Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Blood Specimen Collection”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Blood values of juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) obtained using a portable clinical analyzer.

BACKGROUND: Sick, injured, or orphaned juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustisrostris) treated at rehabilitation centers frequently present with abnormalities in blood sodium, potassium, chloride, BUN, and glucose concentrations, and HCT. These abnormalities could be detected rapidly using a portable blood analyzer, but results with this analysis method do not necessarily equate with those obtained using other techniques. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to better assess the clinical relevance of values obtained from a portable analyzer and to compare the results with values obtained using more common methods of analysis. METHODS: Heparinized whole blood samples were collected from 20 rehabilitated juvenile northern elephant seals. A portable clinical analyzer (i-STAT, i-STAT Corp, East Windsor, NJ, USA) was used to establish baseline values. Serum biochemical values were obtained using an automated chemical analyzer (Olympus AU5200, Olympus America, Melville, NY, USA). HCT was determined using EDTA whole blood and a cell counter. RESULTS: Using the portable analyzer, mean (minimum-maximum) values were obtained for sodium, 143 (132-146) mmol/L; potassium, 4.4 (3.9-5.8) mmol/L; chloride, 106 (101-109) mmol/L; BUN, 1.8 (1.1-2.4) mmol/L; glucose, 7.55 (5.99-8.49) mmol/L; and HCT, 0.55 (0.52-0.61) L/L. Average differences between methods were small for potassium (-0.45 mmol/L), BUN (0.1 mmol/L), and HCT (0.037 L/L) but were large for sodium (-6.8 mmol/L), chloride (-6.4 mmol/L), and glucose (-0.56 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the i-STAT portable analyzer could be useful for clinically assessing juvenile elephant seals. However, when making medical decisions, the clinician should be aware of differences associated with various analyzers and sample types.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Renal medullary AA amyloidosis, hepatocyte dissociation and multinucleated hepatocytes in a 14-year-old free-ranging lioness (Panthera leo).

A 14-year-old lioness, originating from Etosha in Namibia, and a member of a pride in Pilanesberg National Park since translocation in 1994, was euthanased due to fight-related vertebral fracture and spinal injury, incurred approximately 6-8 weeks previously. Blood specimens collected at the time of death showed mild anaemia and a leukogram reflecting stress and chronic infection. Necropsy conducted within 2 hours of death was on a dehydrated, emaciated animal with hindquarter wasting and chronic traumatic friction injuries from dragging her hindlegs. There was cellulitis in the region of bite-wounds adjacent to the thoraco-lumbar vertebral fracture, at which site there was spinal cord compression, and there was marked intestinal helminthiasis. The outer renal medullae appeared pale and waxy and the liver was macroscopically unremarkable. Histopathology and electron microscopy of the kidneys revealed multifocal to coalescing deposits of proximal medullary interstitial amyloid, which fluoresced strongly with thioflavine T, and was sensitive to potassium permanganate treatment prior to Congo Red staining, thus indicating inflammatory (AA) origin. There was diffuse hepatocyte dissociation, as well as numerous binucleated and scattered multinucleated (up to 8 nuclei/cell) hepatocytes, with swollen hepatocyte mitochondria, in liver examined light microscopically. Ultrastructurally, the mono-, bi- and multinucleated hepatocytes contained multifocal irregular membrane-bound accumulations of finely-granular, amorphous material both intra-cytoplasmically and intra-nuclearly, as well as evidence of irreversible mitochondrial injury. The incidence and relevance in cats and other species of amyloidosis, particularly with renal medullary distribution, as well as of hepatocyte dissociation and multinucleation, as reported in selected literature, is briefly overviewed and their occurrence in this lioness is discussed.

Amyloidosis↗
PubMed2001

Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection in the United States, 1998 through 2000.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial contamination of blood components can result in transfusion-transmitted infection, but the risk is not established. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Suspected cases of transfusion-transmitted bacteremia were reported to the CDC by participating blood collection facilities and transfusion services affiliated with the American Red Cross, AABB, or Department of Defense blood programs from 1998 through 2000. A case was defined as any transfusion reaction meeting clinical criteria in which the same organism species was cultured from a blood component and from recipient blood, with the organism pair confirmed as identical by molecular typing. RESULTS: There were 34 cases and 9 deaths. The rate of transfusion-transmitted bacteremia (in events/million units) was 9.98 for single-donor platelets, 10.64 for pooled platelets, and 0.21 for RBC units; for fatal reactions, the rates were 1.94, 2.22, and 0.13, respectively. Patients at greatest risk for death received components containing gram-negative organisms (OR, 7.5; 95% CI, 1.3-64.2; p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Bacterial contamination of blood is an important cause of transfusion-transmitted infection; infection risk from platelet transfusion is higher compared with that from RBCs, and, overall, the risk of infection from bacterial contamination now may exceed that from viral agents. Recipients of components containing gram-negative organisms are at highest risk for transfusion-related death. The results of this study may help direct efforts to improve transfusion-related patient safety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Extended acclimatization is required to eliminate stress effects of periodic blood-sampling procedures on vasoactive hormones and blood volume in beagle dogs.

Important in all experimental animal studies is the need to control stress stimuli associated with environmental change and experimental procedures. As the stress response involves alterations in levels of vasoactive hormones, ensuing changes in cardiovascular parameters may confound experimental outcomes. Accordingly, we evaluated the duration required for dogs (n = 4) to acclimatized to frequent blood sampling that involved different procedures. On each sampling occasion during a 6-week period, dogs were removed from their pen to a laboratory area and blood was collected either by venepuncture (days 2, 15, 34, 41) for plasma renin activity (PRA), epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine, aldosterone, insulin, and atrial natriuretic peptide, or by cannulation (dogs restrained in slings; days 1, 8, 14, 22, 30, 33, 37, 40) for determination of haematocrit (HCT) alone (days 1 to 22) or HCT with plasma volume (PV; days 30 to 40). PRA was higher on days 2 and 15 compared with days 34 and 41 and had decreased by up to 48% by the end of the study (day 41 vs day 15; mean/SEM: 1.18/0.27 vs 2.88/0.79 ng ANG I/ml/h, respectively). EPI showed a time-related decrease from days 2 to 34, during which mean values had decreased by 51% (mean/SEM: 279/29 vs 134/20.9 pg/ml for days 2 and 34, respectively), but appeared stable from then on. None of the other hormones showed any significant variability throughout the course of the study. HCT was relatively variable between days 1 to 22 but stabilized from day 30, after which all mean values were approximately 6% lower than those between days 1 and 8. We conclude that an acclimatization period of at least 4 weeks is required to eliminate stress-related effects in dogs associated with periodic blood sampling.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2005

Factors affecting the formation of white particulate matter in red blood cell components.

BACKGROUND: Recently white particulate matter (WPM) in red blood cell (RBC) components has received increased attention. The nature and causes of WPM formation were investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Whole-blood units were collected from 18 healthy subjects with three different types of collection sets. Six units were collected into each type. Units were divided into four equal parts and stored for 4 hours: two parts at room temperature and two at 4 degrees C. RBCs were prepared from each quarter-unit: two by heavy centrifugation (5000 x g) and two by light centrifugation (2000 x g). Whole blood was inspected for WPM over 4 hours and RBCs over 1 hour. RESULTS: No WPM was detected in whole blood, but WPM was detected in at least one RBC component from 9 of the 18 donations. The 36 components prepared by heavy centrifugation were more likely to contain WPM than the 36 prepared by light centrifugation (50% vs. 19%; p < 0.02). The incidence of WPM was similar among RBCs stored at room temperature and 4 degrees C. Donors of RBCs with WPM had higher total cholesterol levels than donors of components without WPM (191 +/- 20 mg/dL vs. 163 +/- 32 mg/dL; p < 0.04), but there was no difference in triglyceride levels between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: WPM is an expected consequence of standard RBC manufacturing methods, but it is more frequent in RBCs prepared by heavy centrifugation and from donors with higher cholesterol levels.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion.

BACKGROUND: Concerns regarding the safety of transfused blood, have prompted reconsideration of the use of allogeneic (blood from an unrelated donor) red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, and a range of techniques to minimise transfusion requirements. OBJECTIVES: To examine the evidence for the efficacy of cell salvage in reducing allogeneic blood transfusion and the evidence for any effect on clinical outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Current Contents and the websites of international health technology assessment agencies. The reference lists in identified trials and review articles were also searched, and study authors were contacted to identify additional studies. The searches were updated in January 2004. SELECTION CRITERIA: Controlled parallel group trials in which adult patients, scheduled for non-urgent surgery, were randomised to cell salvage, or to a control group, who did not receive the intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently screened search results, extracted data and assessed methodological quality. The main outcomes measures were the number of patients exposed to allogeneic red cell transfusion, and the amount of blood transfused. Other outcomes measured were re-operation for bleeding, blood loss, post-operative complications (thrombosis, infection, non-fatal myocardial infarction, renal failure), mortality, and length of hospital stay (LOS). MAIN RESULTS: Overall, the use of cell salvage reduced the rate of exposure to allogeneic RBC transfusion by a relative 39% (relative risk [RR] = 0.61: 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52 to 0.71). The absolute reduction in risk (ARR) of receiving an allogeneic RBC transfusion was 23% (95% CI 16% to 30%). In orthopaedic procedures the RR of exposure to RBC transfusion was 0.42 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.54) compared to 0.77 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.87) for cardiac procedures. The use of cell salvage resulted in an average saving of 0.67 units of allogeneic RBC per patient (weighted mean difference was -0.64; 95% CI -0.89 to -0.45). Cell salvage did not appear to impact adversely on clinical outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest cell salvage is efficacious in reducing the need for allogeneic red cell transfusion in adult elective surgery. However, the methodological quality of trials was poor. As the trials were unblinded and lacked adequate concealment of treatment allocation, transfusion practices may have been influenced by knowledge of the patients' treatment status biasing the results in favour of cell salvage.

Blood Specimen Collection↗
PubMed1999

Differences in residual white blood cell subset counts in buffy coat-depleted red cell concentrates prepared with bottom and top or quadruple-bag systems.

BACKGROUND: For preparation of buffy coat-depleted red cell concentrates (RCCs) in additive solution whole blood is currently collected in The Netherlands both in quadruple-bag and bottom and top bag systems. By using the quadruple-bag system both plasma and buffy coat cells are transferred into integrated satellite bags while the red cells remain in the collection bag. When bottom and top bags are used, the buffy coat remains in the collection bag while both red cells and plasma are transferred into satellite bags. The difference in processing prompted us to perform quantitative analysis of residual WBC subsets in buffy coat-depleted RCCs. Differences in removal of specific cells with the buffy coat could improve the outcome of additional filtration procedures aiming at complete removal of specific WBC subsets. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The buffy coat was removed in semiautomated procedures (Optipress I; Compomat G4) from units of whole blood collected in both bag systems. Paired samples were taken before and after removal of the buffy coat for counting and analyzing WBC subsets by flow cytometry using subset-specific monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: All RCCs met the criteria from the guidelines of the Council of Europe. The percentage of residual total WBCs was lower (p<0.001) in RCCs processed in bottom and top bag systems (26% Compomat and 18% Optipress) as compared to RCCs processed in quadruple-bag systems (43% Compomat). WBC subset analysis in RCCs processed in quadruple-bag systems showed approximately 25% of residual T cells, B cells and monocytes and 60% of residual granulocytes. In contrast, WBC subset analysis in RCCs processed in bottom and top bag systems showed approximately 2% residual T cells, B cells, and monocytes and 35% residual granulocytes; in about 45% of units, lymphocytes and monocytes were even below the detection limit of flow cytometry analysis. CONCLUSION: Buffy coat-depleted RCCs are currently processed in bottom and top bag or quadruple-bag systems, the former being superior to the latter due to selective depletion of lymphocytes and monocytes by 98% (2 logs). The bottom and top procedure is an evident contribution to leukodepletion in blood transfusion, both with and without additional filtration.

Blood Component Removal↗
PubMed2004

Factors affecting the efficacy of peripheral blood progenitor cells collections by large-volume leukaphereses with standardized processing volumes.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) collections should be safe and efficient. Therefore, the influence and risk factors in large-volume leukaphereses (LVL) with standardized blood volumes was investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In a total of 724 autologous LVL performed at our center, either 4x or 6x the patient's blood volume (PBV) was processed. The group with processing 4x the PBV showed a median of 31 circulating CD34+ cells per microL, and the group with processing 6x the PBV had a median of 13 CD34+ cells per microL before LVL. Individual clinical factors, laboratory factors, and apheresis run variables influencing the yields of PBPCs were retrospectively analyzed. Furthermore, the changes of laboratory variables and adverse effects during LVL were investigated. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis identified "age,""circulating CD34+ cells," and "percentage of mononuclear cells" as only factors influencing the yields of PBPCs. Altogether, processing 6x versus 4x the PBV did not result in significantly higher yields of CD34+ cells for the total group, but requested PBPC yields were achieved more often after processing 6x the PBV in patients below 20 CD34+ cells per microL blood. Processing 6x versus 4x the PBV showed a significant difference for the decrease of platelets, but not for any other laboratory variable. Adverse effects were recorded in 4.97 percent of LVL without accumulation in one group. CONCLUSION: In particular, patients with low amounts of circulating CD34+ cells profited from enlarged LVL demonstrating higher PBPC yields but comparable rates of adverse effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Automation of immunohematologic testing activities at French blood transfusion centers].

In May 1982, a questionnaire was sent to all of the 170 French Blood Transfusion Services (BTS), on behalf of the French Society of Blood Transfusion. The purpose was to determine the types of automated equipment used for immunohematological controls, the way in which they are used and the result of automation and computerization in daily laboratory operations. We received 135 replies (80%). A generalized conclusion can be drawn from the collected information. 50% of the respondents are neither automated nor computerized. 30% are both automated and computerized. 10% are automated but not computerized and 8% are not automated but are computerized. In the field of automated serology there is an increased tendency to complete the ABO/Rh testing by Cc D Ee and Kell phenotyping. The use of computers allows the current test determination to be compared with previous donation data. However, no fully automated equipment, which can conduct antibody screening, exists, cost effectively, in small or average BTS. In France, there has been a significant increase in automation between 1970 and 1980 but only the most important BTS have carried out automation at the same time as computerization. The smaller BTS have usually become automated without becoming computerized. In 1978, Codabar was first used. This has been one of the principal advances of the last 10 years, allowing all the users of automation to start moving towards complete computerization. This advance was assisted by the use of prepackaged software. This questionnaire also determined that the current emphasis is now to computerize administrative and management activities before laboratory activities. This survey has been conducted during a turning point of the automation of French BTS. It shows that they are, on the whole, satisfied with their automation. As far as the safety and the efficiency of the service are concerned, it is only fair to consider that the main purposes of the automation have been achieved. But in terms of cost, and serological accuracy for antibody screening, a new generation of automated equipment should appear to satisfy the users in the nineties.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2006

Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: evidence of association from a prospective study with long-term follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum titers of anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies are elevated in blood specimens collected up to 30 years prior to onset of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: Individuals with MS were identified among members of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health plan who participated in the multiphasic examinations administered between 1965 and 1974. Stored serum samples were used to compare anti-EBV antibody titers in 42 individuals who developed MS with age-matched and sex-matched controls. RESULTS: The geometric mean titers of antibodies to the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) complex and its component EBNA-1 were significantly higher in the MS cases when compared with matched controls. The relative risk of MS associated with a 4-fold increase in antibody titers was 2.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.8) for the EBNA complex and 1.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.9) for EBNA-1. Elevations of antibody titers to the EBNA complex and EBNA-1 among MS cases first occurred between 15 to 20 years before the onset of symptoms and persisted thereafter. CONCLUSION: The elevation of anti-EBV titers is probably an early event in the pathogenesis of MS and is unlikely to be the result of an aspecific immune dysregulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Experience with a totally implantable venous device in children.

Venous access was attained in 15 children by use of a totally implantable central venous catheter and reservoir. Catheters were in place from 28 to 581 days, giving a cumulative experience of 4,094 days. Although they were well accepted by physicians, parents, and the children, they were not without major complications. These included extravasation of a chemotherapeutic agent in one, migration of the catheter tip to an unacceptable location in another, and catheter thrombosis and catheter-related sepsis in two each. The malpositioned catheter, one of the thrombosed catheters, and both infected catheters were removed. Ease of care, freedom from protruding tubing, and compatibility with normal activities are major positive features of the implantable devices that should be considered when deciding on the type of prolonged central venous access for use in children being treated with cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Polyethylene oxide additive-entrapped polyvinyl chloride as a new blood bag material.

Until now, most widely used blood bag material has been a plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) because it has many desirable properties as a blood bag material. One of main concerns of using plasticized PVC as a blood bag material is the toxicity of the plasticizers that are leached out of the material. We tried to solve this problem by the addition of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-containing amphiphilic block copolymers as additives in the PVC. The PEO additives may play two roles: they can act as nontoxic plasticizers to PVC, and they can also act as blood-compatible surface modifiers. In this study, PEO additive-entrapped PVC films were prepared by the addition (up to 30 wt%) of PEO-alkyl carbon block copolymers or PEO-polypropylene oxide (PPO)-PEO triblock copolymers with different PEO chain lengths in the PVC. The prepared PEO additive-containing PVC films were characterized by the measurements of water contact angle, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode, mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break), water absorption, and stability of the PEO additives entrapped in the films. It was observed that the PEO additive-entrapped PVC films were flexible and transparent. It seems that the PEO additives are surface active, resulting in the considerable change of surface characteristics without a significant change of the mechanical properties of the films compared to the control PVC without any additives or a commercial blood bag. The adhesion of platelets on the film surfaces was significantly reduced by the addition of PEO additives. It seems that 10% addition of PEO additives is enough for the suppression of platelet adhesion on the surfaces. This study demonstrated that the use of PEO-containing block copolymers as additives to the PVC can be a feasible approach to prepare a new type of blood bag.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement of whole blood phagocyte chemiluminescence in the Wistar rat.

The factors influencing the rat whole blood chemiluminescence (CL): concentrations of blood, luminol, zymosan or opsonized zymosan, volume of the reaction mixture, storage time of blood samples and the presence of anticoagulants were evaluated. The CL micromethod described provides a fast and sensitive tool for the determination of metabolic activity of phagocytes in the microlitre range of rat whole blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Transurethral resection of the prostate and metastatic prostate cancer.

Demonstration of malignant cells in blood specimens collected during transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has implicated TURP in the dissemination of prostatic cancer. Of 153 patients who underwent radiation therapy for prostate cancer between January 1977 and June 1990 and were retrospectively analyzed, 93 were evaluable. Fifty-nine patients required TURP before radiation therapy for prostatic obstruction (BPH and/or cancer); the remaining 34 patients underwent radiation therapy after fine-needle aspiration biopsy. No statistically significant difference in failure rate could be detected between these groups, with a failure rate of 47% (28 of 59 patients) at a median follow-up time of 49 months (range, 8 to 146 months) in the TURP group versus a failure rate of 47% (16 of 34 patients) at a median follow-up time of 50 months (range, 3 to 122 months) in the group who underwent biopsy only (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.23). Within the confines of this retrospective study, it appeared that TURP did not enhance the development of metastatic disease.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1981

Hemoglobin variations on a small Bahamian island.

Hemoglobino characteristic were investigated in 492 blood specimens collected in a small island community (1,450 inhabitants) in the Bahamas. Using two different methods, abnormal variants were detected in 20.3% of the sample, including genotypes AS, AC, AF(A/HPFH), SC, and SF. Biodemographic evidence suggests that the origin and distribution of the hemoglobinpathies in this population have been influenced by historical migrations and genetic drift. The opportunity for drift has been particularly heightened by the "founder effect," the maintenance of small population size, a relatively endogamous mating structure, and restricted immigration. Health survey results reveal a wide discrepancy between the actual prevalence of abnormal hemoglobins and that indicated by informant reports.

Bahamas↗
PubMed1979

Quantification of human plasma inorganic pyrophosphate. I. Normal values in osteoarthritis and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease.

The methodologic variables of the UDPG pyrophosphorylase method for analysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) levels in biologic fluids are described. Use of a tourniquet in collection of blood specimens elevated plasma PPi levels from 35% to 55% above control values and may explain the differences in published normal values. The sodium pyrophosphate decahydrate used to prepare the standard solution lost 8 waters of hydration after dessication, which could result in the calculation of spuriously elevated PPi levels. Normal plasma PPi concentration was 2.18 muM with a range (95% confidence limits) of 0.58-3.78 muM. Comparison of plasma PPi in normal subjects, patients with primary osteoarthritis, and patients with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease revealed no significant intergroup differences.

Blood Specimen Collection↗