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PubMed2003

Outbreak of Acinetobacter spp septicemia in a neonatal ICU.

An outbreak of Acinetobacter spp infection in the neonatal unit at Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India, is described. During a 6-month period, 68 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii were isolated from the blood and CSF of 47 neonates admitted to the intensive care unit. Diagnosis of clinically significant bacteremia was made in 36 patients. On environmental/personnel sampling, Acinetobacter spp isolates with similar antibiogram were recovered from intravenous catheter and washbasin. Control of the outbreak was possible only after strict infection control practices in the unit. It was concluded that any clinical multidrug resistant A. baumannii isolate can be a potential nosocomial outbreak strain.

Acinetobacter Infections↗
PubMed2003

[Antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates: data from Ibni Sina Hospital for the year 2002].

Acinetobacter spp. have a special role in nosocomial infections. They usually colonize intensive care units and cause infections. Multiple antibiotic resistance is observed to be an important problem in Acinetobacter isolates in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibilities of 277 Acinetobacter baumannii strains (99 blood, 71 abscess, 26 urine, 81 lower respiratory tract isolates) isolated from adult patients hospitalized in Ankara University Ibni Sina Hospital during one year period in 2002. The resistance rates of the strains against studied antibiotics were found as follows; 31.2% for netilmicin, 44.6% for sulbactam-cefoperazone, 53.6% for imipenem, 59.8% for amikacin, 59.9% for tobramycin, 74% for ciprofloxacin, 78% for gentamicin, 78.3% for ticarcillinclavulanate. 79.5% sulbactam-ampicillin, 82.3% for cotrimoxazole, 84.8% for ticarcillin, 87.3% for piperacillin-tazobactam, 88.1% for ceftazidime and 92.1% for piperacillin. When the isolates obtained from the reanimation unit were compared with the isolates obtained from the other hospital units, a significantly high level of resistance was found from the isolates obtained from the reanimation unit except netilmicin and sulbactam/cefoperazone. The high rate of in-vitro antibiotic resistance of the A. baumannii strains indicated the importance of controlled antibiotic usage and appliance of hospital infection control measures.

Acinetobacter Infections↗
PubMed2003

Endophthalmitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. A profile.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical and microbiological profile of endophthalmitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. METHODS: A retrospective study of case series of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus endophthalmitis. Outcome measures included ability to sterilise the eye, anatomical result (clear media and attached retina) and visual recovery (visual acuity > 6/60). RESULTS: Of the 20 cases studied, 10 were cases of postoperative endophthalmitis, 3 were posttraumatic, 6 were endogenous and one was bleb-related endophthalmitis. Specific features of interest observed were relative chronicity of presentation and absence of any obvious predisposing factor in endogenous endophthalmitis cases. All cases could be sterilised except one, which needed evisceration. Cases with postoperative endophthalmitis had better anatomical outcome (7/10 with attached retina and clear media) and visual outcome (4/10 regained vision > 6/18). Higher smear positivity was seen in vitreous samples (72.2%) compared to aqueous samples (37.5%). Culture positivity was higher from the vitreous cavity compared to aqueous. The organism was sensitive to ciprofloxacin in a high percentage (88.9%) of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Visual recovery in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus endophthalmitis is modest. Ciprofloxacin is the antibiotic of choice.

Acinetobacter Infections↗
PubMed2004

[Epidemiological study and effect on antimicrobial use in the genus Acinetobacter in a university hospital].

In recent years, bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter have gradually been gaining epidemiological importance. This is due to the fact that they have been emerging as opportunistic pathogens causing a great number of nosocomial infections, and due to their multiresistance to antimicrobial agents, which limits treatment options. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological importance of isolates of the genus Acinetobacter at the Clinical University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain. The identification and susceptibility of Acinetobacter was determined using the Pasco automated system for Gram-negative bacteria MIC/ID 6J. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from the clinical history. During the study period it was found that A. anitratus was the most frequently isolated species (56%). The origin of the bacteria was mainly nosocomial (70%), and it was most prevalent in the ICU.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[PCR genotyping of Acinetobacter hospital isolates].

A total of 13 Acinetobacter baumannii-13TU isolates obtained from patients of the Perm regional clinical hospital during the period of 1 year, were genotyped in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with universal primers. Acinetobacter cultures could not be distinguished by phenotypic tests and antibiogram and were resistant to B-lactams and gentamicin. According to the results of amplification the obtained isolates could be subdivided into two groups (with 6 and 7 respectively). The detection of "epidemic" strains, including those capable of prolonged (for more than 5 months) persistence in hospital environment, may be indicative of the growing role of Acinetobacter as the causative agent in nosocomial infection.

Acinetobacter Infections↗
PubMed2006

Experimental infection of human body lice with Acinetobacter baumannii.

The human body louse is currently recognized as a vector of Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis, and Bartonella quintana. Previous studies have reported the isolation of Acinetobacter baumannii from the body lice of homeless patients. To study how the body louse acquires A. baumannii, we infected a rabbit by infusing 2 x 10(6) colony-forming units of the louse strain of A. baumannii. Two hundred body lice were infected by feeding on the bacteremic rabbit and compared with 200 uninfected lice and two groups of 200 lice feeding on rabbits infected either with another strain of A. baumannii or A. lwoffii. Each louse group received maintenance feedings once a day on another seronegative rabbit. Body lice that fed on rabbits infused with each Acinetobacter species demonstrated a generalized infection. The body lice did not transmit their infection to the nurse rabbit by bite while feeding or to their progeny (eggs and larvae). The lice excreted living Acinetobacter species within their feces. Only the louse strain of A. baumannii was pathogenic for the body louse. An increased mortality rate was observed between the second and third days post-infection; however, they remained infected for their lifespan.

Acinetobacter Infections↗
PubMed1983

[Etiological importance and identification of Acinetobacter in secondary and endogenous infections].

A total of 2 museum and 63 clinical Acinetobacter strains were studied. In these studies, carried out with the use of Oxi/Ferm Tube and API 20E, 56 cultures were classified as V. anitratus and 9, as V. lvoffii. To screen Acinetobacter in routine studies, simple tests were proposed: staining by Gram's method, the study of morphology and motility, the determination of the character of growth in Endo's medium and Russel's medium, the cytochromoxidase test. The occurrence of Acinetobacter in pathological material was found to vary between 0.43% and 3.5%, depending on the localization of the process.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1982

[Acinetobacter colcoaceticus: its properties, identification key and a study of its role in acute intestinal diseases].

The authors present their new scheme for the identification of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, requiring a lesser number of test, and the characterstics of 84 strains isolated from patients with acute intestinal diseases and from the environment. Some strains are atypical. Acinetobacter has been detected in 7.8 +/- 1.0% of patients with acute intestinal diseases. The authors' observations confirm that the detection of Acinetobacter in washings from such patients is more convincing for etiological diagnosis than its detection on feces.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1994

[Infection of burn wound with Acinetobacter baumanii].

This paper describes infection of burn wound with participation of Acinetobacter baumanii in three out of five patients. Species classification of 23 strains of Acinetobacter was performed by application of API 20 NE tests. The profiles obtained through these tests permitted for selection of 8 biotypes. Biotype 00010703 was isolated most frequently. All tested strains of Acinetobacter sp. were susceptible only to netilmicin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and imipenem. Out of tested antibiotics, imipenem only was active to all isolated species of bacteria.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1993

[Community-acquired Acinetobacter pneumonia].

We report the history of a 38-year-old male native of Sri Lanka admitted to the emergency ward because of chest pain and shortness of breath. On physical and radiographic examination a bilateral predominantly right-sided pneumonia was found. The patient was admitted to the medical ICU and an antibiotic regimen with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and erythromycin was initiated. Shortly afterwards septic shock developed. The patient was intubated and received high doses of catecholamines. He died 30 hours after admission to the hospital. Cultures from sputum, tracheal aspirate and blood grew Acinetobacter baumanni. Acinetobacter is an ubiquitous gram-negative rod with coccobacillary appearance in clinical specimens, that may appear gram-positive due to poor discoloration on Gram-stain. It is a well known causative agent of nosocomial infections, particularly in intensive care units. Community-acquired pneumonias, however, are quite rare. Sporadic cases have been reported from the US, Papua-New Guinea and Australia. Interestingly, these pneumonias are fulminant and have a high mortality. Chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes, and tobacco and alcohol consumption appear to be predisposing factors. Due to the rapid course and poor prognosis, prompt diagnosis and adequate antibiotic treatment are indicated. Antibiotics use for community-acquired pneumonias, such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or macrolides, are not sufficient. Appropriate antibiotics for the initial treatment of suspected Acinetobacter infections include imipenem and carboxy- and ureidopenicillins combined with an aminoglycoside.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1998

Ventilator-related Acinetobacter outbreak in an intensive care unit.

An outbreak of 16 cases of ciprofloxacin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (calcoaceticus subspecies anitratus) infections occurred during a 7-month period in a medical intensive care unit. Fifteen of the patients developed pneumonia associated with ventilator support. Possible sources considered in the outbreak investigation were sinks, ice, personnel, patients on multiple antibiotic therapy, reusable ventilator circuits, and hemodialysis. The equipment and environment associated with the outbreak were cultured. Patients on ventilators were significantly more susceptible to Acinetobacter nosocomial infection compared with the rest of the patients in the medical intensive care unit (p < 0.05). Sputum cultures were only 5% sensitive to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, but they were 100% sensitive to imipenem (p < 0.0001). Uncloaking imipenem was a significant contributing factor in controlling this outbreak. Once outbreak control measures were instituted, Acinetobacter isolates dropped from 77 (during the outbreak year) to 9 (during the subsequent year) and no new pneumonia cases occurred.

Acinetobacter Infections↗
PubMed2006

Acinetobacter bioreporter assessing heavy metals toxicity.

This work was conducted to employ a whole cell-based biosensor to monitor toxicity of heavy metals in water and wastewater. An isolate of industrial wastewater bacterium, Acinetobacter sp. DF4, was genetically modified with lux reporter gene to create a novel bioluminescent bacterial strain, designated as DF4/PUTK2. This bioreporter can investigate the toxicity through light inhibition due to cell death or metabolic burden and the specific stress effects of the tested soluble materials simultaneously. The use of Acinetobacter DF4/PUTK2 as a bioluminescent reporter for heavy metal toxicity testing and for the application of wastewater treatment influent toxicity screening is presented in this study. Among eight heavy metals tested, the bioluminescence of DF4/PUTK2 was most sensitive to Zn, Cd, Fe, Co, Cr followed by Cu in order of decreasing sensitivity. The same pattern of sensitivity was observed when several contaminated water and wastewater effluents were assayed. This work suggested that luxCDABE -marked Acinetobacter bacterium DF4/PUTK2 can be used to bioassay the ecotoxicity of wastewater and effluent samples contaminated with heavy metals. Using this assay, it is possible to pre-select the more toxic samples for further chemical analysis and to discard wastewater samples with low or no inhibition because they are not toxic to the environment.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed2001

ESI- and MALDI-MS analysis of cyclohexanone monooxygenase from acinetobacter NCIB 9871.

Recombinant and native forms of cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CMO) from Acinetobacter NCIB 9871 were analyzed by mass spectrometry to probe ambiguities arising from the presence of multiple DNA sequences for the enzyme in GenBank. A CMO gene corresponding exactly to the nucleotide sequence described by Iwaki et al. (10) was amplified from genomic DNA, cloned into pET15b, and the recombinant protein purified from a bacterial expression system. Electrospray mass spectrometry of both the recombinant material and the native form of CMO isolated from Acinetobacter yielded molecular weights within 0.01% of those predicted from the translated gene sequence of Iwaki et al. (10). Trypsin and chymotrypsin digests of native CMO, analyzed by electrospray and MALDI mass spectrometry, provided greater than 97% coverage of the protein and confirmed the presence of specific peptide sequences predicted by the Iwaki sequence alone. Therefore, the primary sequence of native Acinetobacter CMO is identical to the gene sequence for chnB deposited under accession number AB006902.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1996

Differentiation of seventeen genospecies of Acinetobacter by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

The 17 described genomic species (DNA groups) of the genus Acinetobacter, including the type strains of the seven named species, were studied by using a multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR assay combined two primer sets (rA1 and rA2 for recA gene target; rib1 and rib2 for 16S rDNA sequence) in a single reaction. Restriction analysis with two enzymes (Mbol and Hinfl) of the enzymatically amplified products allowed identification of all genospecies. This technique proved to be a rapid and reliable method for the identification of the Acinetobacter genomic species including the closely related DNA groups (1, 2, 3, 13). The results of this study suggest that the proposed method can be used for the identification of Acinetobacter spp. and as such may help to elucidate the ecology and clinical significance of the different species of this genus.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1999

Characterization of the Acinetobacter plasmid, pRAY, and the identification of regulatory sequences upstream of an aadB gene cassette on this plasmid.

Primer extension analyses carried out to identify the transcription start site of an aadB gene, which is part of a gene cassette recombined at a secondary site on an Acinetobacter plasmid, pRAY, suggest that transcription control signals in Acinetobacter are similar but not identical to their counterparts in Escherichia coli. pRAY was sequenced. An AT-rich region, containing eight copies of the consensus sequence, AAAAAATAT, previously shown to be present in the origins of replication of other Acinetobacter plasmids, was predicted to be the origin of pRAY. The translation product of one of the 10 open reading frames identified on pRAY shows homology to the mobilization protein, MbeA.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1980

Influence of growth phase and carbon source on the content of rubredoxin in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.

The rubredoxin content of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in dependence on the carbon source (acetate, n-alkanes, succinate, L-malate) and on the growth phase was studied by means of a radioimmunoassay. The method used was specific for rubredoxin and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The formation of rubredoxin increased with time up to the end of the logarithmic phase when n-alkanes were the sole carbon source. After growth of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus on non-hydrocarbon substrates, rubredoxin was not detected.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro activity of sulbactam plus ampicillin against hospital isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci and Acinetobacter species.

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 54 recent clinical isolates of coagulase-negative slime- and non-slime-producing staphylococci and 52 Acinetobacter spp. to sulbactam, ampicillin and the combination of both drugs with a 1:1 ratio was studied by means of an agar dilution test. The coagulase-negative staphylococci showed resistance against sulbactam alone, whereas ampicillin as a single agent was nearly as active as sulbactam plus ampicillin (mode of MIC and MBC 0.03 and 4 mg/l vs. 1 mg/l; geometric mean of MIC and MBC 0.38 and 0.56 vs. 0.26 and 0.38 mg/l, respectively). Among slime-producing or non-slime-producing strains, there was no difference in the susceptibility against ampicillin alone compared to the sulbactam/ampicillin combination, with the exception of the higher MBC (mode: 4 mg/l) for slime-producing strains. Both ampicillin and the sulbactam/ampicillin combination were more active against non-slime-producing than slime-producing strains with modes of MIC and MBC of 0.03 vs. 1 or 4 mg/l. Acinetobacter spp. were susceptible to sulbactam alone (mode of MIC and MBC 1 mg/l; geometric mean of MIC and MBC 1.51 and 2.98, respectively), but resistant to ampicillin. However, the sulbactam/ampicillin combination was highly active against Acinetobacter spp. (mode of MIC and MBC 0.5 and 2 mg/l; geometric mean of MIC and MBC 0.74 and 2.08 mg/l, respectively).

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1995

Risk factors for nosocomial colonization with multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

A six-month prospective survey was carried out in a university hospital to assess the incidence of Acinetobacter baumannii cross-contamination and to identify risk factors for colonization. Clinical isolates obtained during the study period were biotyped and genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after ApaI macrorestriction of total DNA. Case-control univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for Acinetobacter baumannii colonization. One hundred forty-seven patients hospitalized in 36 units were colonized or infected, of whom 52 were in three intensive care units. The urinary (29%) and bronchopulmonary tracts (26%) were the most frequently colonized sites. Nine major restriction patterns were identified: two were exhibited by epidemic multi-resistant strains of biotype 9 which were isolated from 65 patients hospitalized in ten units. Multivariate analysis showed that case-patients were (a) more likely than non-infected controls to be male, to have been previously hospitalized in another unit and to have had longer stays in the unit before colonization and hyperalimentation; and (b) more likely than controls colonized with other gram-negative bacilli to be male, to have had longer hospitalization, to have received treatment with third-generation cephalosporins and to have had a urinary catheter. The high incidence of colonization with Acinetobacter baumannii can thus be attributed to frequent cross-contamination and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Colonized patients appear to be the major source of cross-contamination as epidemic strains spread throughout the hospital.

Acinetobacter Infections↗