Cognitive development in adolescence. Clinical cues and implication.
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Adolescent↗
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Contraceptive issues of youth and adolescents in developing countries: highlights from the Philippines and other Asian countries.
This article highlights contraceptive issues in Asia, home to some 700 million adolescents. It starts with a description of the socio-cultural milieu of adolescents in South and Southeast Asia, their knowledge and use of contraceptives, the myriad barriers to access, and the many innovative programs to broaden contraceptive availability. The reproductive health needs of adolescents in poor countries cannot be solved by merely supplying them with contraceptives--these needs can only be fully addressed in the context of gender equality, poverty alleviation and the conviction that investing in the reproductive health of adolescents is a most urgent priority. Investing in the reproductive health of adolescents will have an impact not only on birth and abortion rates, maternal health, and the spread of STI/HIV but also on the demographics and economic development of the region--and beyond.
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Reducing the risks: adolescents and sexually transmitted diseases.
The incidence of sexually transmitted disease (STDs) in adolescents is alarming and continues to increase. Prevention and treatment of STDs in this population are impeded by the lack of accessible services which address the unique needs of teens. Nurse practitioners who provide services to teens should be knowledgeable about adolescent development and how to provide "teen-friendly" services. This article describes how adolescent development affects the incidence, prevention, and treatment of STDs. Approaches to the care of the adolescent client are described.
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[Adolescent somatic development and its variants].
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Cognitive development and adolescent disabilities.
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Adolescent medicine faculty development needs.
OVERVIEW: Adolescent medicine faculty physicians were surveyed regarding training, career, and perceived needs. Most stated that training in teaching, research, and administration would be useful. Time spent in adolescent medicine activities was not associated with satisfaction, whereas having a mentor was. These issues should be considered when addressing faculty development needs.
Adolescent Medicine↗
Sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents in developed countries.
CONTEXT: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are responsible for a variety of health problems, and can have especially serious consequences for adolescents and young adults. An international comparison of levels and trends in STDs would be useful to identify countries that are relatively successful in controlling the incidence of STDs, as a first step toward improving policies and programs in countries with high or growing STD incidence. METHODS: Incidence data for the past decade on three common bacterial STDs--syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia--were obtained for as many as 16 developed countries from official statistics, published national sources or scientific articles, and unpublished government data. Rates of incidence per 100,000 were calculated for adolescents, for young adults and for the total population. (These estimates should be considered conservative, because STDs commonly are underreported.) RESULTS: The incidence of these three STDs has generally decreased over the last decade, both in the general population and among adolescents. However, the Russian Federation is an important exception: Syphilis has risen dramatically in the 1990s. Except in the Russian Federation and Romania, the syphilis rate in the mid-1990s was quite low, with rates of less than seven reported cases per 100,000 teenagers in most developed countries. Gonorrhea incidence is many times higher than that of syphilis in several countries, and this disease disproportionately affects adolescents and young adults. Gonorrhea rates among adolescents can be as high as 600 per 100,000 (in the Russian Federation and the United States), although in many countries the reported rate among teenagers is below 10 per 100,000. In all countries with good reporting, chlamydia incidence is extremely high among adolescents (between 563 and 1,081 cases per 100,000). The reported incidence of all three STDs is generally higher among female teenagers than among males of the same age; this is especially true for chlamydia. CONCLUSION: Prevention programs, active screening strategies and better access to STD diagnosis and treatment services, especially for adolescents and young adults, are necessary to reduce the incidence and the burden of STDs among young people.
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Programming for adolescent health and development. Report of a WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health.
One in every five persons is an adolescent (10-19 years of age). What happens, or does not happen, during the second decade of life has implications that last throughout a lifetime and affect both individual and public health. What sets adolescents apart from children is the increasing autonomy they demonstrate. Their own decisions, behaviours and relationships increasingly determine their health and development. Moreover, adolescence brings with it expanded capacities--for abstract thought and contemplating the future, for empathy and idealism, for critical thought including the questioning of self and others, and for reproduction. Yet the use of these new capacities is dependent on the environment in which adolescents live. So while adolescents display more self-reliance than children, they lack the status and resources of adults. Indeed, they are often dependent on adults to meet many of their basic needs. The consolidation of knowledge and experience acquired through the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health is presented in this report. Verified by research, the report describes the guiding concepts and major interventions that are necessary components for country programming for adolescent health and development. The report asserts the value of addressing the health and development of adolescents simultaneously. It indicates the emerging evidence that actions to meet adolescents' needs for development also discourage them from adopting high-risk behaviours and protect them from the situations that lead to the major health problems. The report is illustrated by examples of programming efforts from around the world.
Adolescent↗
Programming for adolescent health and development. Report of a WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health.
One in every five persons is an adolescent (10-19 years of age). What happens, or does not happen, during the second decade of life has implications that last throughout a lifetime and affect both individual and public health. What sets adolescents apart from children is the increasing autonomy they demonstrate. Their own decisions, behaviours and relationships increasingly determine their health and development. Moreover, adolescence brings with it expanded capacities--for abstract thought and contemplating the future, for empathy and idealism, for critical thought including the questioning of self and others, and for reproduction. Yet the use of these new capacities is dependent on the environment in which adolescents live. So while adolescents display more self-reliance than children, they lack the status and resources of adults. Indeed, they are often dependent on adults to meet many of their basic needs. The consolidation of knowledge and experience acquired through the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health is presented in this report. Verified by research, the report describes the guiding concepts and major interventions that are necessary components for country programming for adolescent health and development. The report asserts the value of addressing the health and development of adolescents simultaneously. It indicates the emerging evidence that actions to meet adolescents' needs for development also discourage them from adopting high-risk behaviours and protect them from the situations that lead to the major health problems. The report is illustrated by examples of programming efforts from around the world.
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Work group II: healthy adolescent psychosocial development.
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Assessing the validity of parenting measures in a sample of chinese adolescents.
The purpose of this study was to assess the construct validity of adolescent-report parenting behavior measures (primarily derived from the Parental Behavior Measure) in a sample of 480 adolescents from Beijing, China. Results suggest that maternal support, monitoring, and autonomy granting were valid measures when assessing maternal socialization strategies and Chinese adolescent development. Measures of punitiveness and love withdrawal demonstrated limited validity, whereas maternal positive induction demonstrated little validity. The major implications of these results are that measures of "negative" parenting that included physical or psychological manipulations may not have salience for the development of Chinese adolescents. Moreover, researchers and clinicians should question the applicability of instruments and measures designed to assess family process when working with individuals in families from diverse cultural backgrounds.
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Chronic alcohol consumption during male rat adolescence impairs skeletal development through effects on osteoblast gene expression, bone mineral density, and bone strength.
BACKGROUND: The effect of chronic alcohol ingestion on bone formation is mediated through its direct actions on osteoblasts. The affected population of mature osteoblasts declines in both number and function resulting in decreased cancellous bone volume and cortical bone strength. Although the mechanism of action on osteoblasts is unknown, alcohol alters osteoblast gene expression and matrix synthesis. METHODS: Male rats consuming alcohol (EtOH) daily for 60 days from 35 days of age until 95 days of age (unrecovered group) were compared to rats switched to a regular diet of rat chow without EtOH for an additional 90 days (recovered group). The effects of chronic dietary EtOH on skeletal development during adolescence were examined in the unrecovered and recovered rats by hormonal analysis, bone mineral density determination, bone histomorphometry, metaphyseal gene expression for osteoblast-specific proteins, and biomechanical analysis. RESULTS: The unrecovered EtOH imbibing rats weighed less than their paired isocaloric-fed and ad libitum mates. Statistically significant reductions occurred in femur lengths in the unrecovered EtOH-fed group compared to controls. Serum testosterone levels were significantly decreased by EtOH consumption but returned to higher normal levels during the recovery period. Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels were unaffected by EtOH. Serum osteocalcin levels in the unrecovered EtOH-fed group were higher than those in the recovered group but EtOH intake did not elevate the unrecovered levels compared to isocaloric or ad libitum control rats. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) determination of bone mineral density (BMD) revealed a statistically significant reduction only in the distal femur metaphysis in the unrecovered EtOH-fed rats. BMD increased during recovery in the distal femur metaphysis and femur mid-cortex. Image analysis of midsagittal sections of the proximal tibial metaphysis of unrecovered rats revealed reductions in cancellous area, trabecular cellularity and thickness, and increased trabecular separation. Cortical widths were significantly reduced by chronic EtOH consumption. These changes remained statistically significant at the end of the recovery period. Four-point biomechanical testing of femurs from EtOH-fed and control unrecovered groups revealed significant reductions in cortical strength, energy-to-failure, and stiffness. These cortical characteristics returned to normal values with abstinence. Tibial metaphyseal alpha-1 type I collagen and osteocalcin mRNA expression levels were significantly elevated above the paired isocaloric control levels after 60 days of EtOH consumption. Metaphyseal alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels remained unaltered by EtOH consumption in the unrecovered group. After 90 days of abstinence alpha-1 type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase gene expression levels remained significantly elevated over the isocaloric and ad libitum control levels (collagen) and the isocaloric control value (alkaline phosphatase). However, metaphyseal osteocalcin mRNA levels declined to normal levels during abstinence. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic consumption of EtOH during the peripubertal period of skeletal growth leads directly to decreased metaphyseal and cortical bone mediated through effects on osteoblasts. Removal of EtOH from the diet is accompanied by incomplete restoration of normal bone metabolism during skeletal growth.
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The maladroit adolescent: learning disorders and attentional deficits.
Being maladroit in a society with increasing emphasis on performance is a formidable challenge to adolescent development. Helping maladroit adolescents achieve optimal potential is a challenge for physicians, educators, and others involved in their care. The first steps for professionals are recognizing SLD and ADD and understanding the configurations of these problems as they apply to adolescents and adults. Educators can prioritize academic concerns and evaluate and provide intervention strategies. Physicians can review new pharmacologic data and follow-up studies to help formulate clinical judgments, particularly around the area of medication. Along with counselors, physicians will provide better longitudinal care when aware of the social and behavioral outcomes reported for patients similar to theirs. Finally, awareness of resources facilitates multidisciplinary communication and provides access for patients and clients to needed medical, educational, and support resources. There has always been a sense of advocacy among those working with the adolescent whose exaggerated maladroitness stems from a problem with learning or attention. Perhaps this review will provide a data base from which advocacy can expand to specific action. That has been our goal.
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Alice in Wonderland and cognitive development: teaching with examples.
Alice in Wonderland can be used to give interesting examples of many of the basic concepts of adolescent psychology. Alice's experiences can be seen as symbolic depictions of important aspects of adolescent development, such as initiation, identity formation, and physical, cognitive, moral, and social development. The psychology instructor may choose a part of the story, then point out the parallels between it and particular aspects of adolescent development. This approach enables the instructor to create and maintain a high level of student interest in the course material.
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[Evaluation of the physical development of adolescents of call-up age and armed forces personnel].
At present, there are no methods for evaluating the physical development of subjects of call-up age, which present problems during recruitment of those who can adequately cope with set problems for armed forces. A large number of conscripts were examined, by using anthropometry, physiometry, the Stange test, and exercise test. A classification system was developed on the basis of mathematical models derived by means of discriminant analysis. The procedure tested by the authors could determine the informative value of indices and identify the most important indices for the objective evaluation of an individual's physical development. The software implementation of the proposed approaches will permit a rapid evaluation of physical development both during the work of a draft board' and in the military unit.
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[Frame-setting and bonding-promoting therapeutic functions in the clinical psychotherapy of children and adolescents. Development-promoting environment or self-protection from danger and the practice of dealing with it].
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Normal female and male adolescent psychological development: an overview of theory and research.
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Revisiting the imaginary audience and personal fable constructs of adolescent egocentrism: a conceptual review.
Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching and evaluating them, and that they are special and unique, labeled the imaginary audience and the personal fable, respectively. These two constructs have been fixtures in textbooks on adolescent development, and have been offered as explanations for self-consciousness and risk-taking. However, their characterization of adolescent social cognition as biased has not been supported empirically, the measures used to assess them lack construct validity, and alternative explanations for both ideation patterns have not been explored. Despite these issues, the imaginary audience and personal fable constructs continue to be considered prototypical representations of social cognitive processes during adolescence. This paper (1) reviews theoretical models of the imaginary audience and the personal fable, and the empirical data pertaining to each model, (2) highlights problems surrounding the two most commonly used measures, and (3) outlines directions for future research, so that a better understanding of the imaginary audience and personal fable, and their roles in adolescent development, may be achieved.
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