A comparison of the fat-free mass of young adults estimated by anthropometry, body density and total body potassium content.
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Regional fat distribution by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: comparison with anthropometry and application in a clinical trial of growth hormone and exercise.
1. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of ratios derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) whole body scans to assess regional fat distribution in older men and women by comparing them with the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and to evaluate their clinical utility by applying them in a clinical trial involving resistance exercise and recombinant human growth hormone. 2. Sixty-four healthy older adults (39 women and 25 men), aged 65-82 years, served as subjects. The ratios of trunk fat-to-total fat, trunk fat-to-body weight, trunk fat-to-limb fat and trunk fat % were determined by DXA. WHR was assessed on the same day, as was the ratio of subscapular/triceps skinfolds in men. Cardiovascular disease risk factors, functional capacity and serum lipids were also assessed. 3. A moderate relationship (r = 0.36-0.54) between the WHR- and DXA-derived ratios were observed for both men and women. Both DXA and WHR showed similar associations with cardiovascular disease risk factors. However, in men, all DXA ratios were able to detect subtle changes in regional fat distribution resulting from daily administration of recombinant human growth hormone in conjunction with resistance exercise for 10 weeks, whereas the WHR or subscapular/triceps ratios did not. 4. This suggests that DXA-derived ratios may be more sensitive than conventional anthropometric methods in the assessment and categorization of body fat distribution.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗
Craniofacial anthropometry of Hong Kong Chinese babies: the eye.
OBJECTIVES: To provide a database of the canthal measurements of Chinese infants born in Hong Kong. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: A total of 2,371 healthy singleton, born consecutively at the Prince of Wales Hospital and the Union Hospital from June 1998 to June 2000, were included in the study. The range of gestation was 33-42 weeks. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Canthal parameters were measured and included the outer canthal distance (OCD), intercanthal distance (ICD) and palpebral fissure length (PFL). The data generally show higher values for males in the parameters measured. The measurements were also compared with data published overseas. PFL and OCD were significantly larger in Hong Kong Chinese newborn babies, whereas ICD was smaller. CONCLUSION: This study establishes the first set of gestational age-specific standard of such craniofacial parameters for Chinese newborn babies, potentially enabling early syndromal diagnosis. There are significant inter-racial differences in these canthal parameters.
Algorithms↗
Altered lipid profile, leptin, insulin, and anthropometry in offspring of South Asian immigrants in the United States.
South Asians who immigrate to the United States have a propensity toward insulin resistance, central obesity, and elevated total cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio. To evaluate whether these alterations are apparent at a younger age, we studied 32 offspring of South Asian immigrants and compared them with 29 of European descent between 18 to 30 years of age. American-born South Asian males had significantly higher total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (TC:LDL) ratios, triglycerides, and fasting insulin levels (13.9 +/- 7.1 and 10.0 +/- 5.5 microU/mL, P <.01) than their European counterparts. The South Asian females only had increased plasma insulin levels (15.3 +/- 8.8 and 10.0 +/- 5.1 microU/mL, P =.05). The entire South Asian group had higher truncal skinfold thickness (40.1 +/- 18.1 and 30.3 +/- 12.6 mm, P = <.05) and lower insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-1 levels (46.8 +/- 33.4 and 56.0 +/- 33.4 microg/L, P =.05). Plasma leptin levels were also significantly higher in both males (4.3 +/- 2.5 v 2.8 +/- 1.3 ng/mL, P =.0001) and females (20.5 +/- 10.3 v 10.3 +/- 6.3 ng/mL, P =.002) South Asian subjects. A significant correlation between plasma leptin and insulin, triglycerides, TC, and body mass index (BMI) was seen in the South Asian males. South Asians born in the United States show evidence for an altered metabolic profile in young adulthood. The relative contributions of inheritance and nutritional practices early in life to this alteration remain unclear.
Adolescent↗
Anthropometry of the proximal tibia to design a total knee prosthesis for the Japanese population.
Anthropometric data on proximal tibiae of 100 knees in 80 Japanese patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were obtained. Anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) lengths of the tibia were measured on computed tomography scans and intraoperatively on tibial resection surfaces. A special small component is unnecessary, and size variation should focus on ML length of 65 to 75 mm because this includes 90% of women's knees. AP-to-ML ratio had a negative correlation with ML length, indicating that small knees were longer in the AP direction. Most prostheses had AP mismatch up to 5 mm for small women's knees. These data could provide the basis for designing the optimal tibial component for most of the Asian-Pacific population.
Aged↗
Total body water and percentage fat mass measurements using bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry in spinal cord-injured patients.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Spinal cord injured patients may be adversely affected by disturbances of nutritional status, particularly malnutrition and fat mass overload. Malnutrition increases the risk for development of pressure sores, and fat mass excess increases the cardiovascular and respiratory risks of these patients, as well as predisposing to the development of diabetes mellitus, pressures sores and bony fractures. Body impedance analysis and anthopometry are easy bedside methods for body composition assessment. The aims of the study were to validate, in 20 spinal cord injured patients, body impedance analysis as a means to estimate total body water, and to validate a skinfold measurement of percentage fat independent of hydration of fat-free mass in the same population. METHODS: Total body water was measured by (18)O dilution as a reference method. Impedance and anthropometric measurements (four different skinfolds) were obtained. The results of total body water given by impedance analysis and calculated with three formulas were compared to the reference method. The fat mass percentage obtained with each of the skinfolds using the 3-compartment Siri's formula was compared to a reference value using the sum of the skinfolds. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The formula using 100 kHz resistance, height, weight and gender overestimated total body water by only 0.76 +/- 1.85 L, with an acceptable concordance with labeled water results. The formula with 50 kHz resistance was less accurate and concordant. Each skinfold may be used for assessing percentage fat mass. Based on these findings, we feel that the triceps skinfold, whose the variability is the lowest compared to the reference values, can be used alone in clinical practice.
Adipose Tissue↗
Body composition and anthropometry in bodybuilders: regional changes due to nandrolone decanoate administration.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate regional changes in body composition and anthropometric variables induced by nandrolone decanoate in bodybuilders. In a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled design 16 subjects received weekly intramuscular injections containing 200 mg nandrolone decanoate (ND) or placebo. Composition of total body and body parts were assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), skinfolds and circumferences. Measurements were performed at baseline, after 8 weeks ND administration period and 6 weeks after drug withdrawal. DEXA revealed that total body mass (from 76.16 +/- 2.70 to 78.73 +/- 4.07 kg, p<0.5) and bone-free lean mass (from 59.54 +/- 2.36 to 63.06 +/- 2.99 kg, p < 0.025) increased significantly during ND administration whereas bone mineral mass remained unchanged. Six weeks after drug cessation bone-free lean mass was still increased compared to baseline levels. During ND administration significant increments of bone-free lean mass of the trunk (+ 2.03 kg) and legs (+ 1.08 kg) could be observed. Percentage fat of the legs decreased during the drug intervention period (-1.9%) and remained lowered six weeks after drug withdrawal. No alteration in any variable of the arms was observed. Skinfolds did not change during the entire study period in both groups. After 8 weeks ND administration circumference of the neck was increased (+0.9 cm) significantly although all circumferences underwent non-significant gains. In conclusion, the intramuscular administration of nandrolone decanoate (200 mg per week) during eight weeks induced an increase of body weight and bone-free lean body mass in bodybuilders that was mainly situated in the trunk and legs as determined by DEXA. The changes in the trunk were reflected in the circumferences but not the alterations in the legs. Skinfolds were not able to detect changes of fat mass of body parts. DEXA revealed that total fat mass and total percentage fat remained unaffected by drug administration while percentage fat of the legs decreased and remained lowered after drug cessation. These data indicate that changes of the composition of body parts induced by ND are elucidated less accurately by circumferences or skinfolds rather than by DEXA.
Absorptiometry, Photon↗
[Anthropometry and muscle force measurement of German male national junior hockey players].
In 1996 89 German male national junior hockey players were examined in respect to weight, height, age and body mass of the lower extremities. The average age was 16,8 +/- 1,4 years with an average height of 179,6 +/- 6,3 cm and weight of 73,9 +/- 8,9 kg. The Rohrer-index was 1,27 +/- 0,1. In a biomechanic test set up characteristic values of strength were determined. By position, defence man were as tall as forwards but heavier. Players in the age of 15 to 17 years had a higher mean relative maximum force in leg-extension than players in the age of 18 to 19 years. Forwards had better relative explosive force in leg-extension but a higher force deficit in knee flexion and extension. At the World Championship 1995/96 in Alberta German national junior players, seventh ranked, had the lowest mean Rohrer-index and were the tallest one, but had the mean lowest weight of all teams.
Adolescent↗
IL-18: relationship with anthropometry, body composition parameters, leptin and arterial hypertension.
OBJECTIVE: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine with potential atherogenic properties whose role in human obesity has been recently suggested. The aim of our study was to analyze the physiologic distribution of IL-18 among sexes and all decades of the adult life in a healthy population randomly selected and to study its relationship with anthropometric, body composition measurements and leptin concentrations. We also studied the relationship of IL-18 with smoking and arterial hypertension, known risk factors implicated in atherogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and thirty four men and 127 healthy women were included in the study. Plasma concentrations of IL-18 and leptin were determined in all subjects. Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedanciometry. RESULTS: IL-18 was distributed similarly in men and women and throughout decades. No significant differences were found in IL-18 between obese and normal-weight men and women according to their body mass index and body fat content. Higher IL-18 concentrations were found in subjects with arterial hypertension. In the bivariate correlation analysis only waist to hip ratio correlated weakly with IL-18 in the whole population (r=0.12, p=0.04). In the multiple regression analysis the relationship between IL-18 and waist to hip ratio lost significance after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index. However, IL-18 remained associated with arterial hypertension (adjusted r2=0.25, p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of correlation between IL-18 with anthropometric, body composition variables and leptin in our healthy population argues against a role of this cytokine in obesity. Moreover, our findings suggest the implication of this interleukin in the atherogenic process induced by arterial hypertension.
Adolescent↗
Anthropometry and lung function of 10- to 12-year-old Bolivian boys.
Anthropometric measurements of 23 HAHSES, 44 HALSES, 43 LAHSES, and 28 LALSES boys (see Introduction to this Supplement) are presented here. They include body height (H), body weight (BW), upper arm circumference (UAC), and skinfold thickness taken at four locations. From these measurements, body fat, lean body mass, and body mass index (BMI = BW/H2) were calculated. The degree of maturation was assessed according to Tanner, orchidometry, and by quantification of testosterone in saliva. Lung function data include: vital capacity (VC), forced expired volume per 1 s (FEV1), functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV), and total lung capacity (TLC). The results show enhanced lung volumes in both HA groups in comparison to LA groups, with HALSES boys having the greatest increase, even though the LSES boys were significantly smaller compared to the HSES boys at both altitudes and their growth was delayed by approximately 2 years. From the anthropometric data it appears that physical growth of prepubertal boys is dependent on SES but not on high-altitude exposure. We tentatively conclude that chronic hypoxia per se does not affect physical growth in prepubertal boys in an Andean environment and that development of lung function is accelerated in relation to linear growth as has been suggested by other authors (15).
Altitude↗
The validity of predicted body composition in Chinese adults from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance in comparison with densitometry.
Body composition was measured by densitometry in a group of eighty-one Chinese males and 124 healthy Chinese females, aged 18-67 years. Biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds were measured as well as total body bioelectrical impedance at 50 kHz. Mean heights were 1.71 (SD 0.05) and 1.61 (SD 0.06) m, body weights 66.1 (SD 9.1) and 57.2 (SD 9.4) kg and BMI 22.7 (SD 3.0) and 22.0 (SD 3.3) kg/m2 in males and females respectively. Body fat values from body density were 20.1 (SD 6.2) and 29.7 (SD 7.5)% in males and females respectively. Mean predicted body-fat values from skinfolds, bioelectrical impedance and BMI, using prediction formulas developed in Western populations, did not differ or differed only slightly from body-fat values estimated from body density. The SD of the difference for each method was 5% body fat or 3.3 kg fat-free mass (CV 6%), which is approximately equal to the accuracy level of each predictive method. Compared with densitometry the predictive methods overestimated body fat at the lower levels of body fatness, whereas at the higher levels of body fat the predictive methods tended to underestimate body fatness. It is concluded that prediction formulas for estimating body fat from skinfolds, impedance or BMI developed in Western populations are applicable and valid in the adult Chinese population. However, in very lean subjects the predictive methods overestimate body fat compared with values obtained from body density.
Adipose Tissue↗
Energy intakes, anthropometry and body composition of Nigerian adolescent girls: a case study of an institutionalized secondary school in Ibadan.
Twenty-two apparently healthy Nigerian adolescent girls aged 11-17 years residing in a hostel, were studied over five consecutive days in order to assess their energy intake (EI), energy cost of specific activities and body composition (BC). The mean characteristics of the group were: height 1.58 (SD 0.1, range 1.42-1.68) m, body weight 49.1 (SD 7.9, range 34.0-61.0) kg and BMI 19.5 (SD 2.0, range 16.0-23.0) kg/m2. The food intake of each subject was assessed by direct weighing and its energy value was determined by means of a ballistic bomb calorimeter. BMR values were calculated according to Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU) (1985) equations. Percentage body fat (BF%) values were derived from three skinfold thickness measurements, using population-specific equations. The adolescents' mean daily EI was found to be 6510 (SD 855) kJ/d (138.3 (SD 27.8) kJ/kg body weight per d) which is lower than the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) calculated energy requirement of 8800 kJ/d for adolescent girls aged 12-14 years. The contributions of specific nutrients and individual meals to the total EI were: carbohydrate, protein and fat, 59.2, 12.5 and 28.3% of energy respectively and breakfast, lunch and supper, 21.5, 41.0 and 37.4% respectively. However, the mean BMR was 5627 kJ/d, which is comparable with that given by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) for adolescent girls aged 13-14 years. The mean BF% was found to be 21.7. The comparatively low EI of the participants in the present study may be indicative of energy deficiency in their meals. This assumption is also reflected in their BC values. Nevertheless, further studies of this kind on adolescents in Nigeria are needed to confirm these observations.
Adolescent↗
Anthropometry of women of childbearing age in Morocco: body composition and prevalence of overweight and obesity.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of obesity and body fat distribution of Moroccan women of childbearing age, using a panel of anthropometric measurements. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional survey conducted in 1995 in an agricultural community, El Jadida province of Morocco. Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences and triceps, biceps, subscapular and supra-iliac skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), sum of all and sum of trunk skinfold thicknesses were determined. SUBJECTS: In total, 1269 women aged 15-49 years from urban and rural areas were surveyed. RESULTS: The means of all anthropometric measurements including body fat were higher in urban than in rural women and increased with age. Trunk fat contributed 50% of total fat. Globally, 4.7% of women were underweight (BMI<18.5 kg m(-2)), 35.2% were overweight or obese (BMI> or =25 kg m(-2)), 10.1% were obese (BMI> or =30 kg m(-2)) and 16.8% had central obesity (WHR>0.85). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in the urban than in the rural area. Underweight prevalence decreased with age, whereas that of overweight and obesity increased. All anthropometric parameters adjusted for age increased with the increase of BMI and WHR. CONCLUSIONS: Although undernutrition is still prevalent, there is an alarming prevalence of overweight and obesity in Moroccan women of childbearing age. The results indicate a shift in this country from the problem of dietary deficiency to the problem of dietary excess, and alert one to the necessity of establishing an intervention to prevent obesity-related diseases. It is necessary to address which of the anthropometric variables studied here is the best predictor of obesity-related diseases in this population.
Adipose Tissue↗
Correlation of anthropometry and simple tests of pulmonary function.
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Adult↗
A survey of hand anthropometry of female rural farm workers in Ibadan, western Nigeria.
An anthropometric survey measuring 18 dimensions of the right hand in 37 female rural farm workers living in Ibadan, western Nigeria was conducted. The means, standard deviations and percentile values are reported for these. The means of the collected data are compared with those for females from the UK, from Hong Kong and from America, using data from other published studies. The results suggest that the Nigerian female hand is wider and thicker, but shorter than that of their foreign counterparts. Such differences have implications for design and evaluation of hand tools for the Nigerian female population.
Adolescent↗
A minimum square measuring device for hand anthropometry.
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Anthropometry↗
A comparison of hand anthropometry of females in three ethnic groups.
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Anthropometry↗