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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Regional differences in the distribution of suicide in the former Soviet Union during perestroika, 1984-1990.

The former USSR covered 22.4 million square kilometres and had a population of 288,362,296 in 1990. During 1984-1990 the former USSR consisted of 15 republics, which formed culturally, geographically and historically different regions. Yearly, approximately 45,000-50,000 males and 14,000-15,000 females committed suicide. Suicide rates in the former USSR during 1984-1990 varied greatly between different regions, from 3.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in the Caucasus (Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia) to 11.8 in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan), 18.1 in Moldova, 25.6 in the Slavic region (Russia, the Ukraine and Belarus) and 28.0 in the Baltic region (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia). The same pattern of great variation between different regions was observed for both men and women in the former USSR, with suicide rates for men ranging from 4.9 in the Caucasian region to 45.9 in the Baltics, and suicide rates for women ranging from 2.1 in the Caucasus to 12.3 in the Baltics.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Genotoxic action of cycloplatam, a new platinum antitumor drug, on mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.

Cycloplatam (CP), a new antitumor platinum compound of the second generation, was first synthesized in Russia. This drug shows less toxicity in vivo than the widely used cisplatin and carboplatin and a higher antitumor activity than carboplatin. CP is not nephrotoxic with respect to the platinum-based antitumor agents. CP is actually studied in clinical phase II trials in Russia and Armenia. Promising results were obtained in patients with lung, ovary, and prostate cancers. The aim of this work was to study the micronuclei (MN) inducing effect of CP in vivo in murine bone marrow cells and in human lymphocytes in vitro. The mutagenic activity of CP in bone marrow of mice was significantly lower than that of cisplatin at equitoxic doses. In human lymphocytes CP induced a dose-dependent increase of MN, beginning at a very low dose (0.1 micro M). Our results showed that CP is much less toxic and MN inducing in vivo in murine bone marrow than cisplatin. In vitro data evidenced that CP is more toxic and genotoxic to human cells than cisplatin. The evidence of a MN-induced activity of an antitumor drug suggests a potential risk for long-time survivors.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Fast-track surgical referral in a population displaced by war and conflict.

After the 1988-1994 conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, fought over the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, large numbers of people were resettled in camps in southern Azerbaijan. Healthcare in the camps was generally good but there was no access to hospitals. The Leonard Cheshire Centre of Conflict Recovery (LCC) organized a 'fast-track' system of surgical care in the southern camps by securing the help of still-functioning hospitals in the distant capital, Baku. Regular clinics were held in the camps for visiting specialists; and, by arrangement with the Government of Azerbaijan and various non-governmental organizations, treatment was offered to those who fell within strict selection criteria. After a pilot study yielded clear benefits, the scheme was transferred to a local non-governmental organization, which successfully operated an expanded version. The hidden cost of war often includes the neglect of chronic medical conditions that require secondary and tertiary care. The 'fast-track' system illustrates the potential of existing facilities to meet these needs at modest cost, given sufficient support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Saint Blase, patron saint of otorhinolaryngology.

Otorhinolaryngology is one of the few medical specialities which has a patron saint, Saint Blase (born 317-AD). He was a Doctor and Bishop in Sebaste, Armenia, and he suffered martyrdom under the rule of the Roman Emperor Licinio (Iliria 250 AD - Tsalonica 325 AD). He was acknowledged as having the ability to protect people against throat infections, after curing a child who had choked on a fishbone. The feast of Saint Blase is on February 3rd, and it is celebrated all over the Western world. There are many other Saints related to our speciality, who protect people against ear, nose and throat disorders. We have reviewed the world literature on this subject.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed2000

Familial Mediterranean fever: effects of genotype and ethnicity on inflammatory attacks and amyloidosis.

OBJECTIVE: The gene causing familial Mediterranean fever (FMF)-an autosomal recessive disease characterized by recurrent short episodes of fever associated most commonly with peritonitis, pleuritis, and arthritis-has recently been found and several mutations identified. The most severe complication of the disease is amyloidosis, which can lead to renal failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of genetic versus nongenetic factors on the phenotype as well as on the development of amyloidosis in FMF in a large and heterogeneous group of patients. METHODOLOGY: We studied 382 patients from 4 ethnic origins living in different environments: North African Jews, other Jews, Turks, Armenians living in the United States, and Armenians from Yerevan, Armenia. Information regarding amyloidosis was available for 371 patients. We examined the association between the mutation M694V and the development of amyloidosis, and we also compared the clinical characteristics of the inflammatory attacks in patients from different ethnic origins, while controlling for the type of mutation. RESULTS: A significant association was found between amyloidosis and the most common mutation in exon 10 of the FMF gene (MEFV), M694V (for M694V homozygotes, relative risk = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.16-2.71). Amyloidosis was present in 44 of 171 homozygous FMF patients (25.7%), in 22 of 143 compound heterozygous FMF patients (15.4%), and in 7 of 57 patients carrying other mutations (12.3%). In homozygotes for M694V who had not been treated with colchicine before 20 years of age, the risk of amyloidosis developing before this age was 61.0%. In our series, there were no cases of amyloidosis in 16 patients carrying the common mutation E148Q. We found that the type and severity of the FMF inflammatory symptoms were associated with both the genotype and the country of residence of the patient. CONCLUSIONS: In the light of the high frequency of amyloidosis in homozygotes for the mutation M694V, colchicine treatment should be given to this group irrespective of the severity of the inflammatory attacks to prevent the development of amyloidosis. Our findings also suggest that factors other than genotype, such as environment or genes other than MEFV, play a role in the determination of the severity of the inflammatory attacks in FMF. amyloidosis, specific mutation, phenotype-genotype correlation, ethnicity.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of smoking in 8 countries of the former Soviet Union: results from the living conditions, lifestyles and health study.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to provide comparative data on smoking habits in countries of the former Soviet Union. METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional surveys in 8 former Soviet countries with representative national samples of the population 18 years or older. RESULTS: Smoking rates varied among men, from 43.3% to 65.3% among the countries examined. Results showed that smoking among women remains uncommon in Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, and Moldova (rates of 2.4%-6.3%). In Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Russia, rates were higher (9.3%-15.5%). Men start smoking at significantly younger ages than women, smoke more cigarettes per day, and are more likely to be nicotine dependent. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking rates among men in these countries have been high for some time and remain among the highest in the world. Smoking rates among women have increased from previous years and appear to reflect transnational tobacco company activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The Duffy blood group and resistance to Plasmodium vivax in Honduras.

To test the hypothesis that the Duffy blood group negative genotype is a factor in resistance to Plasmodium vivax, we determined the Duffy blood group, the malaria antibodies, and the slide-demonstrated infection rates with P. vivax and P. falciparum of 420 persons living in Nueva Armenia, Honduras. In all, 247 persons were Duffy negative. Demonstrated infections with P. falciparum were almost equally distributed between Duffy-positive (5,8%) and Duffy-negative (4.9%) persons. Similarly, Duffy-positive (25.6%) and Duffy-negative (28.2%) persons had equal proportions of indirect fluorescent antibody test titers suggestive of past or present P. falciparum infection. In contrast, all 14 P. vivax infections were found in Duffy-negative persons. There was no evidence suggesting that Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative persons had different exposures to malaria. The Duffy negative genotype FyFy appears to be a factor in resistance to P. vivax.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1999

[Health aid for Eastern Europe--the Eurohealth program and Norwegian contribution].

Europe has changed considerably during the last 10 years. 20 new member states have joined WHO's Regional Office for Europe. These new member states had delegates and representatives appearing in international meetings who were not used to international representation. Such representation had previously been taken care of from Moscow. WHO's office in Europe has a Norwegian, Dr. Jo Asvall, as regional director. His team started a comprehensive plan for the development of health systems in the newly independent states, called the Eurohealth programme. Norway has been very active in this programme. We have supported it in the governing bodies of WHO. We have funded part of the programme, and we have seconded Norwegian doctors to work actively in the Eastern European countries as part of the Eurohealth programme. Armenia and Georgia plus the Aral Sea region have been the prioritised countries. In addition to the Eurohealth programme, Norway has been active in the most neighbouring eastern European countries. The resources have mainly been used in North-West Russia in Archangel and Murmansk. The plan is to increase the funding for work in this region.

Europe, Eastern↗
PubMed1999

Pharmaceutical donations by the USA: an assessment of relevance and time-to-expiry.

This paper assesses the relevance and time-to-expiry of pharmaceutical donations by the USA by means of a convenience sample of two private voluntary organizations. Data were collected on 16,566 donations shipped between 1994 and 1997 for the two organizations to a total of 129 countries. For three field study countries (Armenia, Haiti, and the United Republic of Tanzania), between 37% and 65% of donated unique drug products were on the recipient countries' essential drugs lists, and between 50% and 80% were either on these lists or were permissible therapeutic alternatives. Between 10% and 42% were not listed on either the national essential drugs lists or the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs, nor were they permissible therapeutic alternatives. For the worldwide data set, the median times to expiry when shipment by the organizations took place were 599 and 550 days; about 30% of shipment items had a year or less of shelf-life, and about 6% had less than 100 days of shelf-life. Although a majority of the donations fulfilled the criteria of relevance and time-to-expiry, a substantial proportion failed to do so. Actions are proposed with a view to improving the relevance and time-to-expiry of USA pharmaceutical donations.

Drug Labeling↗
PubMed1999

[Intrapopulation autosomal polymorphism in the common vole Microtus arvalis from the Transcaucasian region].

The broad autosomal polymorphism in form obscurus of common voles Microtus arvalis from the Transcaucasian region that is associated with the variation of subtelocentric chromosome pair 5, as well as the mechanism and evolutionary significance of this polymorphism, are discussed. Based on the morphological analysis of heterozygotes for chromosome pair 5 after differential G-, C-, and Ag-NOR-banding and on the measurements of homologues, the following conclusion has been made. The occurrence of the acrocentric chromosome 5 is the result of a double chromosomal rearrangement: a pericentric inversion and a duplication of the chromosomal material. The mutation has been found throughout the entire territory of Armenia. In spite of such a wide distribution, the mutation frequency in populations is extremely low. Neither a definite pattern of geographic distribution nor a clinal variation was found for this mutation. This mutation is likely to occur independently in different M. arvalis populations and is apparently neutral. Homozygotes for chromosome pair 5 are described for the first time.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The malaria situation in the WHO eastern Mediterranean region].

About 45% of the population of the Eastern Mediterranean Region live under the risk of both falciparum and vivax malaria, and additional 15% under the risk of P. vivax alone. The estimated annual number of malaria cases is about 14 million, out of which 95% occur in four countries: Afghanistan, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen. In Afghanistan malaria is endemic throughout the country at altitude below 1500 m. About 80-90% of malaria cases belong to P. vivax, the rest to P. falciparum (the latter is prevalent mostly in the South and in Badakhshan). In Islamic Republic of Iran 16% of the population live in initially non-malarious areas, 66% in areas freed from malaria, 12% in areas with sporadic transmission, mostly of P. vivax, and only 6% in areas of continuous transmission with a high proportion of P. falciparum. As much as 77% of the recorded cases belong to the latter territories. Iraq. After the Gulf war, the situation deteriorated in the three north-eastern governorates, and malaria spread outside this area and rooted in the south (Basra). Syria. Transmission of P. vivax still occurs, mostly along the western part of the border with Turkey and in the north-eastern corner of the country. At present, there are three areas that causes concern along borders between the European and Eastern Mediterranean Regions: Afghanistan is a source of importation of malaria to all its neighbours; areas on the borders between Iran, Azerbaijan and, to some extent, Armenia; 4 northern governorates of Iraq and parts of southeastern Turkey, with repercussions in Syria and, to a Lesser extent in Iran, along its western border. To some extent, Cyprus is also threatened, since importation of malaria to the northern part of the island from Turkey has been documented. In practical terms, there is a need for co-ordination of antivectorial activities and standardization of control methods between the countries with strong programmes and relatively intense transmission in border areas, i.e. between Iran, and Azerbaijan, Iraq and Turkey, Syria and Turkey.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The malaria situation in the Russian Federation (1997-1999)].

Profound socio-economic changes within the CIS countries in the 1990s brought a lot of negative changes in malaria prevention in targeted countries. The previously stable connection and cooperation in prophylactic activities have been interrupted. Supply of antimalarials, insecticides and equipment had been stopped. Many qualified cadres in the sanitary-epidemiological services in the countries were lost. Because of difficult economic situation they had to change their occupation and place of job. After prolonged period of a stable benign epidemiological situation within Russia the number of imported cases started to grow up. The sharp increase of imported malaria cases from Azerbaijan and Tajikistan had been noticed since 1994 (Tab. 1). For the first time in the history of malaria registration the number of cases imported from the CIS countries has been exceeded the number of malaria cases imported from all other countries in the world in 1995. Later in the end of the 1990s the imported malaria cases has been registered in Russia from some other CIS countries apart from Azerbaijan and Tajikistan. There were malaria cases imported from Armenia (13 cases), Moldavia (2), Turkmenistan (2), and Uzbekistan (2) in 1998. The number of imported malaria cases in Russia in 1999 (Jan-July) is 437. There is no information about introduced or indigenous malaria cases registered until now] within Russia. There were 13 introduced malaria cases as the result of numerous imported ones. 13 introduced cases have been registered in 10 oblasts (administrative regions of Russia). This number has been increased to 53 (!) in 1998 in 20 oblasts. There was one local outbreak of P. vivax malaria in Izberbash settlement (Dagestan). Number of indigenous malaria cases were 5 (1996), 18 (1997), 1 (1998). The contra-epidemic measures in Izberbash have included active cases detection and treatment indoor insecticide spaying and one tour of mass primaguine treatment during interseasonal period of time. Additional indigenous cases after imported and introduced ones have been detected in Krasnodar (1 cases), Samara (1), Tolyaty (1), and Cherkessk (5) in 1998. One induced P. falciparum malaria case has been detected Moscow in 1998. Medical nurse from urological branch of the Moscow hospital No. 29 has penetrated by syringe needle her hand after performing of intravenous injection to the patient with imported P. falciparum malaria. No other induced cases have been detected. Because of local administrative problems with primaquine supply not all P. vivax malaria cases have received complete treatment. As the result of these events there was malaria relapsed cases registered every year. The actual number was 20 (1993), 37 (1994), 45 (1995), 59 (1996), 99 (1997). Due to late appearance of patient with P. falciparum malaria before medical staff and as a result late diagnosis and late and some time inappropriate treatment there were several lethal malaria cases registered [table: see text] every year. Inappropriate treatment means that treatment of P. falciparum malaria cases was consisted of chloroquine only. The cumulative number of lethal cases in 1994-1997 was 12, and the same number in 1998 was 6. One should mention that one lethal case in 1998 in Volgograd was due to P. vivax. The subject was chronic alcoholic and combination with P. vivax malaria brings him to death. Some calculation reveals the risk of resurgence of malaria in Russia. If one analyses all P. vivax imported cases from the point of view of time and place of detection the following picture would be emerged: 83% of all imported cases has been localized within cities, and 17% only--in rural areas. Half of the latter has been appeared during cold part of years when transmission was impossible. The result of approximately 200 imported cases has been appeared in a right time and place there were 75 introduced cases.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Results of surgical treatment of retinal detachments complicated with proliferative vitreoretinopathies with the use of perfluropropane (C3F8) gas.

The aim of the current study is the efficiency assessment of C3F8 gas usage in posterior vitrectomies in patients having retinal detachment of different etiologies with presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathies and retinal tears. 34 patients have undergone posterior vitrectomy with the usage of perfluoropropane C3F8 gas for providing internal tamponade. Total attachment of retina has been attached in all 34 cases and C3F8 gas has been injected in each eye. The most frequent complications that have been revealed after the usage of C3F8 gas and their management are reflected in the article. Thus, we came to a conclusion that vitrectomy in combination with episcleral buckling, transvitreal drainage of subretinal liquid, diode endolaser coagulation of retina and internal tamponade with C3F8 gas is effective and pathogenetikally proved method for treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments complicated with severe vitreoretinopathies. The achievement of perfect anatomical results depends on manifestation degree of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. This study was supported by grant of the Ministry of Health of Armenia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Principles of management of All-Russia Disaster Medicine Services].

Experience of liquidation of earthquake consequences in Armenia (1988) has shown that it is extremely necessary to create the system of management in regions of natural disaster, large accident or catastrophe before arrival of main forces in order to provide reconnaissance, to receive the arriving units. It will help to make well-grounded decisions, to set tasks in time, to organize and conduct emergency-and-rescue works. The article contains general material concerning the structure of All-Russia service of disaster medicine (ARSDM), organization of management at all levels and interaction between the components of ARSDM and other subsystems of Russian Service of Extreme Situations. It is recommended how to organize management of ARSDM during liquidation of medical-and-sanitary consequences of large-scale extreme situations.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Malaria situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran].

Iran initiated its first malaria control campaign in 1951. This made its almost all regions free of the disease, with the exception of the thinly populated south-eastern tropical part of Kerman. Four million (some 6%) people of the country reside in the south-eastern problem area with 17 922 positive cases and API 3.6 per 1,000. Implementing malaria control measures reduced the incidence of malaria from 145 cases per 100,000 in 1990 to 36 in 1999. In the south-east, Iran borders Afghanistan and Pakistan. The cross-border traffic in this area is a prime factor for persistence of the diseases. In addition, Iran has provided a shelter to 1.5-2 million Afghan refugees in the past years. The presence of local epidemics on the border of Iran with Armenia and Azerbaijan is another problem in controlling malaria.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[New species and sympatric relations of the chigger mite species group Talmiensis (Trombiculidae, Neotrombicula)].

A revision of chigger mites species being closely related to Neotrombicula talmiensis (Schluger, 1955) has been performed. 2 new species are described: N. pontica sp. n. from Krasnodar Territory (Western Caucasus) and N. sympatrica sp. n. from Krasnodar Territory, Daghestan, Tuva, Armenia, Kirghizia and Turkey (Rize Province). N. pontica sp. n. is closely related to N. carpathica Schluger et Vysotzkaya, 1970 and differs from this species by the larger number of idiosomal setae (NDV = = 75-99 against 63-77), shorter legs (Ip = 782-847 against 844-920, TaIII = 67-74 against 70-80), lesser m-t (0.180 against 0.192), slightly lesser scutum and slightly longer setae. N. sympatrica sp. n. is closely related to N. carpathica and differs from this species by the longer scutal and idiosomal setae (PL = 67-78 against 57-69, H = 65-75 against 57-68, Dmin = 43-52 against 39-48, Dmax = 61-70 against 54-64), longer legs (Ip = 892-973 against 844-920, TaIII = = 77-86 against 70-80) and lesser m-t (0.168 against 0.192). N. carpathica is reported for the first time from Northern Caucasus (Karachai-Cherkess Republic, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia); N. talmiensis is reported for the first time from Khakasia. Data on joint occurrence of 3 species are reported. The 3 types of sympatric pairs of the species have been found in the Western Caucasus: 1) N. pontica sp. n. and N. sympatrica sp. n., 2) N. sympatrica sp. n., and N. carpathica, 3) N. pontica sp. n., and N. carpathica. Differences between species in that localities, where the joint occurrence was recorded, have been analysed. Sympatric relations between N. sympatrica sp. n. and N. carpathica are characterized by increased value of some general diagnostic characters of these species, such as the length of idiosomal setae and length of legs. Different characters play main distinguishing role in different sympatric localities. Besides that, some local features appear in certain species of sympatric pairs (narrow scutum in 3 samples of N. carpathica, numerous idiosomal setae in 1 sample of N. sympatrica), that differs the populations of the sympatric pair, and also discriminates such aberrant group from other material of the same species. Functions produced by the method of discriminant analysis are proposed for the purpose of diagnostics in talmiensis group. Tests for assumptions of discriminant analysis, such as normality and homogeneity of variances, has been performed beforehand. Verifications of the functions on test samples demonstrated the good quality of its working. Key to species using discriminant functions has been constructed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Activity of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase in tuberculous pleurisy].

Examining the activity of adenosine deaminase in the pleural fluids of 69 patients with tuberculous pleurisy of various etiology from the clinics of Armenia indicated that it was greater than the threshold value of 20 U/L in 95.7 of 47 patients with tuberculous pleurisy. The specificity of this parameter for this disease was 0.91. The prognostic value of the test with positive and negative results was 0.96 and 0.94, respectively. The diagnostic value of the ADA test was 0.94.

Adenosine Deaminase↗
PubMed1992

Urban settlement size trends in the former USSR: 1970-1989.

"Based upon recently published data, this paper investigates urban settlement size trends in the former USSR and its republics during the intercensal periods of 1970-1979 and 1979-1989. Results indicate that although a trend toward largeness of the Soviet urban hierarchy continues, a slowing in this direction has occurred. Among republics, all had an increasing trend towards largeness on at least one and usually all three summary measures of urban settlement size structure. The RSFSR [Russia] and Armenia especially consistently evidenced a relatively high degree of largeness, while the former Baltic republics generally revealed a relative smallness."

Demography↗