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PubMed2006

Presence of inoculated Campylobacter and Salmonella in unabsorbed yolks of male breeders raised as broilers.

Day-old male broiler breeder chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and raised as broilers. For Experiment 1, at 5 wk of age, the broilers were orally inoculated with a 10(6) cfu/ml of a characterized strain of Campylobacter jejuni and a cocktail (three naladixic acid-resistant strains) of Salmonella serovars. One week after inoculation, the birds were euthanatized and defeathered. The abdominal cavity was examined and any unabsorbed yolk material (and remaining yolk stalk) and ceca were aseptically removed for microbiological analyses. For each pooled sample (two birds per pool), an aerobic plate count (APC), an Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) count, and a test for the presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella was performed. For Experiment 2, at 5 wk of age, the broilers were orally inoculated with 10(5) cfu/ml of a characterized strain of Campylobacter jejuni. One week after inoculation, the birds (n = 20) were killed, defeathered, and the yolk stalk, attached yolk, or free-floating yolk and ceca were individually analyzed for presence of Campylobacter. For Experiment 1, the Salmonella-inoculated birds had 2/12 ceca and 0/12 unabsorbed yolk samples positive for Salmonella. The average yolk APC was log10 3.4 cfu/g and the average ENT was log10 1.9 cfu/g. For the Campylobacter-inoculated birds, 12/12 ceca and 9/12 unabsorbed yolk samples were positive for Campylobacter. The average yolk APC was log10 3.5 cfu/g and the average ENT was log10 3.1 cfu/g. For Experiment 2, the inoculated Campylobacter birds had 19/20 ceca, 5/20 free floating yolks, and 19/20 yolk stalks positive. In Experiment 1, the inoculated Campylobacter colonized the ceca in every instance and were present in 75% of the unabsorbed yolks. Alternatively, the inoculated Salmonella were not found in any of the unabsorbed yolks and only rarely in the ceca. In Experiment 2, the inoculated Campylobacter was found in very high numbers in the yolk and internal body samples. Determining to what extent these internal bodies and unabsorbed yolks play in bacterial colonization and contamination of the birds at processing has not been determined. The next step will be to determine the incidence of unabsorbed yolks and presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in these bodies of commercial broilers at processing.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

A study of bacterial pathogens in acute pelvic inflammatory disease.

The study was carried out on two groups--the study group consisting of 50 women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease and the control group consisting of 20 women admitted for tubal ligation. Pouch of Douglas aspirates were collected under all aseptic precautions with 18 gauge medicut needle. The samples were transferred to thioglycollate broth. A direct Gram staining was done followed by plating on media for aerobic and anaerobic incubation. All cultures were sterile in the control group. There were both monomicrobial (56.7%) and polymicrobial (43.2%) isolates in the study group. The predominant aerobic isolates were coagulase negative Staphylococci, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Amongst anaerobic isolates gram negative bacilli were the most common at 46.6% followed by gram positive cocci at 40%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of electrostimulation of the medial portion of the hypothalamus of cats on features of sciatic nerve fiber restructuring in experimental neuritis].

In order to study the processes of rearrangement in nerve fibers of the ischiatic nerve and its nervi nervorum at experimentally induced neuritis, the middle part of the hypothalamus was electrically stimulated in 74 mature cats. Twenty three cats were electrically stimulated with alternating current of a rectangular form, 50 Hz 1 m/sec, 1.5 V, for 30 min on each side of the hypothalamic subtubercle. Seven days after electrode implantation, the experimental neuritis was produced by inserting aseptic mica plates subepineurally into the ischiatic nerve. Samples of the nerve stem were taken from the traumatized area and histological sections and film preparations were made. The material was treated after Foot, Ramon y Cajal, Rasskazova, Bielschowsky-Gross-Kampos, Sokoliansky, McManus. As demonstrated the analysis of the preparations, at early stages of the experiments the nerve fibers were preserved better under the electrostimulation than in the intact hypothalamus. However, by the 60th day, resulting from the pathology of the diencephalon, some distrophic changes developed in the peripheral nerve. Lateral branching processes were forming on the axonal cylinders. Nervi nervorum were spreading and forming long and dense wrappings around the endoneural sheaths where they terminated with loops simulating Perroncito's spirals.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effect of irradiation with a low-intensity diode laser on the metabolism of equine articular cartilage in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether irradiation with a low-intensity diode laser, which produces radiation at a wavelength of 810 nm, will induce nonthermal enhancement of chondrocyte metabolism. SAMPLE POPULATION: 144 grossly normal articular cartilage explants aseptically harvested from the femoral condyles of 6 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Treated cartilage explants were irradiated with a diode laser at 1 of 7 fluence levels that ranged from 8 to 1,600 J/cm2. Explants were incubated for 24 or 72 hours, labeled for 24 hours with [35S]Na2SO4, and assayed for newly synthesized sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG; measured incorporation of 35SO4) and endogenous GAG, chondroitin 6-sulfate (CS), and keratan sulfate (KS) content, using a dimethylmethylene blue assay. Laser-induced temperature changes were measured during irradiation with a diode laser and a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, which produces radiation at a wavelength of 1,064 nm, using conditions that were reported in previous studies to increase explant metabolism. RESULTS: After incubation for 24 or 72 hours, rate of 33SO4 uptake or endogenous GAG, CS, or KS content in irradiated explants was not significantly different than in nonirradiated explants. Cartilage temperature increased < 4.75 C during diode laser application. Cartilage temperature increased 5 to 12 C during Nd:YAG laser application. CONCLUSIONS: Minimal thermal increases in cartilage explants with use of a low-intensity diode laser resulted in no change in proteoglycan metabolism of chondrocytes. An increase in tissue temperature over a narrow range with use of a Nd:YAG laser may have contributed to the metabolic alteration of chondrocytes reported in previous studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Prevention of biofilm formation in dialysis water treatment systems.

BACKGROUND: Biofilm formations in dialysis systems may be relevant because they continuously release bacterial compounds and are resistant against disinfection. The aim of the study was to compare the development of biofilm between a water treatment system based on a single reverse osmosis unit producing purified dialysate water [bacterial count, 350 colony-forming unit (CFU)/L] (center A) and a water treatment system based on double reverse osmosis and electric deionization, which is continuously disinfected with ultraviolet light and treated with ozone once a week (bacterial count, 1 CFU/L) (center B). METHODS: During a period of 12 weeks, biofilm formation was studied in the tubing segment between the water piping and the dialysis module, using four dialysis monitors in each center. On a weekly basis, tubing samples of 5 cm length (N = 96) were taken under aseptic conditions and investigated for microbiologic contamination [cystine lactose electrolyte-deficient (CLED) Agar], endotoxin levels [limulus amoeben lysate (LAL) gel test, cutoff value, 0.0125 EU/mL], and biofilm formation [electron scanning microscopy (SEM)]. RESULTS: In center A, tube cultures were positive (>100 CFU/mL) in 16% of samples at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C, compared to 3% of samples of center B (P < 0.05; chi-square). Endotoxin levels were positive in 76% of the tubing samples of center A and negative in all of the samples of center B (P < 0.05). Biofilm was present in 91.7% of the samples of center A (Fig. 1), and only present in one sample (taken after 9 weeks) of center B (P < 0.05) (Fig. 2). In center A, biofilm formation was already observed after 1 week. CONCLUSION: In contrast to a standard water treatment system producing purified water, the use of a system producing highly purified water, which is also treated with regular disinfection procedures, leads to a significant reduction in biofilm formation, bacterial growth, and endotoxin levels in a highly vulnerable part of a water treatment system.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2000

Increased interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression is related to aseptic loosening of total hip replacement.

Aseptic loosening is an increasing problem in total hip replacement (THR). Chronic inflammatory reaction against implant wear particle results in collageno- and osteolysis, leading to loosening of the implant. Cytokines are known to play a major role in this particular inflammatory process. The aim of the present study was to examine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the synovial-like interface membrane (SLIM) and pseudocapsular tissue of THRs and to compare it to normal knee synovial membrane. Eleven patients suffering from aseptically loosened THRs were included. All the SLIM and pseudocapsular tissue samples were obtained during revision operations. Ten control samples of normal synovium were collected per arthroscopy from the superior recessus of the knee. For immunohistochemical IL-8 detection, polyclonal mouse anti-human immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 IL-8-primary antibody was used with the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method. Results were quantitated using the Vidas image analysis system. The highest count levels (mean +/- SEM) were detected in SLIM tissue (386+/-82 cells/mm2). The difference was statistically significant compared with pseudocapsular tissue (193+/-36 cells/mm2) and control samples (18+/-5 cells/mm2). Count levels in control tissue were on average 5% of the SLIM tissues values. The present study determines for the first time the cellular origin of IL-8 in aseptically loosened THRs and also quantitates the IL-8-producing cells in the periprosthetic tissue. The results reveal a high rise in IL-8 concentration in SLIM and in synovial tissues. This finding moves us one step forward in solving the complex network of multiple factors affecting loosening of hip implants.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The value of suction drainage fluid culture during aseptic and septic orthopedic surgery: a prospective study of 901 patients.

There are no guidelines on the value of suction drainage fluid culture (SDC), and it is difficult to determine whether the organisms cultured from suction drainage fluid samples are pathogenic or simply contaminants. We performed 2989 cultures of suction drainage fluid samples obtained, during a 1-year period, from 901 patients who underwent aseptic or septic orthopedic surgery (946 operations). The culture results were analyzed to evaluate their ability to detect postoperative infection after aseptic operations or to detect either a persistent or new episode of sepsis in patients known to have infection. For aseptic operations, the sensitivity of SDC was 25%, the specificity was 99%, the positive predictive value was 25%, and the negative predictive value was 99%. For septic operations, the sensitivity of SDC was 81%, the specificity was 96%, the positive predictive value was 87%, and the negative predictive value was 94%. We conclude that, for aseptic orthopedic surgery, SDC is not useful in detecting postoperative infection. However, for septic orthopedic surgery, it is of clinical importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Viral water contamination as the cause of aseptic meningitis outbreak in Belarus.

In the recent years Echovirus-30 associated outbreaks have taken place in different European countries. Aseptic meningitis caused by Echovirus-30 was the main diagnosis of a large outbreak in Belarus in Summer-Autumn, 1997, involving 460 patients. Echovirus-30 was detected in cerebrospinal fluid of the patients with aseptic meningitis. This serotype played the dominant role in the outbreak. Minor serotypes and mixtures of enteroviruses were detected in faeces and nasopharyngeal lavages. Investigation of environmental samples gave evidence of expressed viral contamination of drinking water and water sources (river and ground sources). River water sources were considerably contaminated with viruses. The incidence of virus isolation was 50%. After cleaning procedures, the incidence became two times lower, proving imperfect water purification and disinfection procedures. Sequence analysis of isolates from Belarus (isolates from water and patient's cerebrospinal fluid) showed the difference of 0.2%. The outbreak peculiarities such as high attack rate and wide-spread of the disease incidences, clinical form variability, isolation of outbreak strain from water and a good agreement between minor serotypes isolated from faeces and water samples as well as correlation in the dynamics of acute intestine infections, aseptic meningitis morbidity and bacterial water contamination can be considered as evidence of its water-borne. Echovirus-30 isolates from Belarus were very closely related to each other and to several European isolates. Sequence difference between isolates of 1994-1998 from European countries was found to be 4.3%. The data can point to the common primary source of enterovirus infection, connected to water and to the possibility of epidemic strain transmission from neighbouring states to the Republic of Belarus.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1997

Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is increased in the synovial-like membrane of the periprosthetic tissues in the aseptic loosening of total hip replacement (THR).

The aim of the study was to assess the eventual presence, cellular localization and extent of expression of the osteoclast activating cytokine M-CSF (CSF-1) in the periprosthetic tissues around loose total hip replacement (THR). Synovial-like membrane was obtained from the implant-to-bone interface and pseudocapsule from ten total hip revisions performed for aseptic loosening and compared to ten hip synovial tissue samples obtained from ten patients who had primary THR for osteoarthritis. Avidin-biotinperoxidase complex (ABC) and alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) methods were used for staining and VIDAS image analysis for quantification. M-CSF was mainly produced by macrophages, which often contained wear particles, but also by some fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. The number of cells containing (per one mm2 tissue) clearly increased in the interface (1585 +/- 212; p < 0.01) and pseudocapsular (1456 +/- 248; p < 0.01) tissue compared to synovial tissue (543 +/- 118). The present findings suggest, that inflammatory foreign-body type of response enhances expression of M-CSF in cases of aseptic loosening of THR. M-CSF produced in the synovial-like membrane in the implant-bone interface may contribute to activation of osteoclasts in periprosthetic bone and thus to loosening.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a non-viable particulate monitoring system for drugs manufactured in an aseptic environment.

Automated non-viable particulate monitoring systems can significantly reduce sampling costs while providing increased assurance that pharmaceutical products are free of microbial contamination. The need for consistently reliable data in the batch release process requires incorporating adequate fail-safes to detect operator error and hardware malfunction. Use of the "Life Cycle Approach" in system design and validation is also needed to provide assurance that the system will continue to meet its specifications. The author has collaborated with an instrument vendor to design, install and validate a data gathering and reporting system. Test function design is also discussed.

Asepsis↗
PubMed2005

[Serotype distribution of enteroviruses isolated from paediatric cases prediagnosed as aseptic meningitis between 2001-2004 period].

Enteroviruses have major clinical and public health importance and are one of the leading causes of aseptic meningitis. There are many diseases with similar clinical symptoms and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings of aseptic meningitis, thus virus isolation and identification is crucial for definitive diagnosis. Virological diagnosis is nonetheless important to distinguish between induced meningitis and other treatable causes of disease with a similar clinical picture. A total of 249 samples obtained from 246 cases (age range: 0-15 years), prediagnosed as aseptic meningitis, were sent to Virology Laboratory of Refik Saydam Hygiene Center. The patients were followed at Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases in the Social Security Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, between 2001 and 2004. Stool (n: 180), CSF (n: 54) and throat swab (n: 15) samples have been inoculated to RD (rhabdomyosarcoma), Hep-2 (human epithelioma) and L20B (transgenic mice) cell lines, and followed up for the presence of cytopathic effects. A total of 95 enterovirus strains were isolated from 85 (34.6%) cases, and serotyped by using RIVM (National Institute of Public and the Environment, Nederlands) antisera with microneutralization method. As a result, the most frequently isolated types were found as echovirus type 30 (n: 24) and coxsackievirus type B (n: 19), which were most frequently isolated between July to October. This is the first report from Turkey for aseptic meningitis cases due to echovirus type 25 (n:3), 18 (n:2), 14 (n:1), 13 (n:4), 11 (n:6), 9 (n:1), 6 (n:9), 5 (n:1), 4 (n:1) and coxsackievirus type A9 (n:1).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Recovery of Campylobacter jejuni in feces and semen of caged broiler breeder roosters following three routes of inoculation.

We previously reported the recovery of Campylobacter (naturally colonized) from the ductus deferens of 5 of 101 broiler breeder roosters, and four of those five positive roosters had previously produced Campylobacter-positive semen samples. Those results prompted further evaluation to determine if inoculation route influenced the prevalence or level of Campylobacter contamination of semen, the digestive tract, or reproductive organs. Individually caged roosters, confirmed to be feces and semen negative for Campylobacter, were challenged with a marker strain of Campylobacter jejuni either orally using 1.0 ml of a diluted cell suspension (log(10)4.3 to 6.0 cells), by dropping 0.1 ml of suspension (log(10)5.3 to 7.0 cells) on the everted phallus immediately after semen collection or by dip coating an ultrasound probe in the diluted cell suspension (log(10)4.3 to 6.0 cells) and then inserting the probe through the vent into the colon. Six days postinoculation, individual feces and semen samples were again collected and cultured for Campylobacter. Seven days postinoculation, roosters were killed, the abdomen aseptically opened to expose the viscera, and one cecum, one testis, and both ductus deferens were collected. The samples were then suspended 1:3 (weight/volume) in Bolton enrichment broth for the culture of Campylobacter. Samples were also directly plated onto Cefex agar to enumerate Campylobacter. Campylobacter was recovered 6 days after challenge from feces in 82% of samples (log(10)4.1 colony-forming units [CFU]/g sample), 85% of semen samples (log(10)2.9 CFU/ml), and on the seventh day postchallenge from 88% of cecal samples (log(10)5.8 CFU/g sample). Campylobacter was not directly isolated from any testis sample but was detected following enrichment from 9% (3/33) of ductus deferens samples. Roosters challenged with Campylobacter orally, on the phallus, or by insertion of a Campylobacter dip-coated ultrasound probe were all readily colonized in the ceca and produced Campylobacter-positive semen and feces on day 6 after challenge. The low prevalence of recovery of Campylobacter from the ductus deferens samples and failure to recover from any testis sample suggests that semen may become Campylobacter positive while traversing the cloaca upon the everted phallus. The production of Campylobacter-positive semen could provide a route in addition to fecal-oral for the horizontal transmission of Campylobacter from the rooster to the reproductive tract of the hen.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1980

Qaulity-control plan for intravenous admixture programs. II: Validation of operator technique.

A plan for the validation of aseptic-operator technique in i.v. admixture programs and two test methods for evaluating the plan are proposed. After a new operator has been trained, the plan involves qualification of the operator through the preparation of statistically valid samples, to be followed by the random selection of samples for in-process monitoring. To test the plan, trypticase soy broth transfers were used in one hospital and Addi-Chek (Millipore Corp.) filtrations were used in another. The participants, all trained operators, initially prepared 40 test samples as a validation step. The finding of no microbial growth in these test samples permitted continuation into the monitoring phase, during which test samples were prepared randomly, one test sample out of every 25 i.v. admixtures prepared for patient use. All samples were negative for microbial growth, indicating that the operators maintained aseptic technique. These findings give evidence that the proposed testing plan is valid. The authors propose the plan as a phase of a quality control program, based on valid statistical principles, to give assurance that i.v. room operators are qualified to prepare sterile parenteral medications.

Drug Combinations↗
PubMed1997

[Mollaret meningitis. Is the riddle finally solved?].

Mollaret's meningitis is characterised by recurrent aseptic meningitis in otherwise healthy persons. It has recently been shown that most cases are caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). In this article we describe five women, age 33-57 years, with altogether 12 episodes of virus-culture negative aseptic meningitis, where polymerase chain reaction detected HSV-2 in samples of cerebrospinal fluid. Only three patients had a medical history of previous genital herpes infection. None of our patients has been offered prophylactic antiviral treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Recovery of bacteria from broiler carcasses rinsed zero and twenty-four hours after immersion chilling.

Microbiological sampling of processed broiler carcasses often relies on the technique of whole-carcass rinsing; however, the rinse sampling is sometimes done immediately after immersion chilling and sometimes as long as 24 h after immersion chilling. To test whether carcass rinses done immediately after chilling can be compared with rinses 24 h after chilling, 20 whole broiler carcasses exiting the chiller of a broiler processing plant were sampled on each of 3 d. All carcasses were bagged aseptically and rinsed for 1 min in 400 mL of sterile water. Recovered rinse liquid was poured into a sterile container, and rinsed carcasses were placed in clean plastic bags; all materials were held overnight at 4 degrees C. On the following day, all carcasses were rinsed again in 400 mL of sterile water as before, and all rinse samples were cultured by standard methods to enumerate coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter and to determine incidence of Salmonella. Statistical analysis used paired comparisons between the same carcasses rinsed at 0 and 24 h after chilling; numbers of bacteria were expressed as log cfu/mL of rinse. In 2 of 3 replications, significantly higher numbers of coliforms and E. coli were found in the rinse samples taken immediately after chilling vs. rinse samples done at 24 h. There were no differences in numbers of Campylobacter or incidence of Salmonella between rinses taken at 0 and 24 h. More study is required to determine whether whole-carcass rinse samples performed at 0 and 24 h after chilling are microbiologically equivalent.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of bacterial contamination at separate processing stages in emulsion sausage production.

The contamination with spoilage bacteria at separate production steps during the production of emulsion sausages was evaluated using a special sampling and evaluation method. Heat processed and chilled sausages were aseptically transferred directly to cold storage, cutting down or packing. Upon completion of the particular production step the sausages were vacuum-packed and stored at 8 degrees C. During storage, the microbial growth of the sausages was followed and the area under the plot of aerobic count versus storage time was calculated. No correlation was found between the total aerobic count of unstored samples and bacterial growth during storage, defined as area under growth curves. Furthermore, the count of lactic acid bacteria on unstored sausages was often below the detection limit. However, the area reflected the extent of contamination during processing with bacteria able to grow on cold-stored vacuum-packed sausages. Storage in a cold storage room was identified as a critical point with respect to bacterial recontamination and shelf-life.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Urinary concentration of collagen metabolites in endoprosthesis loosening].

Aseptic loosening is the most common long-term complication in arthroplasty. Loosening is in every case associated with bone resorption at the interface that leads to bone defects and complicates the revision. The diagnosis of aseptic loosening is based on clinical and radiological evaluation. Especially in clinically asymptomatic cases an early diagnosis with these methods is difficult. In our study we wanted to evaluate the diagnostic value of biochemical markers of the bone resorption in aseptic loosening. We compared 58 patients with proven implant loosening during surgery with 67 patients without clinical or radiological signs of loosening. We measured the crosslinks pyridinoline and hydroxypyridinoline in urine samples. In contrast to Schneider et al. [increased urinary crosslink levels in aseptic loosening of total hip arthroplasty, J. Arthroplasty 1995; 13 (6): 687-692] we found no significant differences between loose and asymptomatic hip or knee prosthesis. Also no correlation between the size of the acetabular defects of loose hip implants and the urinary crosslink excretion was measurable. Our results show no or only little diagnostic value of the urinary crosslinks pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in aseptic loosening of total hip and knee arthroplasty.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Bone contamination and blood culture in tissue donors.

INTRODUCTION: Swab cultures are the most usual method to detect graft contamination; nevertheless it has been confirmed his limited sensibility. We have studied the relationship between blood cultures, swab surface cultures and cultures of entirely samples of cancellous bone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have evaluated 5 donors with positive blood culture, from 70 multiorganic donors during 2002. Blood samples were obtained prior the heart arrest. The bone procurement was done just after the organ recovery under aseptic conditions, and surface cultures were performed of each bone. After storage at -80 degrees C, cancellous samples were obtained by trephine and were completely cultured. RESULTS: In one case, the same microorganism grown in blood culture, in 2 of 9 surface cultures, and in 15 of 26 samples of cancellous bone. CONCLUSION: We conclude that to guarantee allograft's safety it is recommended to add donor's blood culture to the habitual surface swab culture if secondary sterilisation is not performed.

Adult↗