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PubMed2005

[Preparation and characterization of a novel adsorbent made by cellulose acetate].

A novel adsorbent made by cellulose acetate was developed. Preparation method, structure, and adsorbing characterization of the adsorbent were discussed. SEM results showed that the surface of round adsorbent was stable membrane of cellulose acetate, free from obvious cracks, holes, or other defects; while the cross section of the adsorbent was meshy and a lot of cavities were found. The adsorption results of 4 organochlorinated pesticides, such as Dieldrin, Aldrin, Endrin and Heptachlor, show that the adsorbent has higher efficient for organic pollutants, the adsorption rate is about 85% after 12 h. The adsorption rate is faster with the higher lgKow, and the removal efficiency of Heptachlor and Aldrin is up to 99% after 0.5h. The adsorbent can be used to remove persistent organic pollutants effectively.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polyamine effects on cytochrome P-450- and flavin-containing monooxygenase-mediated oxidation of xenobiotics.

The effects of in vitro addition of polyamines on the female mouse hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450- and flavin-containing monooxygenase-dependent oxidation of xenobiotics were examined. Putrescine, spermine, and spermidine all caused a different degree of stimulation of oxidative dearylation of parathion and O-ethyl-O-p-nitrophenylphosphonothioate, epoxidation of aldrin, and O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin. The degree of stimulation was greatest in the presence of spermidine. Enhancement of aldrin epoxidation by spermidine was higher in pregnant mice as compared to nonpregnant mice. Total phorate S-oxidation was stimulated by all the polyamines tested. Phorate S-oxidation, mediated by microsomal flavin-containing monooxygenase, was only slightly increased by spermine and spermidine while putrescine caused slight inhibition. Of the various steps involved in the monooxygenation cycle examined, only the rates of NADPH oxidation and cytochrome P-450 reduction were significantly increased. Efficient coupling of NADPH utilization with substrate oxidation appears to be the underlying mechanism responsible for the polyamine-stimulated xenobiotic oxidation.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1979

[Drug metabolizing activity in birds: compared activity of liver and duodenum in four species (author's transl)].

Drug-metabolizing activity of liver and small intestine (duodenum) was examined in birds (A. rufa, P. perdix, Ph. colchicus, G. gallus) with 4 substrates (aniline, aldrin, p-nitroanisole, aminopyrine). In order of decreasing hepatic activity: P. perdix greater than Ph. colchicus greater than A. rufa greater than G. gallus. For all species, intestinal activity is higher than in rodents, especially with aldrin as substrate.

Aldrin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Laboratory tests of the persistence of pesticides in two Brazilian soils.

The persistence of 5 insecticides in two soils, one rich (soil 1), the other poor (soil 2) in organic matter was examined in the laboratory using gas chromatographyc and radiometric techniques. About half DDT and aldrin were lost in 256 days. The other pesticides, in order of decreasing persistence were lindane, parathion (Table I) and malathion (Table II). Aldrin was converted to dieldrin faster in soil 1 than in soil 2. Parathion and lindane were both lost faster from soil 2 than from soil 1. In contrast, malathion was lost more slowly from soil 2 than soil 1, from which all disappeared in 4 days (Table II)

Aldrin↗
PubMed1991

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue.

Halogenated organic compounds are highly lipophilic chemicals that are persistent in the environment as a result of their use and chemical stability. Some of these compounds are also present in the environment as metabolites or oxidation products of a parent compound or as by-products formed in the production of chlorinated compounds. Chronic exposure to the general population results mainly through the food chain. Because they are lipophilic, and because many are metabolized slowly, these chemicals tend to concentrate in body fat tissue. This contribution has described these halogenated organic compounds, discussed their use, regulation and prohibition throughout the world, and reviewed published studies on the levels of these chemicals found in the adipose tissue of humans and animals. For many years, residues of halogenated organic compounds have been detected in the human adipose tissue of individuals in a number of countries, including those in Europe, Asia, and Africa, as well as in the U.S. The levels detected have been used as an index of the level of general population exposure of these compounds over time. Over the past two decades, most countries have observed a steady decline of this level of exposure, reflecting a reduction in the use of these compounds, restrictions on or banning of their use, and a corresponding decrease in their environmental levels. The levels of concentrations vary from chemical to chemical as well as from isomer to isomer. Since the use of aldrin and dieldrin has now been banned or restricted in the U.S. and a number of other countries, residue levels have slowly decreased. Mean values in human adipose tissue in the U.S. and some foreign countries ranged from 0.04 to 0.40 ppm for dieldrin. Aldrin was detected only in Argentina and Poland in the 1970s and endrin was not detected anywhere at anytime. By 1978, all products containing BHC registered in the U.S. has been either discontinued or reformulated to incorporate lindane rather than BHC. The potential for exposure to BHC is virtually nonexistent in the U.S.; however, exposure to lindane is possible since products containing this chemical are still marketed, and used particularly in the manufacture of human medicine. DDT was banned for agricultural purposes in the U.S. in 1972, although it is still used elsewhere for public health vector control. Since the decline in use of DDT, however, the average levels of concentration have also declined. Heptachlor, chlordane, and trans-nonachlor (a component of both heptachlor and chlordane) are chlorinated cyclodienes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

The decline of mink in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina: the role of contaminants.

Since the 1960s, mink (Mustela vision) populations in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina have declined, especially in the coastal plain. A prior study suggested that the decline may stem from environmental contaminants. Based on water quality data from each state, we identified 17 substances potentially related to the decline: aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, DDD, DDE, DDT, PCBs, chlordane, alpha-BHC, toxaphene, dibenzofuran, copper, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury. Mink livers were analyzed for PCB and organochlorine pesticides, and kidneys and femurs were analyzed for metals. Reference sample concentrations from piedmont, mountain, and foothill locations were compared to state coastal plain totals and counties. PCBs for Georgia, dieldrin for South Carolina, and endrin and aldrin for North Carolina were significantly higher than the piedmont reference group. Liver PCB concentrations were higher than those known to cause mink reproductive dysfunction. Mercury concentrations were significantly higher in coastal plain mink from all three states and were in the range of those known to cause impacts to reproduction, growth, and behavior to wild mink. It is unknown what concentrations of cyclodienes cause reduced reproduction or other physiological effects in mink, but the levels reported here probably indicate background concentrations that do not contribute to the decline.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

Residue pattern and dietary intake of persistent organochlorine compounds in foodstuffs from Vietnam.

Concentrations of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), DDT compounds (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were determined in foodstuffs collected from different locations in Vietnam. Elevated levels of PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, and aldrin and dieldrin were found in animal fat, butter, meat, and seafood. Caviar and butter samples imported from the Soviet Union contained considerably higher amounts of PCBs, HCHs and DDTs. The average daily intake of some organochlorines by Vietnamese people were higher than those observed in most of the developed nations. The dietary intake of DDTs was the highest among various chemicals studied. Interestingly, the daily dietary intake of PCBs was comparable to those in developed countries. Fish, shellfish, prawn, and crab were the primary route of DDTs to humans, whereas cereals and vegetables were the predominant sources of PCBs and HCHs.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed1979

Contaminant levels in animal feeds used for toxicity studies.

Samples of commercial feeds for laboratory rats, guinea pigs, cats, monkeys, rabbits, and hamsters were collected and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for selected antibiotics, trace metals, pesticides (organophosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons), natural agents, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The results indicated that antibiotics, parathion, diazinon, aldrin, and the aflatoxins were not detected, whereas, metals, chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (except aldrin), and PCBs were continually present. Malathion and estrogen were found occasionally.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

In vitro response of the brown bullhead catfish cell line, BB, to aquatic pollutants.

Established cell lines from brown bullhead catfish (BB) and rainbow trout (RTG-2) and primary cultures of cells derived from gill, fin, and gonad tissues from brown bullhead catfish were evaluated for use as bioindicators in the neutral red cytotoxicity assay. The BB and RTG-2 cells were compared after a 1 day exposure to chlorinated pesticides and after a 6-day exposure to various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The BB cells were more sensitive to both classes of chemicals. The sequence of toxicity for the BB cells was 4,4'-DDD. 4,4'-DDT greater than aldrin, 4,4'-DDE and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) greater than 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OH-B(a)P) greater than benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P). For the RTG-2 cells, the sequence was aldrin greater than 4,4'-DDD greater than 4,4'-DDT greater than 4,4'-DDE and 3-OH-B(a)P greater than DMBA greater than B(a)P. The BB cells were also sensitive to benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, and trans-7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene. The responses of BB and RTG-2 cells were compared with those of primary cultures after a 1 day exposure to B(a)P. After 1 day of exposure, the RTG-2 cells and primary cultures were more sensitive than the BB cells to B(a)P. Apparently, after 1 day of incubation the RTG-2 and primary cells metabolized greater amounts of B(a)P to cytotoxic metabolites, than did the BB cells. However, by 6 days of incubation, the BB cells were more sensitive to B(a)P than were the RTG-2 cells. A 6-day exposure to B(a)P was not performed with the primary cell cultures.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in slaughtered and game animal fats from the northern part of Poland.

Pooled samples of the adipose fat of swine, cows, sheep, rabbit, ducks, geese, turkeys, wild boar, roe deer and stags collected from the northern part of Poland in 1987-88 were analysed for the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorohexanes (HCHs), Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and chlordanes (CHLs). All the fats contained detectable, but low concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs. The mean PCB levels ranged from 9.2 to 47 micrograms/kg of which IUPAC nos. 138, 153, and 180 were dominating congeners in most of the samples. DDT concentrations were apparently lower in fat of the ruminants (45 to 84 micrograms/kg fat) while in rabbits, swine, turkeys and geese, it was from 79 to 140 micrograms/kg fat. Ducks and wild boar had the highest concentrations of 400 and 440 micrograms DDTs/kg fat, respectively. HCB was detected at concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 18 micrograms/kg fat. The total HCH concentration ranged between 15 and 77 micrograms/kg fat. Aldrin and heptachlor remained undetected while dieldrin was found only in some slaughtered species with a range of positive measurements up to 9.1 micrograms/kg fat. Similarly, heptachlor expoxide was traced up to 9.1 micrograms/kg fat and the residues of CHLs from 0.34 to 4.1 micrograms/kg fat.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1992

Effects of valproate on xenobiotic biotransformation in rat liver. In vivo and in vitro experiments.

Male Wistar rats were in vivo exposed for 2 weeks to 100 micrograms/ml sodium valproate by subcutaneous implantation of osmotic pumps and hepatocytes were isolated. As an in vitro model co-cultures of rat hepatocytes with epithelial cells were daily treated with valproate (25, 50, 100, 200 micrograms/ml) for 2 weeks. In both models the cytochrome P-450 content and the enzymatic activities of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase, aldrin epoxidase and glutathione S-transferase were determined in valproate-treated hepatocytes, in controls and in phenobarbital-induced cells. It appeared that in both systems the cytochrome P-450 content and the 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity increased significantly after valproate treatment. On the other hand, the activities of aldrin epoxidase and glutathione S-transferase decreased. A cDNA probe, encoding rat P450IIB2 was used to determine whether mRNAs encoding the P450IIB subfamily were induced by valproate. It became clear that the inducing effect of valproate was even more pronounced in vitro than in vivo.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗
PubMed2003

Recombinant human estrogen, androgen and progesterone receptors for detection of potential endocrine disruptors.

This work reports the binding capacity of various chemicals (so-called endocrine disruptors) to recombinant human steroid receptors (hERalpha, hPR and hAR). The tested chemicals are organochlorine insecticides (DDT and its metabolites, methoxychlor, aldrin, dieldrin, chlordecone, lindane, trichlorobenzene), estrogenic insecticides (endosulfan, toxaphene, nonachlor), herbicides (alachlor and atrazine), fungicides (benomyl and vinclozolin), industrial chemicals (nonylphenol, bisphenol A, diphenylphtalate), antioxidants (butylated hydroxyanisol) and some phytoestrogens. Except for phytoestrogens, most of the tested chemicals (DDT and its metabolites, aldrin, alpha- and beta-endosulfan, toxaphen, trans-nonachlor) show higher affinities for hPR than for hERalpha, indicating that the interaction with the progesterone receptor could contribute to the endocrine-disrupting effects imputed to these chemicals. We propose to use binding assays using recombinant human steroid receptors as screening tools for the detection of endocrine disruptors in various samples.

Endocrine Glands↗
PubMed2006

Modified superheated water extraction of pesticides from spiked sediment and soil.

In this study a laboratory-made superheated water system was applied in order to extract some pesticides from sand, sediment and soil samples. Extraction efficiencies were investigated at different time intervals with regard to temperature, type and amount of organic modifier. Pesticides were removed from the aqueous extract using dichloromethane as a trapping solvent. The optimal extraction temperature from sand specimens for malathion, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, butachlor, metalaxyl and propiconazole was found to be 160 degrees C, while those for chlordane and thiobencarb were 120 degrees C and 180 degrees C, respectively. The static extraction time for heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, butachlor and metalaxyl was found to be 15 min, whereas for malathion and thiobencarb it was 5 min, and for chlordane and propiconazole it was 10 and 20 min, respectively. Recoveries for the extractions of the pesticides from sand under optimized extraction conditions ranged between 96 and 101%. Those obtained from sediment under such conditions were unsatisfactory, and were consequently improved by adding an organic modifier to the superheated water, and sodium chloride to the extract during liquid-liquid extraction. These procedures were optimized further for the parameters described and recoveries exceeded 91%, with the exception of butachlor. The extraction technique was also applied to soil samples at a reduced water flow rate of 0.5 mL min(-1), yielding recoveries of 82-105%, and 76% for dieldrin. The reproducibilities, expressed as relative standard deviations (RSDs), ranged between 2 and 13%.

Geologic Sediments↗
PubMed1996

Small-scale method for the determination of selected organochlorine pesticides in soil.

A small-scale method was developed for the simultaneous determination of gamma-HCH, heptachlor, aldrin, dicofol, mirex, endosulfan I, endosulfan II and endosulfan sulphate in soil. The extraction and clean-up steps were combined into one step by transferring soil samples to chromatographic columns prepacked with neutral alumina. The pesticides elution was processed with n-hexane : dichloromethane (7 : 3) and the concentrated eluate was analysed using gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. Analyses of the "in vitro" fortified samples with the selected pesticides were performed at three different levels. Mean recoveries for aldrin, gamma-HCH and heptachlor, at levels of 2, 10 and 20 ng/g, ranged from 71 to 87%; for dicofol, at levels of 8, 40 and 80 ng/g, ranged from 97 to 103%; for endosulfan I and II, at levels of 5, 25 and 50 ng/g, ranged from 88 to 96%; for mirex, at levels of 6, 30 and 60 ng/g, ranged from 86 to 110%; and for endosulfan sulphate, at levels of 15, 75 and 150 ng/g, ranged from 93 to 104%. The method can be used for rapid determination of these pesticides in soil.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Growth and denitrifying activity of Xanthobacter autotrophicus CECT 7064 in the presence of selected pesticides.

The effects of the application of nine pesticides used commonly in agriculture (aldrin, lindane, dimetoate, methylparathion, methidation, atrazine, simazine, captan and diflubenzuron) on growth, CO2 production, denitrifying activity [as nitrous oxide (N2O) released] and nitrite accumulation in the culture medium by Xanthobacter autotrophicus strain CECT 7064 (Spanish Type Culture Collection) (a micro-organism isolated from a submerged fixed-film) were studied. The herbicide atrazine and the insecticide dimetoate totally inhibited growth and biological activity of X. autotrophicus at 10 mg l(-1), while the rest of the tested pesticides delayed the growth of strain CECT 7064 but did not drastically affect the bacterial growth after 96 h of culture. The denitrifying activity of X. autotrophicus was negatively affected by the pesticides application with the exception of fungicide captan. The release of N2O was strongly inhibited by several pesticides (aldrin, lindane, methylparathion, methidation and diflubenzuron), while dimetoate, atrazine and simazine inhibited totally the denitrifying activity of the strain. The effects of the pesticides on denitrifying submerged fixed-film reactor are discussed.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1979

Interaction of insecticides with lipid membranes.

The permeability of liposome membranes is increased by organophosphorus and organochlorinated insecticides at concentrations of 10(-5)--10(-4) M. The order of effectiveness is similar to the toxicity of the compounds to mammals, and is the following for permeation of non-electrolytes and for valinomycin-induced permeation of K+: parathion greater than 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) approximately aldrin greater than malathion greater than lindane. The degree of effectiveness for X-537A-induced permeation of Ca2+ was the following: aldrin greater than or equal to DDT greater than parathion greater than malathion greater than lindane. The organophosphorus compound, ethyl azinphos (10(-4) M), dramatically increases the permeability of liposome membranes to all the tested substances, probably as a consequence of surfactant effects. Some organochlorinated insecticides appear to react with cation ionophores and modulate their motion across lipid membranes. It is suggested that the insecticides may exert some of their toxic actions by modifying certain mechanisms in the cell membrane.

Calcium↗
PubMed1983

Polychlorinated biphenyls as phenobarbitone-type inducers of microsomal enzymes. Structure-activity relationships for a series of 2,4-dichloro-substituted congeners.

Several polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) isomers and congeners resemble phenobarbitone (PB) in their mode of induction of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes; however, unlike PCBs which induce aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, no apparent structure-activity correlations have been reported. This study examines the effects of structure on the activity of a series of 2,4-dichloro-substituted biphenyls as inducers of several microsomal enzyme activities including dimethylaminoantipyrine N-demethylase, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, aldrin epoxidase, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase. The results clearly illustrate a marked effect of structure on activity: all of the 2,4-dichloro-substituted PCBs resembled PB in their mode of induction. However, the potency of the induction response was dependent on the substitution pattern of the second phenyl ring (i.e. 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro greater than or equal to 2,3,4,5,6-pentachloro greater than 2,3,4,6-tetrachloro greater than 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro greater than 2,4,6-trichloro); the structure of the lower chlorinated ring also determined induction potency since the 2,4-dichloro-substituted PCBs were generally more active than their 4-chloro-substituted analogs, whereas the 2-substituted PCB homologs were inactive. The structural factors which typify the most active PB-type inducer, 2,2',3,4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl, include the presence of two para-, at least two meta- and two ortho-chloro substituents. In addition to the structure-activity correlations noted for PCBs, the 2,2',3,4,4',5-hexachlorobiphenyl congener also elicited a dose-response induction of two PB-inducible enzymes, aldrin epoxidase and dimethylaminoantipyrine N-demethylase.

Animals↗