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PubMed1978

Melorheostosis. A case report with special reference to bone mineral density, bone circulation and bone scan.

A new case of melorheostosis is presented. Bone mineral density, and bone circulation were determined and bone scan carried out in the patient. The bone mineral density measured by photon absorption in the region of the distal radius of the patient's left forearm was found to be within normal limits, the bone blood circulation determined by Xc-133 clearance method was better in the affected side, and an area of increased uptake of Tc99m was found by bone scanning in the affected extremity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Bone quality factor analysis: a new noninvasive technique for the measurement of bone density and bone strength.

The sensitivity of bone mineral density (BMD) as a predictor of fracture risk is limited by the fact that this index does not take into account the geometrical and material characteristics of bone. In contrast, both BMD and bone architecture influence the quality factor (QF), the fraction of the inverse of the energy lost in one cycle of deformation. In this study we have compared the sensitivity of a QF analyzer and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in detecting the changes induced by ovariectomy (OVX) on the QF, impact strength, and BMD of the femur of mature rats. QF and BMD were measured noninvasively before and 4 weeks after OVX or sham operation using a QF analyzer developed in our laboratory and a Hologic QDR 2000 bone densitometry, respectively. Impact strength was measured in excised femurs at the end of the study. The in vivo short-term precision (coefficient of variation) of the QF analyzer was 1.9%. BMD and QF measurements were highly correlated (r = 0.80,p <0.0001). At baseline, QF and BMD were similar in OVX and sham-operated rats. At 4 weeks, BMD was 14.7 + or - 0.9% lower than at baseline (p < 0.001) in OVX rats and 5.3 + or - 1.3% lower in sham-operated rats (p <0.05). QF decreased 36.0 + or - 2.8% (p <0.0001) in OVX and 10.6 + or - 3.6% in sham rats (p <0.01). As a result, at 4 weeks the difference between sham-operated and OVX rats was larger (p < 0.05) by QF than by BMD. Moreover, QF correlated better than BMD with impact strength and the difference in impact strength between sham and OVX mice was closer to that in QF than that in BMD. These data demonstrate that QF analysis is a precise technique that is more sensitive than DXA in detecting the changes in bone density and strength induced by OVX. QF analysis may represent a new, simple, and economic technique for predicting fracture risk.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

A critical assessment of bone scan quantitation (bone to soft tissue ratios) in the diagnosis of metabolic bone disease.

Accurate quantitation from the bone scan image of skeletal uptake of radiopharmaceutical would be of value in the assessment of patients with metabolic bone disease. Repeat measurements of bone to soft tissue (B/ST) ratios on the one set of images were made for 103 subjects, a) by the same observer using lumbar vertebra 2 for the area of bone; b) by the same observer using lumbar vertebra 2 then lumbar vertebra 4; c) by two observers both using lumbar vertebra 2. The median difference between repeat measurements by the same observer was well under 1% but the 5-95 percentile range was -13 to +14%. Between the two observers there was a median difference of 10.6% with a 5-95 percentile range of -11 to +44%. We also measured B/ST ratios in 150 control subjects and 139 patients with various metabolic bone disorders. While statistically significant differences for B/ST ratios were found between the osteomalacia, renal osteodystrophy, Paget's groups, and the control population (P less than 0.001 in all cases), there was appreciable overlap between individual patient results and the control range. It is concluded, therefore, that measurement of B/ST ratios for the individual is of limited value in clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The use of tissue-engineered bone with human bone morphogenetic protein-4-modified bone-marrow stromal cells in repairing mandibular defects in rabbits.

In this study, the capacity of hBMP-4 gene therapy combined with tissue-engineering techniques to improve the repair of mandibular osseous defects in rabbits was explored. A mammalian plasmid vector expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein-human bone morphogenetic protein-4 (pEGFP-hBMP-4) was initially constructed through subcloning techniques. Bone-marrow stromal cells (bMSCs) from New Zealand White rabbits were cultured and either transfected with pEGFP-hBMP-4 or pEGFP, or left untransfected in vitro. Once the transfer efficiency was determined through the expression of EGFP, cells from the three groups were combined with natural non-organic bone (NNB) at a concentration of 50 x 10(6)cells/ml and placed in 15 mm x 6 mm bilateral, full-thickness, mandibular defects surgically made in 12 rabbits. Together with NNB control, there were six samples per group. Four weeks after surgery, the implants were harvested and evaluated histomorphologically. Under optimal experimental conditions, gene transfer efficiency reached a maximum of 38.2+/-9.4%. While the percentage of new bone area in the NNB control group was 8.8+/-3.1%, in the untransfected bMSC group 22.5+/-8.2%, and in the pEGFP group 18.1+/-9.0%, a significantly higher amount of 32.5+/-6.1% was observed in the pEGFP-hBMP-4 group. These results suggest that transfection of bMSCs with hBMP-4 enhances their inherent osteogenic capacity for maxillofacial bone tissue-engineering applications.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The anti-bone-resorptive agent calcitonin also acts in vitro to directly increase bone formation and bone cell proliferation.

The studies summarized in this report were intended to determine whether salmon calcitonin had direct effects on bone formation indices in vitro. The results of these investigations demonstrate acute effects of calcitonin on skeletal tissues derived from embryonic chickens to increase calvarial cell proliferation ([3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA) and bone matrix synthesis ([3H]proline incorporation into collagen, as [3H]hydroxyproline) in intact calvaria and tibiae. The effects of calcitonin on [3H]thymidine incorporation were significant at 1 mU/ml (0.08 nM; P less than 0.05), additive with respect to the action(s) of F (calcitonin increased the maximum effect of F, and F increased the effect of low dose calcitonin; P less than 0.01 for each), associated with an increase in total cell protein (r = 0.82; P less than 0.02), and inversely dependent on osteoblastic differentiation (r = -0.96; P less than 0.005). The effects of calcitonin to increase bone matrix synthesis ([3H]hydroxyproline incorporation, 139% and 155% of untreated control values for tibiae and calvaria, respectively; P less than 0.005 for each) were maximal at approximately 5 mU/ml (0.4 nM) and associated with a proportional increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in the bones (r = 0.71; P less than 0.05 for tibiae). These effects of calcitonin were not dependent on continuous exposure. [3H]Thymidine incorporation was increased in calvarial cells 16 h after a 4-h limited (inductive) exposure to calcitonin (at 3 mU/ml; P less than 0.01). [3H]Proline incorporation in embryonic chicken calvaria was also increased during 3 days of limited exposure (i.e. 4 h/day) to 10 mU/ml calcitonin (P less than 0.02). The proliferative action(s) of calcitonin was not unique to chicken osteoblastline cells. Salmon calcitonin also increased [3H]thymidine incorporation in the transformed murine calvarial cell lines MMB and MC-3T3-E1 and in primary cultures of cells prepared from newborn mouse calvaria (P less than 0.05 for each). Furthermore, these effects were observed at calcitonin doses (3-30 mU/ml) that also decreased murine bone resorption (i.e. 45Ca release from prelabeled neonatal mouse calvaria; P less than 0.01).

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2003

Bone mass, bone turnover, vitamin D, and estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms in male to female transsexuals: effects of estrogenic treatment on bone metabolism of the male.

The effect of chronic administration of estrogens on bone and mineral metabolism in men is not known. We have studied the effect of chronic administration of estrogens on bone mineral metabolism in a group of transsexual (TS) Canarian men, who were taking estrogens for a minimum of 3 years. This is a cross-sectional study of cases and controls and we studied biochemical markers of bone remodeling, bone mineral density (BMD), and selected biochemical and hormonal features. TS subjects had shorter stature than controls, and after adjusting for height and weight, we found that they had lower values for serum-free testosterone and higher values for BMD, both in the lumbar spine and in femoral neck. Biochemistry, bone remodeling markers, and calcitropic hormone values were similar in both groups. Finally, the distributions of vitamin D receptor (BsmI) and estrogen receptor (ER-Pvu and ER-Xba) polymorphisms were also similar in both groups. We conclude that the chronic administration of estrogens in men may produce an increase in serum estradiol, a decrease in free testosterone levels, and an increase in BMD-both in lumbar spine and in femoral neck. We found no association between the transsexual phenotype and the distribution of vitamin D receptor (BsmI) and estrogen receptor (ER-Pvu and ER-Xba).

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Osteogenesis after bone and bone marrow transplantation. II. The initial cellular events following transplantation of decalcified allografts of cancellous bone.

An experimental study was done in rabbits to investigate the fate of allogeneic iliac cancellous bone, both non-decalcified and decalcified with hydrochloric acid, transplanted to a muscular site for up to 14 days. Some of the treated allografts were impregnated with autologous bone marrow cells, obtained from the femoral medulla by aspiration, and each was compared with allografts alone. Combined myelo-osseous grafts produced bone after 7 to 8 days implantation, as did marrow autografts alone. In addition non-decalcified implants stimulated the production of multinucleated giant cells. Three different types of wash solution were used but these did not inftical events in bone formation after transplantation occur less than 8 days after tho the clinical aspects of bone grafting.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Bone pain palliation with strontium-89 in breast cancer patients with bone metastases and refractory bone pain.

Fifteen patients with breast cancer and skeletal metastases who had bone pain refractory to opioid analgesics and who were not eligible for or had not responded to local field radiotherapy, were treated with strontium-89. All patients had received previous treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy for bone metastases. Severity of bone pain, sleeping pattern, mobility and dependency on analgesics were evaluated before and 4, 8 and 12 weeks after 89Sr administration. Patients received 2 MBq/kg (118-148 MBq) of 89Sr by i.v. injection. Pain relief and a reduction in analgesic requirements were observed in 7 of the 15 (47%) patients, with a reduction in the severity score from 34% to 71%. Duration of the response varied from 3 to 7 months. A decrease in peripheral blood cell count was observed in 11 patients: a 15%-66% reduction in white cell count and a 14%-75% reduction in platelet count were detected at 12 weeks after treatment in these patients. We conclude that 89Sr is effective (47% response rate) for bone pain palliation in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer. Dependency on opioid analgesics may be reduced in patients with refractory bone pain.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Radionuclide therapy with bone-seeking compounds: Monte Carlo calculations of dose-volume histograms for bone marrow in trabecular bone.

The purpose of the present work was to investigate how haematopoietic stem cell survival is affected by the differences in the dose distribution that arise from different radionuclides contained in bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals. This was carried out in three steps: (a) calculations of representative dose distributions in individual bone marrow cavities that are irradiated by sources of 89Sr, 186Re, 117mSn or 153Sm, uniformly distributed on the bone surfaces; (b) assessment of the corresponding haematopoietic stem cell survival and (c) a comparison of these results with results obtained using the assumption of a uniform dose distribution. Two different idealized models of the geometry of trabecular bone were formulated, each consisting of an infinite array of identical elements. Monte Carlo simulations were used to generate dose-volume histograms that were used to assess haematopoietic stem cell survival with two different assumptions about spatial cell distributions. Compared with a homogeneous dose distribution, the estimated cell survival was markedly higher for 117mSn and 153Sm, and only slightly different for 89Sr and 186Re. The quantitative results differed between the two geometric models and the assumptions about spatial cell distribution, but the trends were the same. The results imply that it is necessary to include dose distributions for individual bone marrow cavities in considerations concerning bone marrow toxicity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

The influence of dichloromethylene bisphosphonate on the healing of a long bone fracture, composition of bone mineral and histology of bone in the rat.

The effects of dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (clodronate) on the composition of bone mineral, morphology and histology of a long bone with an artificial femoral fracture were studied in a 22 week experiment. Two hundred twenty-four female rats were allocated to dose groups of 0, 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg clodronate daily subcutaneously. Bone calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations remained stable and fluoride concentration rose with time. There were no statistical differences between different groups. Clodronate did not alter the histology of the callus nor delayed the healing of the fracture. It caused mild to moderate prominence of the metaphyseal area in the fractured bone in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Serum osteocalcin levels were lowered in the treated animals dose-dependently. Other serological as well as haematological values were within normal range. Clodronate seems in this experimental arrangement to be a safe agent to administer in different pathological conditions of bone even when they are complicated by fractures of long bones.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Effect of salidroside on bone marrow cell cycle and expression of apoptosis-related proteins in bone marrow cells of bone marrow depressed anemia mice].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of salidroside on bone marrow cell cycle and expression of apoptosis-related proteins in bone marrow cells (BMCs) of bone marrow depressed anemia mice, and to explore its mechanism for hematopoietic regulation. METHODS: The effect of salidroside on peripheral blood cells, BMCs, and bone marrow cell cycle in bone marrow depressed anemia mice was detected by automatic blood cell analysator, white blood count and flow cytometry (FCM)respectively,and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax of BMCs was detected by immunohistochemistry method simultaneously. RESULTS: It was found that low-dose and high-dose salidroside obviously elevated white blood cells and BMCs, that low-dose salidroside significantly increased platelets and promoted G0/G1-S phase and S-G2/M phase transition of BMCs, that high-dose salidroside markedly promoted S-G2/M phase transition of BMCs, and that both low-dose and high-dose salidroside obviously elevated the proliferation index and the ratio of G2/M phase cells. Additionally, the expression of Bcl-2 in BMCs was increased in low-dose and high-dose salidroside groups, especially the increase was significant in the low-dose salidroside group; moreover, the expression of Bax in BMCs was reduced significantly in both low-dose and high-dose salidroside groups. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that salidroside may promote the recovery of hematopoietic function of the bone marrow depressed anemia in mice by ending off G0/G1-phase arrest, accelerating G0/G1-S phase and S-G2/M phase transition, up-regulating Bcl-2 expression, down-regulating Bax expression, and inhibiting BMCs apoptosis.

Anemia, Aplastic↗
PubMed1990

[The usefulness of biochemical markers of bone remodelling in the diagnosis and follow-up of Paget's disease of bone, primary hyperparathyroidism, tumoral hypercalcemia and postmenopausal osteoporosis. I. The markers of bone formation].

Rapid detection of the exact changes in bone remodelling is exceptionally important. In this paper, the latest bone remodelling biochemical markers are reviewed. Some of them have already been used for a long time, and their utility has been widely demonstrated. The newest ones, in experimental stage, can be used as a complement to the others. The bone remodelling markers reviewed are: 1) Alkaline phosphatase; 2) osteocalcin; 3) Other noncollagen of bone matrix such as osteonectin, GLA-protein of the matrix, osteopontine and alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein; 4) Procollagenous and other collagenous peptides of the matrix (C terminal of type-I procollagen and urinary elimination of nondialysis hydroxyproline. Amongst the bone resorption markers studied are: 1) Calcium/creatinine urinary quotient; 2) Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase; 3) Urinary hydroxyproline; 4) Other substances derived from collagen disruption such as hydroxilysin glycoside, piridinolinic intermolecular bridges and the enzymatic activity of proline iminopeptidase. We endeavoured to collect all the most important references on the matter, especially those relating to Paget's disease of the bone, primary hyperparathyroidism, tumoral hypercalcemia and postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1990

[Usefulness of bone remodelling biochemical markers in the diagnosis and follow-up of Paget's bone disease, primary hyperparathyroidism, tumor hypercalcemia, and postmenopausal osteoporosis. II. Bone resorption markers].

Rapid detection of the exact changes in bone remodelling is exceptionally important. In this paper, the latest bone remodelling biochemical markers are reviewed. Some of them have already been used for a long time, and their utility has been widely demonstrated. The newest ones, in experimental stage, can be used as a complement to the others. The bone remodelling markers reviewed are: 1) Alkaline phosphatase; 2) osteocalcin; 3) other noncollagen of bone matrix such as osteonectin, GLA-protein of the matrix, osteopontine and alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein; 4) Procollagenous and other collagenous peptides of the matrix (C terminal of type I procollagen and urinary elimination of non-dialysis hydroxyproline. Amongst the bone resorption markers studied are: 1) Calcium/creatinine urinary quotient; 2) Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase; 3) Urinary hydroxyproline; 4) Other substance derived from collagen disruption such as hydroxylysine glycoside, piridinolinic intermolecular bridges and the enzymatic activity of proline iminopeptidase. We endeavored to collect all the most important references on the matter, especially those relating to Paget's disease of the bone, primary hyperparathyroidism, tumoral hypercalcemia and postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2005

Expression of bone morphogenic protein 2/4, transforming growth factor-beta1, and bone matrix protein expression in healing area between vascular tibia grafts and irradiated bone-experimental model of osteonecrosis.

PURPOSE: For the surgical treatment of osteoradionecrosis after multimodal therapy of head-and-neck cancers, free vascular bone grafts are used to reconstruct osseous structures in the previously irradiated graft bed. Reduced, or even absent osseous healing in the transition area between the vascular graft and the irradiated graft bed represents a clinical problem. Inflammatory changes and fibrosis lead to delayed healing, triggered by bone morphogentic protein 2/4 (BMP2/4) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1). Given the well-known fibrosis-inducing activity of TGF-beta(1), an osteoinductive effect has been reported for BMP2/4. However, the influence of irradiation (RT) on this cytokine expression remains elusive. Therefore, the aim of the present in vivo study was to analyze the expression of BMP2/4, TGF-beta(1), collagen I, and osteocalcin in the transition area between the bone graft and the graft bed after RT. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty Wistar rats (male, weight 300-500 g) were used in this study. A free vascular tibia graft was removed in all rats and maintained pedicled in the groin region. Ten rats underwent RT with 5 x 10 Gy to the right tibia, the remainder served as controls. After 4 weeks, the previously removed tibia grafts were regrafted into the irradiated (Group 1) and nonirradiated (Group 2) graft beds. The interval between RT and grafting was 4 weeks. After a 4-week osseous healing period, the bone grafts were removed, and the transition area between the nonirradiated graft and the irradiated osseous graft bed was examined histomorphometrically (National Institutes of Health imaging program) and immunohistochemically (avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex) for the expression of BMP2/4, TGF-beta(1), collagen I, and osteocalcin. RESULTS: Absent or incomplete osseous healing of the graft was found in 9 of 10 rats after RT with 50 Gy and in 1 of 10 of the rats with nonirradiated osseous grafts. Histomorphometrically, the proportion of osseous healing in the transition area was 17% in Group 1 and 48% in Group 2 (p = 0.001). Compared with the nonirradiated rats, reduced enchondral and perichondral ossification was found in the healing area after RT, with a reduction of BMP2/4 and osteocalcin expression. TGF-beta(1) and collagen I expression in the transition area to the irradiated osseous graft bed was significantly increased compared with that in the nonirradiated osseous graft bed. CONCLUSION: After RT, osseous healing of vascular bone grafts is significantly reduced and may be a result of radiation-induced inhibition of BMP2/4 and osteocalcin expression. In addition, induction of TGF-beta(1) and collagen I expression occurs. Because the effects of the TGF-beta superfamily are manifold and partially unknown, additional research directions could be in the exogenous application of BMP2/4 and inhibition of TGF-beta(1) by antibody treatment to search for appropriate therapeutic approaches for improving osseous healing in the irradiated graft bed.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Prednisolone prevents decreases in trabecular bone mass and strength by reducing bone resorption and bone formation defect in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats.

We examined the effects of prednisolone (PSL) administration in normal female Sprague Dawley rats and adjuvant-induced arthritic rats at the age of 6 weeks. Rats were intramuscularly injected with PSL twice a week at doses of 0 (control), 10, 30, 90, or 270 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). In the normal rats, serum osteocalcin level at 14 days and serum carboxyterminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (1CTP) level at 28 days in the 270 mg/kg dose group was lower than the respective value in control animals. The BMC and the trabecular bone formation rate (BFR/BS) of the lumbar body (L-4) in the 270 mg/kg dose group at 14 and 28 days were significantly lower than the values in the control rats. In the arthritic rats, however, serum osteocalcin levels in the PSL-treated groups did not differ compared with arthritic controls. The serum 1CTP levels in all of the PSL-treated groups were significantly reduced at 28 days. The age-dependent increases in the L4 BMC, BMD, and L-3 ultimate compressive load values were maintained. The BFR/BS values in the 90 mg/kg and 270 mg/kg dose groups were significantly higher than those in the arthritic control rats. The trabecular osteoclast number and surface values in all of the PSL-treated groups were significantly lower than the values in arthritic controls. These data demonstrate that PSL administration prevented reduction in bone mass and strength of the lumbar trabecular bone in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats by reducing the increase in bone resorption and the decrease in bone formation at both the local and systemic levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Microscopy of bone cells, bone tissue, and bone healing around implants.

Newer methods of scanning microscopy using both light and electrons are particularly relevant to the study of bone cells, bone matrix organization, matrix mineralization, bone modeling and remodeling, and the adaptation of cells and matrix to implants. Most of such studies are conducted on retrieved implants, at least after the death of the related tissue. Because the retention of the tissue-implant relationship in such preserved tissue is crucial for critical evaluation of the implant, methods based on the study of flat surfaces of embedded tissue blocks are very important. Using electrons, the backscattered electrons in a scanning electron microscope can be employed to evaluate mean atomic number (density) and cathodoluminescence can identify polymers and fluorescent labels. Using light, confocal microscopical techniques permit the examination of layers deep to the block face. Confocal reflected and fluorescence methods allow the study of cell behavior upon both transparent and opaque substrates in the laboratory. Examples of the above are presented and interpretation problems discussed. Current experiments are aimed at enabling the study of bone wound healing and bone adaptation to implanted materials in vivo, through the implantation of optical quality windows and/or newly conceived and designed microscopical objective lenses.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Bone densitometry using computed tomography. Part I: selective determination of trabecular bone density and other bone mineral parameters. Normal values in children and adults.

Gamma-ray computed tomography (gamma-ray CT), using a special purpose scanner, enables in-vivo quantitative analysis of bone mineralization. Trabecular bone density (TBD), the relative amount of compact bone (bone density, BD) and the total absorption (TA) for a cross-section of the radius are determined from measurements of local linear absorption coefficients. A preliminary study of normal children (n = 49) and adults (n = 34) indicated that TBD is independent of age and sex in the age range 4 to 40 years. DB remains constant throughout childhood but increases after puberty in both women and men. TA is higher for adults than for children, and also higher for men than for women. A correlation between TA and parameters relating to body size indicates a relationship between body weight and bone mass.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Effect of 17beta-estradiol or alendronate on the bone densitometry, bone histomorphometry and bone metabolism of ovariectomized rats.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 17beta-estradiol or alendronate in preventing bone loss in 3-month-old ovariectomized Wistar rats. One group underwent sham ovariectomy (control, N = 10), and the remaining three underwent double ovariectomy. One ovariectomized group did not receive any treatment (OVX, N = 12). A second received subcutaneous 17beta-estradiol at a dose of 30 microg/kg for 6 weeks (OVX-E, N = 11) and a third, subcutaneous alendronate at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg for 6 weeks (OVX-A, N = 8). Histomorphometry, densitometry, osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline measurements were applied to all groups. After 6 weeks there was a significant decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) at the trabecular site (distal femur) in OVX rats. Both alendronate and 17beta-estradiol increased the BMD of ovariectomized rats, with the BMD of the OVX-A group being higher than that of the OVX-E group. Histomorphometry of the distal femur showed a decrease in trabecular volume in the untreated group (OVX), and an increase in the two treated groups, principally in the alendronate group. In OVX-A there was a greater increase in trabecular number. An increase in trabecular thickness, however, was seen only in the OVX-E group. There was also a decrease in bone turnover in both OVX-E and OVX-A. The osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline levels were decreased in both treated groups, mainly in OVX-A. Although both drugs were effective in inhibiting bone loss, alendronate proved to be more effective than estradiol at the doses used in increasing bone mass.

Alendronate↗