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PubMed1999

Childbearing at older age and endometrial cancer risk (Sweden).

OBJECTIVES: Several studies have found an inverse association between older age at last birth and endometrial cancer risk. A nested case-control study was undertaken to examine the influence of this and other aspects of reproductive patterns on the risk of developing endometrial cancer. METHODS: Among women born in 1925 and later, 4,839 eligible patients were identified in the Swedish Cancer Register. For each case, five individually age-matched controls were randomly selected from a population-based Fertility Register. Relative risks were estimated from odds ratios obtained from conditional logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Compared to uniparous women, childless women were at a higher risk of endometrial cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25-1.52). This association was stronger in younger (< 50 years) than in older (50+ years) women. At all ages of first birth, a delivery was associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer that slowly diminished with time. Among parous women, the risk decreased by almost 20% for each additional live birth (OR = 0.81, CI = 0.78-0.84). In an analysis limited to women with two or more births that compared the independent effects of age at first and at last birth, only older age at last birth was associated with a lowered risk of endometrial cancer. The risk decreased at a rate of about 15% per five-year delay of last birth. CONCLUSIONS: Endometrial cancer is often referred to as the prototype hormonally-determined disease in women. However, our findings give further support to the hypothesis that a birth may not only affect risk through hormonal influences, but possibly also through mechanical shedding of cells that have undergone malignant transformation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Trends in the incidence of births and multiple births and the factors that determine the probability of multiple birth after IVF treatment.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to review trends in the probability of birth and multiple birth before and after the legal restriction limiting the maximum allowable number of embryos transferred, and to examine factors that determine the probability of multiple birth following IVF treatment. METHODS: We analysed data relating to 7170 IVF and 530 intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles reaching embryo transfer undertaken by 4417 women at a single tertiary referral assisted conception centre in the UK between 1984 and 1997. Probability of birth, and of proportion of multiple births among those who gave birth, was explored using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Between 1984 and 1997 there was a significant increase in probability of birth but no change in the probability of multiple birth. The trend in probability of birth was almost wholly explained by the significant increase in number of embryos created per cycle. Pooling all the data, risk factors for increased chance of birth and multiple birth were: younger age (<35 years), diagnoses other than tubal infertility, fewer than three previous unsuccessful cycles, previous IVF live birth and a large number of embryos created. Given these factors, increasing the number of embryos transferred did not increase the chance of a birth, but did increase the chance of a multiple birth. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of birth has increased and the probability of multiple birth has remained unchanged, despite legislation limiting the number of embryos transferred in the UK. Efforts should be made to reduce the incidence of multiple births by transferring fewer embryos, especially in the presence of good prognostic factors for birth.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Perinatal development of the liver in rat and spiny mouse. Its relation to altricial and precocial timing of birth.

Rat (Rattus norvegicus) and spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) are closely related murinoid species that mainly differ in the developmental timing of birth. A comparison between the developmental profiles of some characteristic enzymes of the liver of both species was carried out to elucidate the question to what extent are these enzymic profiles and hence the maturation of the liver related to the timing of birth? It was found that these organotypic enzymes first become detectable at the same developmental stage in both species. Likewise, the weaning phase of the enzymic profiles occurs at the same developmental time point in both species. It is argued that both the first appearance and the weaning increase in enzyme activity levels occur at endogenously programmed timepoints with only superimposed effects of hormones. In contrast, the perinatal phase of the enzymic profile is completely dependent on the developmental timing of birth and therefore appears not to be anchored to a particular developmental timepoint, but rather to be dependent on birth-associated (hormonal) adaptation. In accordance with this hypothesis it was found that the morphological development of the liver proceeded independent of the timing of birth. Furthermore, the hormonal regulation of the investigated enzymes was found to be the same in both species. Despite the more advanced state of morphological development of the liver in the spiny mouse at birth, it was found that the inducibility of organotypic gene expression by hormones in spiny mouse fetuses was as limited as in rat fetuses. This observation therefore suggests that the intra-uterine environment is responsible for the limited inducibility of enzymes before birth.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Newly described form of X-linked arthrogryposis maps to the long arm of the human X chromosome.

Arthrogryposis is a heterogeneous birth defect characterized by limitation of movement at multiple joints. One in 3,000 infants is born with arthrogryposis, and at least a third of these cases have a genetic cause. Four distinct types of X-linked arthrogryposis have been reported, and a severe lethal form recently was mapped to Xpll.3-qll.2. We now report an extended family affected with a novel variant of X-linked arthrogryposis that involves only the lower limbs. Linkage analysis with polymorphic DNA markers maps the disease locus in this unique family to the long arm of the human X chromosome between DXS1220 and DXS1205 in Xq23-27.

Alleles↗
PubMed1987

Cancer and other causes of death among Wisconsin farmers.

Computerized mortality listings for Wisconsin for 1968-1976 were used in proportional mortality ratio (PMR) and proportional cancer mortality ratio (PCMR) analyses to evaluate mortality patterns among Wisconsin farmers. Examination of PCMR trends by per capita county level of agricultural production was limited to the youngest birth cohort (1905-1958) and cancer sites associated with farming exposures in either the present or previous analyses. Among all Wisconsin farmers, significantly decreased PMRs were seen for tobacco- and alcohol-related causes of death, while excesses occurred for accidental causes, asthma, and cancer of the stomach, prostate, eye, and lymphatic and hematopoietic systems. Elevated PCMR's for leukemia and all lymphopoietic cancer and cancers of the stomach, rectum, eye occurred in farmers born 1905-1958, while deficits were observed for cancer of the pancreas and the category, "all other cancers." Increases in PCMR's with level of various agricultural activities were largely associated with cancers of other lymphatic tissue (2/3 of which were multiple myeloma) and the rectum. Certain agricultural exposures were also positively associated with deaths due to cancers of the prostate, brain, lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma, and all lymphopoietic cancers. No positive PCMR gradients were observed for leukemia and malignancies of the stomach and eye. Modern chemical practices in farming may account for some of the patterns noted.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1989

Identification of aneuploidy-inducing agents using cytokinesis-blocked human lymphocytes and an antikinetochore antibody.

The identification of agents causing aneuploidy in humans, a condition associated with carcinogenesis and birth defects, is currently limited due to the highly skilled and time-consuming nature of cytogenetic analyses. We report the development of a new simple and rapid assay to identify aneuploidy-inducing agents (aneuploidogens). The assay involves the chemical- or radiation-induced formation of micronuclei in cytokinesis-blocked human lymphocytes and the use of an antikinetochore antibody to determine whether the micronuclei contain centromeres--a condition indicating a high potential for aneuploidy. All agents tested produced dose-related increases in the frequency of micronucleated cells. The micronucleated cells induced by the known aneuploidogens--colchicine, vincristine sulfate, and diethylstilbestrol--contained kinetochore-positive micronuclei 92, 87, and 76% of the time, respectively. In contrast, the micronucleated cells induced by the potent clastogens--ionizing radiation and sodium arsenite--contained kinetochore-positive micronuclei only 3 and 19% of the time, respectively. These results indicate that this relatively simple assay can discriminate between aneuploidogens and clastogens and may allow a more rapid identification of environmental and therapeutic agents with aneuploidy-inducing potential.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1988

Preterm or small-for-gestational-age infants. Neurological and behavioural development at the age of 6 years.

In 166 full term, small-for-gestational-age (FT-SGA), 53 preterm, appropriate-for-gestational-age (PT-AGA), 27 PT-SGA and 206 FT-AGA infants a neurological examination at the age of 6 years was carried out. Data were collected on behaviour and school achievement. Major and minor neurological abnormalities were more frequent in the three low birth weight groups, especially in the PT-SGA group. Multivariate analysis showed that the development of major and minor neurological abnormalities was explained by a varying set of risk factors, in which besides prematurity and growth retardation, neonatal neurological condition, social class, neonatal course and interval complications were preponderant. The results suggest a temporal difference in potentially harmful factors: for neurological handicap early in pregnancy, for minor neurological dysfunction (MND) the second half of gestation and the first 2 years of life. No striking behavioural differences were found between the three low birth weight groups and the FT-AGA group; behaviour was related to neonatal and follow-up neurological condition, sex, gestational age and birth weight to a limited extent only. Three (4%) of the preterms entered a special school (already at the age of 6). School achievement was mainly related to the present neurological condition and social class, which underlines the importance of the latter.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Quantitation of cyclosporine-sensitive and -resistant allospecific cytotoxic cells at birth.

In the absence of clinically relevant models of acute rejection we have attempted to develop an assay to measure cyclosporine-resistant allospecific cytotoxic cells in vitro, beginning at birth. The principle of limiting dilution analysis was applied to investigate umbilical cord bloods as responders. Responders were incubated for 1 h in different concentrations of cyclosporine and irradiated HLA mismatched stimulator cells from healthy adults added, followed by recombinant IL-2. After 7 days, responders were tested against three europium-labelled PHA blasts: stimulator, responder and third party. A significant number of cyclosporine-resistant allospecific cytotoxic cell precursors were found in cord blood indicating prior activation. They may have been primed in utero against non-inherited maternal HLA antigens. Cyclosporine-resistant allospecific cytotoxic cell precursors were demonstrated in human umbilical cord blood using a quantitative assay. These cells may influence the reaction to subsequent transplants.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Implications of fertility patterns in the Republic of Korea: a study by computer simulation.

Implications of various fertility patterns in the Republic of Korea (ROK) are studied by computer simulation. These patterns include the factors: age of marriage, sex preference, abortion (induced), contraception and sterilisation. As a result of studying a large number of combinations of these factors, the following tentative conclusions, among others, are reached. If future cohorts of women in the ROK become limiters after two live births and marry according to an observed high level marriage distribution, at least two of the methods of birth control--abortion, contraception, and sterilisation--will have to be used extensively to yield a mean number of live births (MNLB) in these cohorts of the order 2-2. However, if these women marry later than the observed high level marriage distribution and, in addition, accept effective methods of contraception more widely and use them more effectively, then the MNLB experienced by these cohorts could move below 2-5 wihtout the extensive utilisation of abortion and sterilisation.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

Visual callosal connections and strabismus.

Strabismus is a condition that exists when the visual axes of the two eyes fail to intersect at the fixation point under binocular viewing conditions. When it occurs in mammals during the critical period which corresponds to the period of maximal plasticity early in life, strabismus is known to induce both morphological anomalies and abnormal connections from the retina to the cortex; it further leads to binocular neural changes and to spatial vision deficits, especially at the cortical level. After a brief review of the already known data about the consequences of early strabismus in cats, monkeys and humans on the development of the visual system and of visual perception, new data are presented here concerning interhemispheric connections in the cat. In normally-reared kittens, visual callosal transfer is shown to be almost adult-like as soon as 12 days after birth: it is almost limited to the 17/18 border of the visual cortex when using visual stimulations in spite of the presence of still numerous juvenile exuberant callosal projections. In contrast, callosal transfer of visual information is extended to both areas 17 and 18 after strabismus, leading to the conclusion that at least some juvenile exuberant callosal projections are not only anatomically but also functionally stabilized after such an oculomotor disease. The possibility that similar abnormalities might be present in monkeys and humans is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Thirty years of research on developmental neurolinguistics.

A body of medically important work has accumulated in the field of developmental neurolinguistics in the 30 years since Lenneberg set forth a research agenda for that field, consisting of the following: (1) the physiologic specialization or endowment for speech; (2) the genetic origin or natural history of vocalization and speech; (3) the nature of prelinguistic behavior, making possible the detection of any environmental (social) influences; (4) the development of motor-speech organization from birth; and (5) the limiting effects of deficient intelligence, hearing, and environmental stimulation. Subsequent study of these questions has established a genetic, neuroanatomic, and functional basis for such outwardly disparate disorders as dyslexia, stuttering, autism, and delayed language. Studies of emergent motor behavior suggest that babbling may index a state of neural maturation favoring expression of spoken languages. Based on studies of the congenitally deaf, mentally retarded, and other clinical populations it is now considered possible to detect early warning signs of developmental language disorders during the first year of life based on analyses of vocal turn-taking, gesturing, and utterance complexity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Perinatal depression, maternal thyroid status and fetus/infant health and development: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormones are known to influence both maternal depression and child developmental outcomes, while maternal depression independently affects child outcomes. The potential interaction between thyroid dysfunction and depression in shaping child development remains insufficiently explored. The present study addresses such interplay. METHODS: Following PRISMA 2020 and JBI guidelines, three databases were searched through December 2025 for primary studies on maternal thyroid status, perinatal depression, and child development. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using validated tools. Due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity, data were synthesized narratively following SWiM guidelines. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included. Beyond independent risks for preterm birth and behavioral problems, limited evidence supports a synergistic model, while most studies likely reflect the simple co-occurrence of risks. Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) were associated with child externalizing problems exclusively in the presence of clinical depression. High depressive symptoms also attenuated the cognitive benefits of prenatal iodine supplementation. Thyroid status appears to function as a risk moderator rather than a mediator. However, 50% of observational studies presented high RoB, primarily due to participant attrition. CONCLUSION: Findings are still scarce to support a synergistic risk model where specific maternal thyroid parameters (i.e. thyroid autoimmunity and iodine status) may moderate the impact of depressive symptoms on child development. Despite the high RoB in half of the studies, results highlight the need for integrated screening protocols. Simultaneously assessing mental health and thyroid status may optimize risk stratification for high-risk mother-infant dyads.

Female↗
PubMed1984

Local resource competition and the evolution of male-biased sex ratios.

In many mammalian species, maturing males disperse from their natal groups, while females remain near their places of birth. If sources are limited locally, related females may be forced to compete with one another for access to resources, while mature males will compete primarily with unrelated individuals in non-natal groups. Clark (1978) suggested that under such circumstances the extent of competition among females could be reduced if females uniformly skewed the sex ratio of their offspring in favor of males. Skewed secondary sex ratios and investment patterns in galagos and red deer appear to be consistent with this hypothesis. Several authors have recently demonstrated that the evolution of skewed sex ratios may be influenced by population structure, and Wilson & Colwell (1981) have shown that male-biased sex ratios can evolve in structured haplodiploid populations. Here, I construct an intrademic group selection model to simulate the effects of density-dependent mortality upon diploid populations structured much as Clark describes: males disperse, females remain near their female relatives, and local resource competition limits the size of local groups. The results confirm that male-biased sex ratios can evolve in a diploid species, even when groups are large and the skew in sex ratio is substantial.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral activity of lamivudine alone or when coadministered with zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected pregnant women and their offspring.

The safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiretroviral activity of lamivudine alone and in combination with zidovudine was studied in pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and their neonates. Women received the drugs orally from week 38 of pregnancy to 1 week after delivery. Neonate therapy began 12 h after delivery and continued for 1 week. Both treatment regimens were well-tolerated in women and newborns. Lamivudine and zidovudine pharmacokinetics in pregnant women were similar to those in nonpregnant adults. Lamivudine and zidovudine freely crossed the placenta and were secreted in breast milk. Neonatal lamivudine clearance was about half that in pediatric patients; zidovudine clearance was consistent with previous reports. HIV-1 RNA could be quantified in 17 of the 20 women. At the onset of labor/delivery, mean virus load had decreased by approximately 1.5 log10 copies/mL in both treatment cohorts. Although not definitive for HIV-1 infection status, all neonates had HIV-1 RNA levels below the limit of quantification at birth and at ages 1 and 2 weeks.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Status of plasma folate after folic acid fortification of the food supply in pregnant African American women and the influences of diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

BACKGROUND: African American women and socioeconomically challenged women are at risk of compromised folate status and, thus, of folate-related birth defects. Data are limited on circulating folate concentrations in pregnant African American women after folic acid fortification of the food supply was implemented. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the influence of smoking and alcohol consumption on plasma 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHFA) concentrations in pregnant African American women. DESIGN: Alcohol consumption, smoking exposure, and other characteristics of pregnant African American women reporting to an inner-city antenatal clinic were assessed. At 24 wk of gestation, blood samples and food-frequency intake data were collected. Plasma 5-MTHFA concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for 116 subjects and examined in a correlational study design. RESULTS: Dietary folate and markers of alcohol consumption were positively associated, whereas exposure to smoke was negatively associated with plasma 5-MTHFA. More than one-half of the participants in this population failed to meet the recommended dietary allowance for dietary folate equivalents of 600 microg/d during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Most inner-city African American women are not meeting the recommended dietary allowance for dietary folate during pregnancy, and smoking may further compromise their folate status. Programs to reduce smoking and raise awareness about the importance of folate and multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy need to target this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Value of cerebrospinal fluid cytochemical examination for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis at birth in France.

BACKGROUND: Because of routine screening and treatment of pregnant women for Toxoplasma infection in France, most neonates born to mothers who seroconverted during pregnancy are either not infected or asymptomatic. Early diagnosis relies mainly on radiologic, ophthalmologic and biologic tests. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytochemical evaluation is one of several tests performed in parallel to increase the overall sensitivity of the diagnostic evaluation. Our goal was to assess the value of cytochemical examination and to confirm whether using a portion of available CSF for this analysis is legitimate. METHODS: The individual performance of each of the two cytochemical tests and their combined value when used in parallel were assessed. These findings were then compared with the anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgA serum titers and the clinical, ophthalmologic and radiologic findings at birth. RESULTS: CSF cytochemical analysis was possible in only 52% of the 233 children in the study. Our results in 112 children indicated poor sensitivity estimates. There was no significant change in the posttest probability of infection compared with the pretest estimation of risk in cases of a negative finding. After a mean follow-up of 80 months there was no evidence that CSF cytochemistry helped predict the risk of sequelae. CONCLUSION: In our setting cytochemical examination did not significantly contribute to the diagnosis of congenital infection at birth. Because of the limited quantity of CSF available, we suggest the use of other methods with higher yield.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Impaired renal function after pregnancy in renal transplant recipients.

Twenty-two renal transplant recipients had 29 posttransplant pregnancies and 39 male transplant recipients became fathers to 65 children between 1971 and 1991. Of the deliveries of the female patients, 62% took place between the third and sixth year after transplantation. Seven patients had 2 pregnancies. Mean follow-up time after the first posttransplant pregnancy was 7.5 years. The patients survived the pregnancy well, but the increase in serum creatinine concentration from the prepregnancy level, registered 3 months and 1 year after delivery, was higher than in matched control patients without pregnancy at corresponding times after transplantation (the increase in serum creatinine was 47.7 and 61.2 mumol/L in the pregnant patients versus -2.7 and 5.4 mumol/L in the control patients, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.02, respectively). All pregnant and control patients were alive at the end of follow-up, but the long-term graft survival of those with a pregnancy was significantly (P < 0.005) worse than in the control patients. Ten-year graft survival was 69% in the pregnant versus 100% in the control patients. Although 80% of the neonates born to a mother with a transplanted kidney were below the mean for gestational age, the weight and length at birth were within normal limits and no severe intrauterine growth retardation was documented.

Adult↗