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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[The Republic of Letters and French physicians on the eve of the French Revolution: the case of Esprit Calvet].

In the broad Republic of Letters of the second half of the eighteenth century, physicians played an important but singular role. The majority of them were forced to earn their daily bread, so only belonged to the Republic in their leisure hours. Inhabiting a double universe--the everyday world of their profession and the more refined world of their intellectual hobbies--they had to negotiate continually between the two. This liminal position of the citizen-physician is recaptured in this article through the example of a physician of the Midi, Esprit Calvet of Avignon (1728--1810). Calvet left a huge correspondence, thanks to which this duality between the practising physician and the citizen of the Republic of Letters can be studied in detail. On the one hand, this is a correspondence between the physician and his patients, augmented by letters between the physician and other physicians on medical topics. On the other hand, it is a correspondence between the physician and other men of science on non-medical subjects (archaeology, botany, bibliophily, poetry, etc.).

Correspondence as Topic↗
PubMed2005

Highland macrolichen flora of Northwestern Yunnan, China.

Fifty-six species in 36 genera of macrolichens are reported from the Zhongdian area, northwest Yunnan, China during the lichenological expedition for highland macrolichen survey in June, 2004. More than 60% of these species have not been reported in South Korea. All of the 182 collected specimens are deposited in the Korean Lichen Research Institute (KoLRI) at Sunchon National University in Korea, and some of them are duplicated in the lichen herbarium, Crytogamic Herbarium, Kunming Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica (KUN-L) in China. This is the first report on the macrolichen flora in the visited areas.

Altitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Using methods of plant biotechnology for conservation and study of the world flora biodiversity].

Ex situ germplasm bank of plant species of world flora has been created at the Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine as a result of investigations in the fields of botany and plant biotechnology. At present the bank contains more than 4000 samples in seed bank and more than 2000 cell lines in in vitro bank. The germplasm bank which has been put on the List of scientific objects of national property of Ukraine is the basis of elaboration ofbiotechnological methods of plant biodiversity preservation and of plant material screening for biologically active substances.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

["Medicus Educandus": considerations on the Nova institutionum medicarum idea (1712) by G. B. Morgagni].

On March 17, 1712, Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771) inaugurated the course of medical theory entrusted to him with his inaugural lecture "Nova institutionum medicarum idea", given to the press in the same year in Padua. In it, the author presented the educational project for the "medicus perfectissimus". In his proposal, the curriculum had to include studies on religious and human law, logic and rhetoric, mathematics, philosophy, chemistry, botany, pharmacy and therapy, in addition to an in-depth study of morphology also in its pathological aspects. Morgagni's educational method proposed adherence to empirical data, encouragement to search for the truth through observations and experiments. Against the Paduan university cultural setting, which saw its Renaissance lustre and prestige diminished, Morgagni's inaugural lecture seems to be a proposal that embodies the expectations also felt by other intellectuals of the period, such as Scipione Maffei in his university study reform project.

Curriculum↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Herbs as a food and medicine source in Palestine.

This article describes the broad ethno-botany and folk medicine in Palestine. It presents examples of different edible plants and their use by Palestinians in a host of manners, fresh, cooked and dried, both as foodstuffs and treatment of diseases and medical disorders. Their potential application as cancer chemopreventive agents needs to be a focus of research attention.

Arabs↗
PubMed2004

The history of the plant embryo. Terminology and visualization from ancient until modern times.

Since ancient times comparisons between embryonic forms of humans, animals, and plants are known. In deciphering a plant embryo and its development, one applied a specific zoomorphic terminology. Until the 17th century naturalists who studied plants were inspired by the concepts of ancient natural philosophy. Since then plant embryos are visualized by drawings and diagrammatic sketches. In the 18th century the embryo became an important issue in debates concerning theories of generation and the analogy between animal egg and vegetable seed was emphasized. Due to the cell theory and refined microscopic techniques around 1850 botanists described the 'plant embryo' as an aggregate of cells. The 20th century profited of further technical improvements, e.g. microphotography, SEM, and plant tissue culture. The spell of the word embryo integrated morphological and morphogenetic data in botany and served as a code to decipher botanic forms. The paper presents a short history of the concept of 'plant embryo' and focuses on its distinct meanings over centuries, supported by different images.

Embryology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A fundamental plant evolutionary problem: the origin of land-plant sporophyte; is a new hypothesis possible?

The origin of the sporophyte in land plants represents a fundamental phase in the plant evolution. Today this subject is controversial and, in my opinion, scarcely considered in our textbooks and journals of botany, in spite of its importance. There are two conflicting theories concerning the origin of the alternating generations in land plants: the "antithetic" and the "homologous" theory. These have never been fully resolved. The antithetic theory maintains that the sporophyte and gametophyte generations are fundamentally dissimilar and that the sporophyte originated in an ancestor organism with haplontic cycle by the zygote dividing mitotically rather than meiotically, and with a developmental pattern not copying the developmental events of the gametophyte. The sporophyte generation was an innovation of critical significance for the land-plant evolution. By contrast, the homologous theory simply stated that a mass of cells forming mitotically from the zygote adopted the same developmental plan of the gametophyte, but giving origin to a diploid sporophyte. In this context, a very important question concerns the possible ancestor or ancestors of the land plants. Considerable evidences at morphological, cytological, ultrastructural, biochemical and, especially, molecular level, strongly suggest that the land plants or Embryophyta (both vascular and non-vascular) evolved from green algal ancestor(s), similar to those belonging to the genus Coleochaete, Chara and Nitella, living today. Their organism is haploid for most of their life cycle, and diploid only in the zygote phase (haplontic cycle). On the contrary, the land plants are characterized by a diplo-haplontic life cycle. Several questions are implied in these theories, and numerous problems remain to be solved, such as, for example, the morphological difference between gametophyte and sporophyte (heteromorphism, already present in the first land plants, the bryophytes), and the strong gap existing between these last with a sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte, and the pteridophytes having the gametophyte and sporophyte generations independent. On the ground of all of the evidences on the ancestors of the land plants, the antithetic theory is considered more plausible than the homologous theory. Unfortunately, no phylogenetic relationship exists between some green algae with diplontic life cycle and the land plants. Otherwise, perhaps, it should be possible to hypothesize another scenario in which to place the origin of the alternating generations of the land plants. In this case, could the gametophyte be formed by gametes produced from the sporophyte, through their mitoses or a delayed fertilization process?

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2006

Pharmacology at the Jagiellonian University in Kracow, short review of contribution to global science and cardiovascular research through 400 years of history.

Pharmacology at the Jagiellonian University was taught since the foundation of the University in 1364 under then used names of medical botany and pharmacognosy. The first in Poland Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy was created in 1857. Modern era in the history of pharmacology in Krakow starts in 1929 when Prof. Janusz Supniewski became the Head of the Department. He was the relentless researcher whose scientific interests were as diverse as ranging from anticancer chemotherapeutics, antibiotics, and oral hypoglycemic drugs to lipid-lowering agents. Skills of organic chemistry synthesis were of paramount importance for the scientific achievements. Prof. Supniewski died in 1964, leaving the Department well equipped in instruments. He raised in his laboratory many eminent scientists who later became heads of pharmacology departments throughout Poland. In 1964, the Head of the Department of Pharmacology became Prof. Ryszard Gryglewski. Under his leadership the Department focused scientific efforts on various aspects of cardiovascular pharmacology. Prof. Gryglewski established collaborations with many of the best pharmacology researchers in the world, including Sir John Vane, Nobel Prize laureate. Prof. Gryglewski's assistants had ample opportunity to train in these laboratories and to bring these skills back to Krakow. Prof. Gryglewski and his team published many articles in the most prestigious scientific journals. The most important themes included discovery of prostacyclin, role of nitric oxide and of free radicals for vascular biology. Since 2003, when Prof. Gryglewski retired, the Department of Pharmacology has been led by Prof. Ryszard Korbut.

Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

[The library of an early 17th century physician: the Canevari collection of the Berio Library in Genoa].

The Canevari Collection of the Berio Library in Genoa has about 2,400 works dating from the 1400s to the death of its first owner, the Genoese Demetrio Canevari (Genoa 1559 - Rome 1625), in 1625. The library of Demetrio Canevari was left to us thanks to his will which stipulates how his heirs are to maintain it and who or what institutions could claim ownership of it. The Canevari Collection is a scientific library that contains important medical texts such as the treatises on anatomy by Vesalio and Fabrizi d'Acquapendente or the ancient editions of Galeno and Avicenna. There are also numerous works in the fields of chemistry, botany, zoology and philosophy. The library is a testament of a critical period in the evolution of scientific thought. The catalogue of the Canevari Collection was published by Rodolfo Savelli in 1974. The manuscript catalogue of the library, written by Canevari himself is kept within the Opera Pia "Sussidio Canevari Demetrio" which was founded by Canevari to benefit his descendants.

Catalogs, Library↗
PubMed2005

[Robert Francois Laugier (1722-1793): a Lorraine physician in Europe of the lights].

Robert François Laugier was born in Nancy in 1722. He was the son of an apothecary who began an apprenticeship in this field, but then became a medical student. His thesis, in 1748, was on a subject in chemistry. Interested in botany, he went to Vienna, at the request of the last Duke of Lorraine, to direct the botanical garden. He had an important place in the Imperial court and was professor at the University until 1769. On his return to Nancy in 1769, he was elected to the local academy and may then have gone to Strasbourg. He became a professor at the University of Modena and died in Reggio in 1793. Robert (de) Laugier is remembered by his book, well known in pharmaceutical bibliography, Institutiones pharmaceuticae sive philosophia pharmaceutica, which appeared in 1788 and 1793, and by his work to improve the design of the alembic.

France↗
PubMed1991

[The founding of the Association of Pharmacists 1783 to 1784].

The Czech Association of Pharmacists was established as a state-constituted professional organization by the decree of the Czech Government dated 11 March 1784, the initiator of the decree being Josef Gottfried Mikan (1742-1818), the then Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Professor of Botany and Chemistry at Charles University. His correspondence with the government between 10 February and 16 May 1784, preserved in the State Central Archives, Prague, clearly demonstrates Mikan's main contribution to the issue of the decree. In his letter of 10 February 1784, he asked the government to order the establishment of a compulsory nation-wide association of pharmacists. Their meetings were to be presided by dean of the faculty in order to prevent disorders which he did not specify and evaluate at all. The pharmacists of Prague were acquainted with the governmental decree of 23 February, 1784, at the Carolinum Hall on 6 March, 1784. The decree included Mikan's requirements and the introduction of tests for pharmacists' apprentices (tirones) prior to the journeyman's examination and compulsory registration of employed pharmacists (subjecti) at the Faculty of Medicine. These supplements to education were added by the government. The Prague pharmacist Ignác Broz, the owner of the Golden Bear pharmacy since 1763, was appointed chairman of the Association. The governmental decree of 11 March 1784, including the above-mentioned regulations, was sent to all districts of Bohemia. The emperor was informed about the decision of the government by a letter dated as late as 17 June 1784.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Czechoslovakia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occurrence and clinical profile of the sensitization to Chenopodium in the province of Córdoba (Spain).

The sensitization to pollen from the Amarantaceae and Chenopodiaceae families is responsible for some pollinoses according to various authors. Following an aeropalynological carried out by the Botany Division of our University, we investigated the sensitization to Chenopodium in our pollinic patients in order to establish their clinical patterns. We evaluated 14 variables in Chenopodium-sensitive (CHE +) and nonsensitive (CHE -) patients; the results were analysed by using a computerized statistical programme. Of the 1,000 records reviewed, 38% corresponded to pollinic patients, of whom 8.42% were sensitive to pollen from this family. We found no significant differences between the two groups in the parameters representative of atopic features (e.g. eosinophilia, IgE). However, marked differences were indeed found in the age of appearance of symptoms, frequency of clinical pictures, origin of the patients, duration of the symptoms and evolution upon immunotherapeutic treatment not involving this antigen. These findings endow the sensitization to Chenopodium with special features which should be taken into account in choosing a specific treatment.

Air↗
PubMed1990

[Hallucinogenic psilocybine containing mushrooms. Toxins contained in Danish wild mushrooms].

A number of the wild Danish mushrooms contain the hallucinogenic agent psilocybin which resembles LSD in many ways. The commonest of these are the "liberty cap" or "magic mushrooms" (Psilocybe semilanceata). On the basis of experience from USA and western Europa, increase in employment of this mushrooms as a hallucinogenic intoxicant may be anticipated in Denmark. The history, epidemiology, botany and pharmacology of the mushroom are reviewed. Clinical pictures and treatment are described for: 1) Acute poisoning with psilocybin-containing fungi, 2) Late sequelae of consumption of psilocybin-containing fungi and 3) Poisoning with more poisonous fungi on account of incorrect identification. General practitioners, duty roster doctors, doctors in casualty departments and in acute psychiatric departments should be aware of these problems. Intoxication with psilocybin may be confused with panic anxiety or euphoria in persons with mydriasis and other sympathomimetic symptoms. The possibility of more serious mushroom poisoning on account of incorrect identification should be borne in mind.

Denmark↗
PubMed1989

[History of anatomy in Strasbourg].

When printing came into being, Strasbourg played a crucial role in the dissemination of the knowledge on anatomy, especially with the publication of Brunschwig's famous treatise on surgery in 1497. The first official human dissection in Strasbourg was performed in 1517. The teaching of medicine really began with the establishment of the Academy in 1566, but it was only in 1652 that a specific chair was created for anatomy. The first anatomical theatre was opened in 1670 in a secularized church contiguous to the city hospital. Until 1708, the teaching of anatomy is combined with that of botany; it was only from this date that anatomy was to be associated with surgery, and such was the case until the French Revolution. During the nineteenth century an impressive museum of anatomy was gradually established in Strasbourg. In 1872, after the annexation of Alsace, when the new german university was created, normal and pathological anatomy were separated and each chair attached to a particular institute. The building housing the institutes of normal and pathological anatomy was inaugurated in 1877 and is still used today. In 1919, when the Faculty of medicine was reorganized after Alsace was restored to France, histology and embryology were definitively separated from anatomy. Many famous anatomists worked in Strasbourg, among whom are to be found: J. G. von Andernach (1497-1574), T. Lauth (1758-1826), F. D. Reisseissen (1773-1828), J. F. Lobstein (1777-1835), E. A. Lauth (1803-1837), E. Küss (1815-1871), E. Koeberlé (1828-1915), E. Beaunis (1830-1921), H. D. Bouchard (1833-1899), J. G. Joessel (1838-1892), W. Waldeyer (1836-1921), G. Schwalbe (1844-1916), W. Pfitzner (1853-1903), F. Keibel (1861-1929), A. Forster (1878-1957) and Ph. Bellocq (1888-1962).

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1989

[The history of nosology in dermatology].

The Hippocratic texts give evidence of the first structured interest in skin diseases. Nosological preoccupations, then at their beginning, put the stress on the connections between general pathology and diseases affecting the skin, and by creating a vocabulary. The Hippocratic texts give evidence of the first structured interest in skin diseases. Nosological preoccupations, then at their beginning, put the stress on the connections between general pathology and diseases affecting the skin, and by creating a vocabulary drawn from the vegetal world initiated a long-lasting relationship between dermatology and botany. The centuries which followed witnessed a wealth of descriptions which, thanks in particular to the works of Celsus, Galen and the Arab authors, led to the formation of true medical encyclopaedias, although the diagnosis of skin diseases could not be approached. The outline of a rational dermatological thinking did not appear until the 17th century with Haffenreffer, Riolan and Willis, all influenced by Malpighi, Harvey and Sydenham. Then came the 18th century with Astruc, Turner and Lorry. But it was in fact J. Plenck who devised the first nosology that could be used in clinical practice by creating the elementary lesion principle, later revised and refined by Willan and Bateman. In contradistinction with this artificial nosology, the French school of Alibert endeavoured to set up a natural nosology unfortunately spoiled by a certain lack of pragmatism. In the second half of the 19th century three main schools of thought emerged: Hebra's, who raised the nosological approach to an anatomical level, Hardy, Bazin's, who gave predominance to diathesis, and Wilson's, who attempted a synthesis of the first two schools. At the dawn of the 20th century the dogmatism of morphological systematization seemed to wane and be superseded by an aetiological approach, then reappeared in Degos' treatise published in 1953. The latest nosologies acknowledge the importance of clinical data but give first rank to the physiopathology of diseases, sometimes replacing the anatomical systematization by a relative biological systematization which evolves with technological advances.

Dermatology↗
PubMed1988

Thirty-five years of Tropical biology: a quantitative history.

Citation indices are inappropriate measures of scientific output and impact. For that reason, nonparametric statistics were preferred to analyze 35 years of publication on Tropical biology in the Revista de Biología Tropical. The most frequent subjects are animal taxonomy, human biology-including medicine- ecology and animal behavior. Botany papers are less frequent and mainly deal with morphology and taxonomy. Applied studies are not predominant. In that period, only one case of unethical experimentation with humans was discovered in a paper of Mexican origin. The proportion of foreign institutions publishing in the journal has increased from 23% (1953-1963) to 50% in the last decade; similarly, the number of studies done in the Neotropics is on the rise. English and Spanish are equally frequent, although English is the basic language of ethology and evolution and Spanish predominates in papers on animal morphology and parasitology. Most Costa Rican authors publish in Spanish, in contrast with many of their Latin American colleagues. In recent years, there is a tendency to publish shorter papers written by more than one author. The Revista de Biología Tropical, covered by 18 data bases, accounts for most exchanges and sales in the Universidad de Costa Rica and has worldwide distribution.

Biology↗
PubMed1988

Berry identification by emergency health care providers.

Emergency Department (ED) visits due to environmental toxins increase during summer and autumn months for multiple factors, including outdoor activities which permit proximity to wild berries and seeds. The Poison Center (PC) may be involved in this exposure by initial referral or by contact with emergency medicine personnel on patient arrival. Berry identification can be enhanced by considering the month and the basic berry description; positive identification can be made only be visual inspection. When, and if, the berry is identified, appropriate treatment can be instituted (as gastric emptying may not be indicated for every plant/wild berry ingestion). Regional AAPCC data was reviewed, and the most common berry exposures in this locale comprised the basis for the testing vehicle. Slides from the authors' collections were utilized in the examination. Examinees included emergency medicine physicians and nurses at an urban teaching hospital who attended a 40-minute presentation and discussion. Zero percent correctly identified all 10 specimens. Less than 10% of the berries were identified correctly by common name, and fewer examinees were able to correctly determine the presence/absence of potential toxicity. No difference in scores based on sex or professional experience was noted. An obvious implication is to increase emergency health care providers' education in locale-specific medical botany.

Emergency Medicine↗