen sensitivity.

Numerous studies have suggested that plant/pathogen interactions are partially mediated via plant secondary metabolite production and corresponding pathogen tolerance. However, there are inconsistent reports on the ability of particular compounds to provide resistance to a pathogen. Most of these studies have focused on individual isolates of a given pathogen, suggesting that pathogens vary in their sensitivity to plant-produced toxins. We tested variability in virulence among pathogen isolates, and the impact on this by plant production of, and pathogen tolerance to, secondary metabolites. Botrytis cinerea isolates showed differing sensitivity to purified camalexin, and camalexin-sensitive isolates produced larger lesions on camalexin-deficient Arabidopsis genotypes than on the wild type. In contrast, the camalexin-insensitive isolate produced lesions of similar size on wild-type and camalexin-deficient Arabidopsis. Additional analysis with Arabidopsis secondary metabolite biosynthetic mutants suggests that Botrytis also has variable sensitivity to phenylpropanoids and glucosinolates. Furthermore, Botrytis infection generates a gradient of secondary metabolite responses emanating from the developing lesion, with the Botrytis isolate used determining the accumulation pattern. Collectively, our results indicate that Arabidopsis/Botrytis interactions are influenced at the metabolic level by variations in toxin production in the host and sensitivity in the pathogen.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1985

Volumetric aerobiological survey of conidial fungi in the North-East Netherlands. II. Comparison of aerobiological data and skin tests with mould extracts in an asthmatic population.

A study was undertaken to see whether the principal airborne fungi in the North-East Netherlands were also found to be the most reactive in skin testing. Atmospheric samples were taken weekly with the Andersen sampler, from April 1981, up to and including, June 1983. At the same time skin tests of 833 patients referred to the outpatient Departments of Pulmonology and Allergology, because of recurrent bronchial obstructive complaints and a suspected allergy, were studied for strongly positive skin reactivity to fungi. 4.6% of the patients reacted with a wheal of 10 mm diameter or more to one or more of the tested fungi. Almost three-quarters of the airborne fungal "flora" was composed of seven genera, namely (in order of occurrence): Cladosporium (42.6%), Botrytis (8.6%), Yeasts (7%), Penicillium (5.8%), Basidiomycetes (5.7%), Aspergillus (3.7%), and Alternaria (0.9%). In skin-testing, however, a different order of occurrence existed: namely: Beauveria (6.8%), Botrytis (6.1%), Aspergillus (4.7%), Mucor (3.8%), Epicoccum (3%), Cladosporium (2.3%), and Alternaria (1.1%). It is concluded that the most prevailing airborne moulds are not necessarily the most potent allergens, at least in skin testing. Aspergillus and Botrytis showed a high sensitization rate, while Cladosporium and Alternaria did not. Botrytis deserves further study because of its frequent airborne occurrence and marked allergenic properties.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Removal of herbicides from liquid media by fungi isolated from a contaminated soil.

Fungi were isolated from soil samples corresponding to pesticide-contaminated soil (CS) and noncontaminated soil (NCS) in the Annaba vicinity (Algeria) and identified. The number of isolates obtained from CS and NCS were 263 and 288, respectively. The most frequent species (Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, Absidia corymbifera, and Rhizopus microsporus var microsporus) were not sensitive to the pesticides. The growth of the genus Trichoderma was inhibited by the pesticides, while genera Absidia and Fusarium were stimulated. The 53 species isolated were assayed for their ability to remove metribuzin from liquid medium. Only Botrytis cinerea from NCS and Sordaria superba and Absidia fusca from CS removed more than 50% of the compound after 5 d. Metamitron was very resistant. Among the 21 species tested, only Alternaria solani (from NCS), Drechslera australiensis (from CS and NCS), and Absidia fusca (from CS) reduced the concentration in the medium more than 10% (10-16%). Twelve species were grown with linuron, seven of them were inefficient in removing this compound. The two strains of Sordaria macrospora yielded 22 to 25% depletion, while Botrytis cinerea depleted linuron almost completely. Among the 31 species assayed for their ability to eliminate metobromuron, Botrytis cinerea (from CS and NCS) depleted almost completely the chemical from the medium. Rhizopus oryzae and Absidia fusca from CS removed 40 and 47% of the compound, respectively. No systematic relationships were observed between the soil contamination and herbicide elimination capacities of soil fungi. Absidia fusca and Botrytis cinerea were particularly interesting for bioremediation purposes because they were able to transform efficiently three of the four compounds assayed.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1987

[Determination of specific IgE against 16 widespread mould genera. Improvement of the efficacy of the diagnosis of allergy to moulds].

Serum samples from 55 Scandinavian and US patients with a clinical history of mould allergy were screened for specific IgE Ab against 16 different moulds, the 6 mould in the Phadebas RAST panel and 10 new moulds. The studies were performed using RAST-based techniques and the nitrocellulose immunoblotting method. The RAST screening of the patient panel, revealed that 42 patients (76%) had specific IgE to at least one of the 16 moulds. The two most frequent moulds were Rhizopus and Botrytis positive in 29 patients (53%) and 27 patients (42%), respectively. Top three in terms of frequency in the US patient group were: Rhizopus greater than Botrytis greater than Phoma and in the Scandinavian group: Cladosporium greater than Botrytis greater than Helminthosporium. 15 patients (27%) were negative against the moulds in the Phadebas RAST panel, but had specific IgE against one or more of the 10 new moulds. IgE Ab concentrations measured with different genera showed different degrees of positive concordance, e.g. Botrytis-Helminthosporium (79%) and Alternaria-Rhizopus (38%), indicating complex patterns of crossreacting and genus specific allergens. This was confirmed by immunoblotting with 22 (greater than 1 PRU/ml) of the 55 sera showing up to 25 IgE binding components. The results strongly suggest that the importance of some mould genera has been underestimated as allergens.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed2003

Tandemly duplicated Arabidopsis genes that encode polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins are regulated coordinately by different signal transduction pathways in response to fungal infection.

Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are plant proteins that counteract fungal polygalacturonases, which are important virulence factors. Like many other plant defense proteins, PGIPs are encoded by gene families, but the roles of individual genes in these families are poorly understood. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis, two tandemly duplicated PGIP genes are upregulated coordinately in response to Botrytis cinerea infection, but through separate signal transduction pathways. AtPGIP2 expression is mediated by jasmonate and requires COI1 and JAR1, whereas AtPGIP1 expression is upregulated strongly by oligogalacturonides but is unaffected by salicylic acid, jasmonate, or ethylene. Both AtPGIP1 and AtPGIP2 encode functional inhibitors of polygalacturonase from Botrytis, and their overexpression in Arabidopsis significantly reduces Botrytis disease symptoms. Therefore, gene duplication followed by the divergence of promoter regions may result in different modes of regulation of similar defensive proteins, thereby enhancing the likelihood of defense gene activation during pathogen infection.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1975

The effect of volatile and gaseous metabolites of swelling seeds on germination of fungal spores.

Effects of volatile and gaseous metabolites of swelling seeds of pea, bean, wheat, corn cucumber, tomato, lentil, carrot, red papper and lettuce on germination of spores of five genera of fungi were found to depend rather on the fungal than on the plant genus. Germination of spores of Botrytis cinerea, Mucor racemosus and Trichoderma viride was most severely inhibited. Spores of Verticillium dahliae were less sensitive and germination of spores of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited only in two cases. On the other hand, exudates of pea and bean stimulated germination of spores of Fusarium oxysporum. Also spores of Trichoderma viride germinated better in an atmosphere enriched with exuded metabolites of swelling lettuce seeds. When carbon dioxide produced by the swelling seeds was absorbed in potassium hydroxide, spores of Trichoderma viride and Verticillium dahliae did not germinate at all, the inhibitory effects of volatile and gaseous exudates on germination of spores of Mucor racemosus were accentuated, and also the percentage of germinated spores of Fusarium oxysporum decreased. Germination of spores of Botrytis cinerea was not influenced. Absorption of volatile and gaseous metabolites in a solution of potassium permanganate decreased in most cases their inhibitory effects, particularly in Botrytis cinerea.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2005

Spoilage of vegetable crops by bacteria and fungi and related health hazards.

After harvest, vegetables are often spoiled by a wide variety of microorganisms including many bacterial and fungal species. The most common bacterial agents are Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas spp., Corynebacterium, Xanthomonas campestris, and lactic acid bacteria with E. carotovora being the most common, attacking virtually every vegetable type. Fungi commonly causing spoilage of fresh vegetables are Botrytis cinerea, various species of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Phomopsis, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phoma, Phytophthora, Pythium and Rhizopus spp., Botrytis cinerea, Ceratocystis fimbriata, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and some mildews. A few of these organisms show a substrate preference whereas others such as Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Phytophthora, and Rhizopus spp., affect a wide variety of vegetables causing devastating losses. Many of these agents enter the plant tissue through mechanical or chilling injuries, or after the skin barrier has been broken down by other organisms. Besides causing huge economic losses, some fungal species could produce toxic metabolites in the affected sites, constituting a potential health hazard for humans. Additionally, vegetables have often served as vehicles for pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites and were implicated in many food borne illness outbreaks. In order to slow down vegetable spoilage and minimize the associated adverse health effects, great caution should be taken to follow strict hygiene, good agricultural practices (GAPs) and good manufacturing practices (GMPs) during cultivation, harvest, storage, transport, and marketing.

Bacteria↗