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PubMed1976

[Morphometric study of the postnatal development of the human adrenal cortex].

Under study was the developmental dynamics of a number of morphometrical parameters of the adrenal cortex of man. The number of glandular cells in the organ was found to considerably decrease at late developmental periods, the size of nuclei in them diminished. These factors are considered to be responsible for the drop of functional activity of the adrenal cortex in elderly and senile age. The increase of the cell size during the growing of the organism is thought to be an important factor of the growth of the adrenal cortex of man.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The adrenal cortex in spontaneously hypertensive rats. A quantitative ultrastructural study.

The adrenal cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) has been examined by quantitative morphologic techniques for electron microscopy. The volume and surface area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the volume of Golgi apparatuses in zona glomerulosa cells of SHR was significantly greater than those of Wistar-Kyoto strain (W/KY) normotensive controls; the volume of lipid droplets and nucleus was significantly less in SHR than in W/KY animals. A stimulation of the zona glomerulosa in SHR may well be attributable to the elevation in systolic blood pressure. A distinct lipid-free subglomerulosa was observed in the adrenal gland of W/KY rats; the cell volume was similar to that of the zona glomerulosa although the cells showed a significantly greater volume of mitochondria and surface area of mitochondrial membranes and greater volume of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. In the zona fasciculata, cell volume, volumes and surface area of mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and volume of lipid droplets were significantly lower in SHR than in W/KY rats. The volume of the Golgi apparatus was greater in SHR than in W/KY rats. Glycogen particles were observed in focal areas of some zona fasciculata cells. The adrenal cortex of another strain of normotensive Wistar rat (W/CFN) was compared with that of the W/KY and SHR. Although the relative adrenal weights of SHR and W/KY animals were identical, the weight of that in W/CFN was significantly smaller. The volume of the zona glomerulosa of SHR was significantly greater than that of W/KY although the volume of the zona glomerulosa in W/CFN was significantly greater than the other two groups. The volume of nucleus and lipid droplets of zona glomerulosa in W/KY was significantly greater than that in the S/CFN; the volume of the cell, mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets, and lysosomes, and the surface area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membranes of W/KY animals was significantly greater than those of W/CFN animals. It is concluded that the W/CFN rat is not an appropriate control for spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1984

High-density lipoprotein binding to bovine adrenal cortex membranes.

Binding studies were performed with bovine adrenal cortex membranes, human 125I-labelled high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and modified photoactivable derivatives of 125I-labelled HDL, namely 125I-labelled HDL-amidinophenylazide and 125I-labelled HDL-amidopropionyldithiophenylazide. The purity of the apolipoprotein composition of the 125I-labelled HDL and photoactivable 125I-labelled HDL used in the binding studies was determined by Coomassie blue and silver staining, and by measuring 125I-labelled cpm after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. About 45% of the 125I-labelled HDL binding to the membranes occurred in the presence of excess EDTA and only unlabelled HDL competed for the binding site. The 125I-labelled interaction with this binding site on the membranes did not require calcium. In addition, 40% of the 125I-labelled HDL binding was to an EDTA-sensitive site, and unlabelled HDL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) competed for the binding site. Consequently, adrenal cortex membranes have binding sites which show cross reactivity for both HDL and LDL. Modification of 58% of the apolipoprotein lysine residues of 125I-labelled HDL with methylazidophenylimidate, a reagent which maintains the positive charge at lysine residues, had little affect on binding to EDTA-sensitive and insensitive sites. In contrast, modification of 35% of apolipoprotein lysine residues of 125I-labelled HDL with N-succinimidyl(4-azidophenyldithio)propionate, a reagent which converts charged amino lysines to amide bonds, showed binding properties which were almost totally inhibited by EDTA.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1996

Expression and zonal distribution of CYP2D16 in the guinea pig adrenal cortex: relationship to xenobiotic metabolism.

We recently cloned a CYP2D subfamily member (CYP2D16) from a guinea pig adrenal cDNA library and investigated the expression of CYP2D16 in the guinea pig adrenal cortex and its relationship to adrenal xenobiotic metabolism. A modified sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique revealed three major bands in the molecular mass range of cytochromes P450 in guinea pig adrenal microsomes. Two of the bands were immunoreactive with anti-CYP17 (54 kDa) or anti-CYP21 (52 kDa) antibody. The third band (50 kDa) was immunoreactive with antibody raised against CYP2D1 and with anti-CYP1A1/1A2 antibody. Microsequencing of the 50-kDa band yielded an amino-terminal sequence of 38 amino acids identical to that deducted from the CYP2D16 cDNA. In addition, Northern blot analyses indicated the CYP1A1 was not expressed in the adrenal gland, suggesting that only CYP2D16 composed the microsomal 50-kDa band. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analyses demonstrated greater expression of CYP2D16 in microsomes from the inner zone (zona reticularis) of the adrenal cortex than from the outer zones, coinciding with the major site of adrenal xenobiotic metabolism. Bufuralol-1'-hydroxylase activity, a marker for CYP2D isozymes, was also greater in inner- than in outer-zone microsomal preparations and was highly correlated with CYP2D16concentrations. Northern blot analysis with a full-length CYP2D16 cDNA as the probe gave strong bands with adrenal inner zone RNA preparations and relatively weak bands with outer zone RNA. CYP2D16 mRNA was also detectable in liver and kidney RNA preparations, but at lower levels than in the adrenal inner zone, and it was not detectable in testes, lung, intestines, or heart. Overall, the results demonstrate that CYP2D16 is expressed at highest levels in the inner zone of the guinea pig adrenal cortex and suggest a major role for this isozyme in adrenal xenobiotic metabolism.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

The stimulatory effect of endothelin-1 on regenerating adrenal cortex is reversed by nifedipine.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, was found to act in non-vascular tissues, for example it enhanced aldosterone output from adrenal zona glomerulosa. As the adrenal cortex is capable of regeneration after enucleation, it seemed of interest to study the effects of ET-1 on adrenocortical regeneration. The study was performed on adult rats subjected to left adrenal enucleation combined with contralateral adrenalectomy. Mitotic index was employed to assess the proliferation of regenerating adrenal cortex cells. Plasma corticosterone was measured by a standard RIA kit. ET-1 significantly raised the mitotic index of regenerating rat adrenal cortex by six days after surgery. On the other hand, nifedipine reduced the proliferation ratio and abolished the stimulatory influence of ET-1. Similarly, ET-1 enhanced corticosterone output from the regenerating adrenal cortex, and this could be prevented by the addition of nifedipine. This study has shown that ET-1 might act as a regulatory factor on the regenerating adrenal cortex via calcium channels.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1976

[The subcapsular blastema of the adrenal cortex of the swine after continuous long-term infusion of exogenous ACTH].

After long time application of homologous ACTH the morphokinesis of the adrenal cortex of the pig was investigated experimentally. Following results were obtained: 1. In view of the controls the absolute and relative weight of the adrenals is raised considerably. 2. The progressive transformation is followed by the disappearance of the zonal structure of the adrenal cortex, and the parenchyma get the picture of fasciculata cells generally. 3. Nearly exclusive the zona fasciculata consists of great, pale activated spongiocytes with 2 nucleoli frequently. Topochemically glycogen and the lipids are inconstant, however the histochemical activity of succinodehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase are considerable raised in regard of the controls. 4. The zona fasciculata contains degenerated cells isolated only. Signs of extensive regressive changes are not present. 5. The zona glomerulosa is dissolving or eliminating respectively. The consequences for the synthesis of the adrenal steroid hormones are discussed. 6. A large, spongy subcapsular blastema with several cell layers and a rich capillary network develop between the fibrous capsula of the adrenal and the zona fasiculata. The fasciculata cells are the direct continuation of the subcapsular blastema. The blastema contains neither glycogen nor lipids and histochemical activities of the enzymes are absent, too. The significance of the subcapsular blastema for the morphological and functional adaptation of the adrenal cortex in stress are discussed. Under the conditions of the closed hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal control system the new origin of cells (hyperplasia) is not significant for the morphokinetic adaptive reactions of the adrenal cortex. Rather the subcapsular blastema represents a reserve area which after the destruction of the endocrine parenchyma through specific pathogens the organism enabled to the regeneration of the adrenal cortex.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical value of radionuclide imaging in the diagnosis of the adrenal cortex lesions].

Results of using radioisotopic visualization of the adrenal glands together with the hormonal profile determination ACTH, renin, aldosterone, cortisol) for the diagnosis of the adrenal gland affections are presented. Parameters of the scintigraphic appearance of the affected adrenal cortex were developed to distinguish six types of scintigraphic patterns of the adrenal gland, which were the most frequent. Clinical analysis of the results of the examination of patients indicated Conn's disease in 24 patients (it was verified during the operation), 12 had unilateral corticosteroma of the adrenal gland, 8 suffered from residual adrenal gland tissue, and 2 had metastases of malignant tumours of the adrenal glands. Accumulation of radiopharmaceutical preparations into the corpus luteum was revealed in one case.

19-Iodocholesterol↗
PubMed1989

Prenatal development of the adrenal in pig Sus scrofa dom. Part II. Adrenal cortex development in the second part of pregnancy.

The development of the adrenal cortex in pig fetuses between the 50 and 112 day of pregnancy were investigated with histological and histochemical methods and in electron microscope. Three consecutive generations of the cortical cells were observed. They had features of steroidogenic cells and differed with mature of mitochondria and in amount of SER and in enzyme activity. The earliest differentiated fetal cortical cells demonstrated alkaline phosphatase activity and giant mitochondria. They were translocated from the periphery to the center of the adrenal, where they degenerated and disappeared in the late pregnancy. The second generation--transitional cortical cells appeared about 70 day of development. They have pleomorphic mitochondria and abundant SER and low alkaline phosphatase activity. The last generation--the definitive cortical cells differentiated from 100 day of development and their number increased till the parturition. They had active 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, spherical mitochondria and characteristic concentric whorls of SER. A probable role of the three generations of cortical cells is was discussed. In the subcapsular region of fetal adrenal undifferentiated and differentiating cells were observed, forming glomerularlike groups. Their role in the formation of cortical blastema and future zona glomerulosa was discussed. In the first part of the studies the formation of the mesenchymal primordium of the adrenal cortex was examined in early fetuses of domestic pig, and then differentiation of mesenchymal cells into steroidogenic cortical cells. The changes encountered then at the ultrastructural level consisted of an increased area of SER and greater number of mitochondria. At the same time, the shape of mitochondria altered and the cristae from lamellar became tubular. In the period around 50 day of development fetal adrenal was already a separate organ, with a capsule, composed of cords of fetal cortical cells divided by the blood vessels and strands of chromaffinoblasts penetrating the adrenal. Fetal cortical cells were characterized by alkaline phosphatase activity. The following study presents farther development of the adrenal cortex till the time of birth.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1978

[Changes in hepatocytes and the functional activity of the adrenal cortex in rats following administration of the pigment anthraquinone violet].

The response of hepatocytes and cells of adrenal cortex of males of white rats to a single introduction per os of sunflower oil or anthraquinone violet pigment (AVP), routinely used for the painting of plastics, was evaluated. 5 ml of sunflower oil or of AVP, prepared as oil suspension, were fed. After 1 or 24 hour introductions of oil, an increase in dividing ability of hepatocytes was observed, whereas after 6 or 72 hour introductions no difference from the control was registered. The introduction of oil caused a decrease of the functional activity of cells in fasciculata zone of adrenal cortex after 1, 6, 24 and 72 hours, as judged from changes in the nuclear volume. AVP in doses of 5.0 and 1.2 g/kg intensified hepatic polyploidy after 1 and 24 hours as compared with rats administered only the oil. After 6 and 72 hours, no difference from the control was registered. In the fasciculata zone of adrenal cortex, AVP in both the doses employed increased the functional activity of cells after 1, 6 and 24 hours. The nature of the response of hepatic cells on the introduction of the above substances presumably depends on the degree of adrenal cortex functional activity.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1970

Osmium staining of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in the rat adrenal cortex.

The zona fasciculata of the rat adrenal cortex synthesizes and secretes glucocorticoids. As observed after aldehyde fixation, the cells in this zone contain an extensive endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a small Golgi apparatus, a moderate number of lipid droplets, and abundant mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae. Numerous areas within the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial cristae appear clear. In addition, a small percentage of mitochondria encompasses large, clear areas. After immersion of finely minced adrenal cortex in unbuffered 2% OsO(4) (40-48 hr at 40 degrees C), deposits of osmium are seen within the Golgi apparatus, the entirety of the ER, and occasionally within mitochondria. In some mitochondria, the deposits are within cristae; in others, within vacuoles; in still others, in both cristae and vacuoles. These localizations correspond best to the clear areas found in aldehyde-fixed tissue. Osmium is not deposited in lipid droplets, in bar-containing inclusions, in mitochondrial matrix inclusions, or in the peripheral, outer mitochondrial spaces. Addition of zinc-iodide to OsO(4) increases the amount of Golgi apparatus and mitochondrial staining. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) does not affect the localization of deposits; hypophysectomy decreases mitochondrial staining. This study (a) emphasizes the necessity for electron microscopic confirmation of osmium localization when this technique is used as a Golgi apparatus stain; and (b) suggests that the ER-staining pattern may be consistent in cells actively synthesizing steroids or steroid-like compounds.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2003

The adrenal cortex in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Adrenal cortical malfunction was found recently in patients with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The current study tests the hypothesis that the development and function of the adrenal cortex could be abnormal in an experimental model of CDH. METHODS: Pregnant rats were exposed on day 9.5 of gestation to 100 mg of 2-4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) diluted in olive oil. The sham group was treated only with oil. Fetuses were recovered on the 21st day, bled, and examined for the presence or absence of CDH. Adrenal glands from sham and CDH animals were dissected, weighed, and prepared for histologic, biochemical, and immunohistochemical studies (ki-67) aimed at measuring total DNA, total protein, and the proportion of proliferating cells. Serum corticosterone levels were assayed. The results in both groups were compared with parametric tests with a significance level of P <.05. RESULTS: The adrenal weight was not different in CDH animals versus controls (0.049 +/- 0.014 v 0.052 +/- 0.012% of body weight; not significant). Total DNA was reduced significantly (1.180 +/- 0.481 v 1.909 +/- 0.893 microgram P <.05) with unchanged DNA to protein ratio. Proliferation index in both groups was 20.1 +/- 3.1% and 26.5 +/- 7.5%, respectively (not significant), and the proliferating cells were mainly located in the glomerular areas of the glands. Corticosterone levels were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Nitrofen induces very slight changes in the development of adrenal glands of fetal rats, expressed by reduced cell proliferation especially in glomerular areas, reduced total DNA with preservation of cell sizes (constant DNA to protein ratio), with no change in function because corticosterone levels remained unchanged. It is doubtful that primary adrenal malformation/malfunction contributes to the severity of CDH in this model.

Adrenal Cortex↗