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PubMedDate not supplied

On some structural features of ovarian ligaments in domestic animals.

The vascular and nerve components of ovarian ligaments (proper and suspensory) of the sheep, cow and the donkey were examined in order to investigate the presence of blood flow-regulator endovasal devices, artero-venous anastomoses, free and/or encapsulated nerve endings and ganglion cells. Both the ligaments of the investigated species showed the presence of endovasal devices (valvular apparati, intimal and polypoid cushions) and artero-venous anastomoses, the latter structurally ascribed to the first and second type of Conti and Bucciante's classification. Moreover, although not constantly, both the examined districts showed an autonomic nerve support, while four Ruffini's corpuscles were found in the suspensory ligament just in one sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Activation of neurons projecting to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus by intravenous lipopolysaccharide.

The central nervous system interacts with the immune system to coordinate several components of the acute phase response, although the specific neuroanatomical pathways that mediate these responses are still uncharacterized. However, neurons in both the autonomic and endocrine components of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) are characteristically activated in different models of immune stimulation. In the current study, we have used intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 or 125 micrograms/kg) to induce the acute phase response. We subsequently coupled immunohistochemistry for Fos (as a marker of neuronal activation) with retrograde transport of the neuroanatomical tracer cholera toxin-b from the PVH. Several of the activated cell groups directly projected to the paraventricular nucleus, including the visceromotor (infralimbic) cortex, median preoptic nucleus, ventromedial preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, parabrachial nucleus, ventrolateral medulla, and nucleus of the solitary tract. These findings indicate that immune system stimulation activates cell groups from multiple nervous system levels that project to the paraventricular nucleus. We hypothesize that the activation of specific autonomic and endocrine elements of the PVH may be due to the activity of distinct afferents that converge on the PVH from multiple components of the central autonomic control system. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the PVH plays a key role in integrating diverse physiological cues into the varied manifestations that constitute the cerebral component of the acute phase response.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution and ultrastructure of the autonomic nerves in the mouse pancreas.

Peripheral innervation of the mouse pancreas was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as by light microscopy (cholinesterase technique). Major nerve bundles usually ran with arteries in the connective tissue septa. They gave off delicate branches that formed plexuses around arteries and arterioles. When reaching the capillaries, nerve fibers left the arterioles and formed very loose networks in the interacinar spaces. The nerves accompanying the arteries also sent off branches toward the islets of Langerhans and formed a dense plexus around the islets. A few delicate nerve fibers were also present around the pancreatic ducts. Thus, the intrapancreatic nerves formed four plexuses: perivascular, periductal, periacinar and peri-insular. The plexuses were networks of unmyelinated nerve fibers consisting of axons with varicosities and Schwann cells. Intrapancreatic ganglia were found in the interlobular connective tissue; ganglia were often closely associated to islets of Langerhans. Our findings indicate that the "interstitial cells" described by light microscopists correspond to Schwann cells. Axons in the nerve plexuses contain transmitter vesicles and therefore represent an autonomic terminal apparatus. The rich innervation of arterioles and islets suggests that neural regulation of secretory function is mediated by control of pancreatic blood flow.

Animals↗
PubMed2024

The NRF2-CARM1 axis links glucose sensing to transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway in gastric cancer.

Cancer cells autonomously alter metabolic pathways in response to dynamic nutrient conditions in the microenvironment to maintain cell survival and proliferation. A better understanding of these adaptive alterations may reveal the vulnerabilities of cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) is frequently overexpressed in gastric cancer and predicts poor prognosis of patients with this cancer. Gastric cancer cells sense a reduced extracellular glucose content, leading to activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Subsequently, NRF2 mediates the classic antioxidant pathway to eliminate the accumulation of reactive oxygen species induced by low glucose. We found that NRF2 binds to the CARM1 promoter, upregulating its expression and triggering CARM1-mediated hypermethylation of histone H3 methylated at R arginine 17 (H3R17me2) in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene body. The upregulation of this dehydrogenase, driven by the H3R17me2 modification, redirects glucose carbon flux toward the pentose phosphate pathway. This redirection contributes to nucleotide synthesis (yielding nucleotide precursors, such as ribose-5-phosphate) and redox homeostasis and ultimately facilitates cancer cell survival and growth. NRF2 or CARM1 knockdown results in decreased H3R17me2a accompanied by the reduction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase under low glucose conditions. Collectively, this study reveals a significant role of CARM1 in regulating the tumor metabolic switch and identifies CARM1 as a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer treatment.

Stomach Neoplasms↗