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PubMed2000

Activation of soluble polysaccharides with 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) for use in protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines and immunological reagents. II. Selective crosslinking of proteins to CDAP-activated polysaccharides.

Covalently linking protein to polysaccharides converts the anti-polysaccharide immune response from a T-cell independent response to one which is T-cell dependent. The organic cyanylating reagent 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) (Vaccine 14:190, 1996) has been used to activate polysaccharides, which can then be reacted with spacer reagents or directly with protein. We wished to explore ways in which proteins could be linked to CDAP-activated polysaccharides to conjugate in a more controlled and selective fashion. To this end, we examined the reaction of nucleophilic amino acids with CDAP-activated polysaccharides under basic and acidic conditions. We found that lysine, cysteine and histidine but not methionine, serine or tyrosine conjugated to CDAP-activated dextran. We also examined the reaction of various spacer reagents with CDAP-activated dextran as a function of pH. The addition of hexanediamine was highly pH dependent and maximal at pH 9.3. In contrast, the addition of adipic dihydrazide, which has a pKa of ca 2.5 was essentially independent of pH. By performing the conjugation reaction at pH 5, we were able to selectively couple hydrazides even in the presence of high concentrations of amines. Proteins derivatized with limited numbers of hydrazides could be conjugated to CDAP-activated polysaccharides at pH5, where the native protein was not reactive. Proteins could be derivatized with hydrazides on carboxyls using adipic dihydrazide and a water soluble carbodiimide or on amines using a mild two-step reaction. Tetanus toxoid-pneumococcal type 14 conjugates produced by coupling hydrazide-derivatized tetanus toxoid under acidic conditions induced anti-polysaccharide antibodies at titers comparable to that stimulated by conjugates produced using a basic coupling pH. Our data suggest that crosslinking was occurring only with the limited number of hydrazides on the protein and that we achieved limited and selective crosslinking between the protein and CDAP-activated polysaccharide. This work also demonstrates that CDAP-mediated conjugation to polysaccharides can be applied even to very pH sensitive proteins and polysaccharides.

Amines↗

PubMed1982

A comparison of the effects of lactose and of two chemically modified waxy maize starches on mineral metabolism in the rat.

Diets containing 30% by weight of waxy maize starch, lactose monohydrate, acetylated distarch phosphate (EEC No. 1414) or acetylated distarch adipate (EEC No. 1422) were fed to weanling female Specified Pathogen-Free Sprague-Dawley rats for 1 yr and to similar 9-month-old rats for 34 wk. Behaviour and general health were unaffected by the different diets and there were no diet-related differences in food consumption. AT the end of the experiment with 9-month-old rats the mean body weight of the animals receiving lactose was significantly lower than that of the controls receiving starch. The animals receiving the modified starches were slightly but not significantly heavier than the controls at the end of both experiments. The main treatment-related changes in rats on the three test diets were (1) caecal enlargement, (2) increased urinary excretion of calcium, (3) increased renal calcification as measured by chemical analysis of renal tissue obtained at autopsy and (4) increased medullary and pelvic nephrocalcinosis as assessed histopathologically. Acetylated distarch adipate had a slightly greater effect on the above parameters than acetylated distarch phosphate but both modified starches had less effect than lactose. The calcium content of the kidneys, as measured by chemical analysis or histopathology, increased with age, even in the animals receiving the control diet. This change may be due to excessively high concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in all the diets, including the control diet. Cortico-medullary mineral deposits were not a feature in these studies possibly because the diets were not deficient in magnesium. The importance of correct dietary formulation in long-term toxicity studies is emphasized.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[Arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle].

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is a disease of the cardiac muscle of unknown etiology. Landmarks of this disease are the presence of muscular atrophy and replacement of ventricular myocardium by adipous and fibroadipous tissue. This disease was originally described by Fontaine et al in 1977 during surgical ablation of drug refractory ventricular tachycardias in patients without evident structural heart disease. During surgery anomalies in contractility of the right ventricle and the presence of adipous tissue were documented. Some years later, Markus et al reported the first clinical series of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Since then, this disease has been widely recognized and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of all patients with ventricular arrhythmias originating in the right ventricle.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗

PubMed1994

Appraisal of a glycopeptide cloaking strategy for a therapeutic oligopeptide: glycopeptide analogs of the renin inhibitor ditekiren.

Among the limitations to the practical therapeutic oligopeptide are low oral availability, indifferent aqueous solubility, and an astonishing efficient sequestration and biliary elimination by a multi-capacity liver transporter. Given the purposed use of N- and O- linked saccharides as functional appendages of eukaryotic peptides and proteins, a strategy of glycopeptide mimicry was examined for the oligopeptide renin inhibitor, ditekiren. The anticipation was that the saccharide would impart significant aqueous solubility, and might impact beneficially on the remaining two limitations. Execution of this approach was achieved by the removal of the (dimethylethoxy)carbonyl amino terminus of ditekiren, and its substitution by Boc-L-asparagine N-linked mono- and disaccharides. Potent hypotensive activity, as measured by a human renin-infused rat assay, is observed for virtually all of these structures (N-linked beta-pyranose D-N-acetyglucosaminyl, D-glucosaminyl, D-N-acetylgalactosaminyl, D-mannosyl, D-galactosyl, D-maltosyl, D-cellobiosyl, D-chitobiosyl, but not L-fucosyl). The basis for this dramatic improvement (relative to ditekiren in the same assay) is the diversion of the peptide clearance from rapid liver biliary clearance to slower urinary clearance (Fisher, J. F.; Harrison, A. W.; Wilkinson, K. F.; Rush, B. R.; Ruwart, M. J. J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 3140). Guided by the human renin-infused rat hypertension assay, an evaluation of the linker-saccharide pairing was made. Loss of hypotensive activity is observed upon substitution of the Boc-L-asn by Boc-D-asn, and by removal of the Boc amino terminus of the glycopeptide. Potent hypotensive activity is preserved by replacement of the Boc-L-asn linker by succinate, malate, tartrate, and adipate linkers. With the longer adipate spacer, attachment of the saccharide to the P-3 phenylalanine--with omission of the P-4 proline--retains activity. These data suggest value to the glycopeptide guise for preserving the in vivo activity, and for the beneficial manipulation of pharmacodynamics, of this renin inhibitory oligopeptide. This strategy may have general applicability.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Purification and properties of culture-broth-secreted esterase from the polyurethane degrader Comamonas acidovorans TB-35.

The polyester-polyurethane (PUR)-degrading bacterium Comamonas acidovorans TB-35 produces two kinds of esterases, one cell-bound esterase (PUR esterase) and the other secreted in the culture broth (CBS esterase). In this study, the CBS esterase and the two recombinant esterases were purified. Identification of the physical and biochemical properties of the CBS and PUR esterases revealed that they have the same polypeptide from one gene. This finding was supported by the observation that Escherichia coli harboring the PUR esterase gene also produced two kinds of esterases. Though the PUR esterase degraded PUR and poly(diethylene glycol adipate), the soft segment of the PUR, the CBS esterase degraded only poly(diethylene glycol adipate). Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of the CBS esterase was lower than that of the PUR esterase. As the PUR esterase has been previously indicated to possess a PUR-binding domain, it was assumed that structural change around the PUR-binding domain of the CBS esterase was responsible for its inability to degrade PUR.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Molecular sieve catalysts for the regioselective and shape- selective oxyfunctionalization of alkanes in air.

Framework-substituted, molecular-sieve, aluminophosphate, microporous solids are the centerpieces of a new approach to the aerobic oxyfunctionalization of saturated hydrocarbons. The sieves, and the few percent of the Al(III) sites within them that are replaced by catalytically active, transition-metal ions in high oxidation states (Co(III), Mn(III), Fe(III)), are designed so as to allow free access of oxygen in to and out of the interior of these high-area solids. Certain metal-substituted, molecular sieves permit only end-on approach of linear alkanes to the active centers, thereby favoring enhanced reactivity of the terminal methyl groups. By optimizing cage dimension, with respect to that of the hydrocarbon reactant, as well as adjusting the average separation of active centers within a cage, and by choosing the sieve with the appropriate pore aperture, highly selective conversions such as n-hexane to hexanoic acid or adipic acid, and cyclohexane to cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, or adipic acid, may be effected at low temperature, heterogeneously in air.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Preparation, 99mTc-labeling, and in vitro characterization of HYNIC and N3S modified RC-160 and [Tyr3]octreotide.

The synthesis of conjugates of two somatostatin analogues, RC-160 and [Tyr3]octreotide with different bifunctional chelators for labeling with Tc-99m, is described. Conjugates with hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC) and two N3S compounds (benzoyl MAG3 and a N3S adipate derivative) were prepared on a small scale with high purity allowing evaluation of different bifunctional chelators on the same peptide without extensive peptide synthesis. High in vitro stability and retained binding affinity was found for all conjugates except for the N3S adipate. Peptide conjugates could be labeled at high specific activities (>1 Ci/micromol) with 99mTc, and different coligands were explored for the HYNIC conjugates. The resulting radiolabeled complexes were highly stable and showed binding affinity to somatostatin receptors in the nanomolar range. Varying labeling yield, stability, lipophilicity, and isomerism were found for different coligands used for labeling HYNIC conjugates, with lower lipophilicity, higher stability, and fewer coordination isomers for EDDA and tricine/nicotinic acid as ternary coligand compared to tricine. In particular, HYNIC complexes showed promising results for further in vivo evaluation.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

N-hydroxysulfosuccinimido active esters and the L-(+)-lactate transport protein in rabbit erythrocytes.

Esters of N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide strongly inhibit L-(+)-lactate transport in rabbit erythrocytes, probably by acylating amino groups on the transport protein. Lactate transport studies using bis(sulfosuccinimido) suberate (BS3), bis(sulfosuccinimido) adipate (BS2A), bis(sulfosuccinimido) dithiobis(propionate), and a variety of monocarboxylate esters suggest that an exofacial amino group of the lactate transport protein is essential for lactate transport. Also, reductive methylation studies show that even when positive charge is preserved in modified amino groups, the transport is strongly inhibited. At pH less than 6, band 3 mediated inorganic anion transport is enhanced in BS3-treated cells, while at pH greater than 6, it is inhibited. BS3-induced inhibition of L-(+)-lactate transport does not have this pH dependence. BS3 reduces the labeling of a 40-50-kDa membrane polypeptide (band R) by tritiated 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-2,2-dihydrostilbenedisulfonate ([3H]H2DIDS) and by tritiated bis(sulfosuccinimido) adipate ([3H]BS2A). Tritiated sulfosuccinimido acetate (S2[3H]acetate) also labels band R, over a range of concentrations where lactate transport is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by S2 acetate. BS3 is a known impermeant protein cross-linker. S2 acetate permeates rabbit red cell membranes by an H2DIDS-inhibitable mechanism. BS3 cross-links the proteolytic fragments of rabbit band 3 produced by extracellular chymotrypsin. These labeling experiments support an association between band R and specific monocarboxylate transport.

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence for selective hydrolysis of aliphatic copolyesters induced by lipase catalysis.

High molar mass random poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene sebacate), P(BS-co-BSe), and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate), P(BS-co-BA), with different composition, were synthesized and subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by Lipase from Mucor miehei or from Rhizopus arrhizus. The enzymatic hydrolysis of P(BS-co-BSe)s and P(BS-co-BA)s films produced a mixture of water-soluble monomers and co-oligomers that were separated and identified by on-line high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS). Optimization of the HPLC analysis allowed the separation of isobar co-oligomers, differing only for the co-monomers sequence. Oligomers with the same monomer composition and molar mass but different sequence were identified by HPLC/ESI-MS-MS on-line analysis. The results obtained show a preferential hydrolytic cleavage induced by the lipases used. In particular, these enzymes prefer cleaving sebacic ester bonds in P(BS-co-BSe) copolymers, whereas succinic ester bonds appear to be hydrolyzed faster than adipic ester bonds in P(BS-co-BA) copolyesters. 1H NMR analysis further substantiates these findings. The primary products generated by lipase hydrolysis of polyester films underwent further degradation at longer reaction times. The HPLC/ESI-MS analysis of these mixtures at various times provided the first evidence that lipase catalysis is active also in water solution, a hydrophobic effect induced by the aliphatic units of these polyesters.

Catalysis↗

PubMed2006

Low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids, and dicarbonyls in the fine particles from a roadway tunnel: possible secondary production from the precursors.

Low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids (DCAs), ketoacids, and alpha-dicarbonyls have been determined for the PM2.5 samples in a Hong Kong roadway tunnel, using a water extraction followed by a butyl ester and/or dibutyl acetal derivatization technique. For the most wintertime sampling runs, outlet and inlet concentrations of the quantified compounds were found to be quite similar (ca. 10% differences), leading to the conclusion that direct emissions of the organic compounds are insignificant from vehicles in hot-stabilized operations although vehicular emissions can provide important precursors to them. In contrast, a significant concentration increase of most compounds was observed at the outlet station compared to the inlet station in the summertime runs, which might be explained by the secondary production of aerosols in the tunnel. The organic compounds studied comprised a small fraction (<1%) of aerosol organic carbon (OC). In winter, their abundances relative to that of OC in outlet samples were found to be significantly less than those in inlet samples. On the basis of the summer data, apparent secondary production factors of the compounds were calculated, which indicate that adipic and m-phthalic acids can be favorably formed in the tunnel. However, like other DCAs, direct emissions of adipic, m-phthalic, and p-phthalic acids from automobiles are suggested to be insignificant.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1998

Synthesis of Heteropolyoxometalate-Pillared Mg/Al, Mg/Ga, and Zn/Al Layered Double Hydroxides via LDH-Hydroxide Precursors.

We report the synthesis of acidic (Zn/Al-POM) and basic (Mg/Al-POM and Mg/Ga-POM) materials by a general route previously demonstrated only for basic LDH materials. In each case, H(2)W(12)O(40)(6)(-) or PW(11)O(39)(7)(-) pillared materials with significant BET surface areas were obtained. Stringent control over the M(2+):M(3+) ratio in the layers of the POM-pillared products was not possible, and loss of M(2+) was found to be the most severe for the Mg/Ga and Zn/Al materials. Infrared analysis indicated that complete exchange of adipate anions in the precursor material by POM anions was achieved except for the Zn/Al analogues. Removal of the residual adipate anions after washing the product with a dilute base solution was possible, but a concomitant decrease in surface area could not be avoided.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Catalytic oxidation with air of cyclohexanone to dicarboxylic acids on synthetic carbons. Effect of supported metals and solvents.

The oxidation with air of cyclohexanone was conducted in the presence of synthetic carbons catalysts. The effect of carbon activation treatment (CO2 or air burnoff), phosphorus additive, platinum loading, and nature of the solvent (water or water/acetic acid mixture) were studied. Cyclohexanone oxidation at 140 degrees C yielded a mixture of C6, C5, and C4 dicarboxylic acids. Air activated carbons, including those containing phosphorus or those supporting platinum, resulted in a higher yield of adipic acid. The activity and selectivity was associated with the oxygenated functional groups, essentially carbonyl/quinone groups, created during air activation of the carbon. The incorporation of phosphorus into the carbon increased slightly the selectivity to 34.3%, probably because this additive increased the density of oxygenated functional groups. The deposition of platinum by impregnation and liquid-phase reduction with formaldehyde increased the reaction rate and improved the selectivity to adipic acid, where the highest figure was 38.8%. It was suggested that platinum contributed to molecular oxygen activation. In contrast platinum deposition by cationic exchange followed by reduction under H2 resulted often in a detrimental effect probably because the density of the oxygenated groups on carbon is decreased upon H2 reduction in the presence of platinum. When the oxidation of cyclohexanone was carried out in mixtures of water/acetic acid, the selectivity given by the different samples were quite close and generally smaller than those obtained in water which indicates that acetic acid interacts with the oxygenated surface functional groups responsible for the activity and selectivity. Oxidation experiments with methyl-labeled 4-methylcyclohexanone indicated that glutaric acid was produced by oxidative decarbonylation of both the C1 and C2 carbon atoms of the molecule.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Cluster phase chemistry: gas-phase reactions of anionic sodium salts of dicarboxylic acid clusters with water molecules.

A homologous series of anionic gas-phase clusters of dicarboxylic acids (oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, and adipic acid) generated via electrospray ionization (ESI) are investigated using collision-induced dissociation (CID). Sodiated clusters with the composition (Na(+))(2)(n+1)(dicarboxylate(2-)(n+1) for singly charged anionic clusters, where n = 1-4, are observed as major gas-phase species. Isolation of the clusters followed by CID results mainly in sequential loss of disodium dicarboxylate moieties for the clusters of succinic acid, glutaric acid, and adipic acid (C4-C6). However, all oxalate (C2) and malonate (C3) clusters and dimers (n = 1) of succinate (C4) and glutarate (C5) exhibit more complex chemistry initiated by collision of the activated cluster with water molecules. For example, with water addition, malonate clusters dissociate to yield sodium acetate, carbon dioxide, and sodium hydroxide. More generally, water molecules serve as proton donors for reacting dicarboxylate anions in the cluster and introduce energetically favorable dissociation pathways not otherwise available. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the binding energy of the cluster correlate well with the cluster phase reactions of oxalate and malonate clusters. Clusters of larger dicarboxylate ions (C4-C6) are more weakly bound, facilitating the sequential loss of disodium dicarboxylate moieties. The more strongly bound small dicarboxylate anions (oxalate and malonate) preferentially react with water molecules rather than dissociate to lose disodium dicarboxylate monomers when collisionally activated. Implications of these results for the atmospheric aerosol chemistry of dicarboxylic acids are discussed.

Anions↗

PubMed1974

Protection of glutamate dehydrogenase by nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide against reversible inactivation by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as a sensitive indicator of conformational change induced by substrates and substrate analogues.

1. The steady residual activity of ox liver glutamate dehydrogenase at equilibrium with the reversible inactivator pyridoxal 5'-phosphate was measured in the presence and absence of various protecting agents. 2. NAD(+) (up to 15mm) and its 3-acetylpyridine analogue (up to 5mm) both failed to protect, in contrast with NADH. 3. Partial protection was given by glutarate and by succinate. Adipate and pentanoate were much less effective. 4. Correspondingly, whereas succinate and glutarate were both shown to be strong inhibitors of the catalytic reaction, competitive with glutamate, adipate was only weakly competitive, and the still weaker inhibition by pentanoate was non-competitive. 5. When the enzyme was saturated with glutarate, NAD(+) became a good, although still partial, protecting agent. In the absence of protection, 1.8mm-pyridoxal 5'-phosphate decreased enzyme activity to 9%, in the presence of 150mm-glutarate to 29%, and with glutarate and 1mm-NAD(+) only to 73%. 6. 2-Oxoglutarate also promoted protection by NAD(+), but neither pentanoate nor succinate did so. The finding with succinate is remarkable in view of findings 3 and 4 above. 7. It seems possible that substrates or analogues possessing the glutarate structure promote a conformational change that alters the mode of NAD(+) binding. This may explain why glutamate is a much better substrate than norvaline or aspartate and why negative interactions in coenzyme binding occur only in the formation of ternary complexes with glutamate or its analogues.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Tacrolimus ointment improves psoriasis in a microplaque assay.

Tacrolimus (FK506) is an effective and well tolerated immunosuppressant used to prevent allograft rejection. We describe the evaluation of two tacrolimus ointment formulations for treatment of chronic plaque-type psoriasis. This was a microplaque assay with randomized, double-blind design. Sixteen patients (15 men, one woman, all white and 28-69 years old) with chronic plaque-type psoriasis participated. Six different ointments were applied to discrete microplaques, 17 mm in diameter, on a descaled psoriasis lesion: these were tacrolimus ointment with diisopropyl adipate as penetration enhancer, tacrolimus ointment without diisopropyl adipate, 0.1% betamethasone 17alpha-valerate ointment, 0.005% calcipotriol ointment and, as controls, the ointment bases for tacrolimus and betamethasone. Ointments were reapplied and the area was sealed every 2-3 days during the 14-day treatment period. After 7 and 14 days, erythema and infiltration were graded on a scale of 0-4, and superficial blood flow was measured with a laser Doppler flowmeter. Epidermal thickness was measured histologically at the end of treatment. Compared with the vehicle controls, sites treated with tacrolimus ointment (with or without penetration enhancer) showed a significant reduction in erythema and infiltration (P < 0. 001), a significant reduction in superficial blood flow (P < 0.01) and a significant decrease in epidermal thickness (P < or = 0.001). Results for betamethasone and calcipotriol, when compared with the vehicle controls, were similar. These results suggest that, under conditions of descaling and occlusion, tacrolimus ointment is effective in the treatment of psoriasis.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2002

Effect of fatty acid diesters on permeation of anti-inflammatory drugs through rat skin.

Four fatty acid diesters (diethyl succinate, diethyl adipate, diethyl sebacate, and diisopropyl adipate) were used to study their enhancement effect on the permeation of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs: ketoprofen, indomethacin, diclofenac sodium, and ibuprofen) through rat abdominal skin. With the diester pretreatment, drug permeation increased and the lag times decreased. No relationship was observed between the solubilities of the drugs in the diesters and the diester enhancement effects. The enhancement effect decreased with an increase of the drug lipophilicity, but increased with an increase of the lipophilic index of the diester up to about 3.5, after which the enhancement effect decreased or remained constant. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was employed to investigate the biophysical changes in the stratum corneum lipids caused by the diesters. The FTIR results showed that treatment of the skin with diesters did not produce a blue shift in the asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching peak positions. However, all of the above diesters showed a decrease in peak heights and areas for both asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching absorbances in comparison with water treatment. These results suggested that the diesters were more effective for enhancing the penetration of hydrophilic drugs than lipophilic drugs, and the enhancing effect of lipophilic diesters was more effective than that of hydrophilic diesters. The enhancement effects of diesters may be due to their causing lipid extraction in the skin.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Comparison of three forward mutation systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for sensitivity to polycyclic and heterocyclic compounds.

Forward mutation to cycloheximide resistance, L-canavanine resistance and DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild-type strain S7a was tested for sensitivity to nine mutagens in treat-and-plate assays. Eight of these agents, 2-aminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzidine, cyclophosphamide, acriflavine, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 2-aminoanthracene were known or suspected to be difficult to detect whilst one, methyl methanesulphonate, was known to be very active in yeast. Forward mutation to cycloheximide resistance was, overall, the most sensitive system, detecting all nine agents under optimal conditions, although neither benzidine nor benzo[a]pyrene were consistently positive. Mutation to adipic acid resistance occasionally gave responses superior to those at the cycloheximide loci, but mutation to canavanine resistance was never more sensitive than the cycloheximide resistance system. We conclude that forward mutation in strain S7a using both cycloheximide and adipic acid resistance loci is capable of detecting the genetic effects of a range of polycyclic and heterocyclic compounds with greater sensitivity than is seen in other published gene mutation assays with yeast. Although sensitivity is much lower than in bacterial assays, such yeast assays provide a reasonable alternative to bacterial genotoxicity screening for agents such as potent bactericides.

2-Aminoadipic Acid↗

PubMed2005

catena-Poly[[mu-hexanedioato-1kappaO1:2kappaO6-bis[aqua(5-carboxypentanoato-kappaO)copper(II)]]-di-mu-4,4'-bipyridine-1kappaN:1'kappaN';2kappaN:2'kappaN'].

In the title compound, [Cu2(C6H8O4)(C6H9O4)2(C10H8N2)2(H2O)2]n, the square-pyramidally coordinated Cu atoms are bridged by both 4,4-bipyridine and adipate ligands into ladder-like chains, with exo-orientated 5-carboxypentanoate ligands pendant from both side rails. Half of the adipate ligand is related to the other half by inversion symmetry. Interchain O-H...O hydrogen bonds from the aqua ligands to the carbonyl O atoms of the 5-carboxypentanoate ligands are responsible for the formation of two-dimensional grid-like (4,4)-networks, which complete a twofold interpenetration.

Journal Article↗