SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “AAP”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

Enzymuria in neonates receiving continuous intravenous infusion of gentamicin.

Urinary excretion of the tubular enzymes NAG and AAP was investigated during gentamicin treatment of 105 newborn infants. The values found for NAG and AAP show a significant positive correlation. The urinary excretion of NAG was on the average 92% higher during gentamicin treatment as compared with non-treatment periods in the same newborn infant (33 infants). The same tendency applied to AAP. Newborn infants receiving continuous intravenous infusion of gentamicin were not found to be at greater risk of nephrotoxicity than those receiving intermittent gentamicin treatment, using NAG and AAP as an index of nephrotoxicity. The changes in NAg and AAP within treatment periods were studied. During gentamicin treatment an insignificant average increase in the urinary excretion of NAG occurred, whereas a significant decrease was found during non-treatment periods. A significant negative correlation was found between urinary excretion of NAG and birth weight/gestational age. The long-term effect of the higher excretion of NAG and AAP in newborn and adult patients during aminoglycoside treatment is unknown.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed2006

Topography of the frequency doubling perimetry visual field compared with that of short wavelength and achromatic automated perimetry visual fields.

BACKGROUND: Traquair described the topography of visual field sensitivity as a "hill" or "island" of vision. Achromatic automated perimetry (AAP) demonstrates this shape of the visual field in photopic conditions. Techniques claimed to target the magnocellular pathway (frequency doubling perimetry, FDP) and those using a stimulus targeting the koniocellular pathway (short wavelength (or blue on yellow) automated perimetry, SWAP), might produce one that is different. The authors compared the visual field topography from FDP with those of SWAP and AAP, to investigate whether there were significant differences in their shape. METHOD: A sample of 51 patients with previously confirmed normal perimetry were recruited; either low risk glaucoma suspects or normal controls. AAP, SWAP, and FDP perimetry was performed in random order on the same day. The topography of each field was analysed to determine its average shape and to compare results in the same individuals. RESULTS: The topography of the visual field produced by each perimeter differed significantly. While all three had maximal sensitivity centrally, over the 24 degrees from the centre to the periphery, mean sensitivities decreased by 4.9 decibels (dB) for AAP and 7.3 dB for SWAP, while FDP sensitivities by just 1.8 dB over 20 degrees (the extent of the FDP field). FDP mean sensitivities decreased by approximately 0.3 dB with every 10 year increase in age, compared with 1 dB for AAP and 2 dB for SWAP. CONCLUSION: While the topography of the SWAP (koniocellular) field is steeper than corresponding AAP fields, that of the FDP (magnocellular) visual field was considerably flatter. The difference in this shape may reflect retinotopic or cortical mechanisms, which are specific to the magnocellular pathways.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of subtotal nephrectomy on the excretion of urinary alanine aminopeptidase and gamma glutamyltransferase in the male Wistar rat. A long-term study.

The study of alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), two integral components of the brush border membrane of the proximal kidney tubule, has generated considerable interest for research on the nephrotoxicity of drugs. AAP and GGT activity in urine correlate strongly. The three phases after a subtotal nephrectomy can be described as follows: the first phase, lasting 1 month, is characterized by an abrupt decrease of 70% in AAP and GGT activity, corresponding to the excised kidney mass. During the second phase, a partial recovery occurs representing nearly 50% of the AAP and GGT activity in the control group (30th to the 75th day after nephrectomy). These activities begin to decrease slightly in the third phase until the end of the experiment. In terms of remaining kidney mass, the results demonstrate a twofold increase of the AAP and GGT activity. The same phenomenon can be seen in the excretion of creatinine, except that the compensatory activity is multiplied by four in the remaining kidney. Good correlations between AAP activity, GGT activity, urinary creatinine, 24-hour urine volume, and 24-hour creatinine output are found in both experimental and control groups.

Aminopeptidases↗

PubMed1985

Altered glycosidase activity in the liver of rats with galactosamine-induced alpha 1-antiprotease deficiency.

Previous studies have shown that chronic administration of D-galactosamine (GalNH2) in rats produces alpha 1-antiprotease (AAP) deficiency and causes accumulation of aberrantly glycosylated AAP in hepatic granules. In order to examine the disordered mechanism which produces this altered glycosylation, the activities of 6 glycosidases in liver homogenates of control and AAP-deficient rats were determined. GalNH2 treatment increases acid pH glycosidase activity, while it decreases intermediate pH alpha-mannosidase and alpha-glucosidase activities. beta-D-Glucosidase, beta-D-mannosidase and beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities, measured at acid pH, increase more than 2-fold in the GalNH2-treated rats compared to controls. alpha-D-Glucosidase activity measured at intermediate pH decreases 2.5-fold in the experimental rats. alpha-L-Fucosidase and acid phosphatase activities are not significantly changed by GalNH2 treatment. alpha-D-Mannosidase activity can be separated into 2 fractions by ion exchange chromatography. Acid pH alpha-D-mannosidase is increased nearly 2-fold in the GalNH2-treated rats. Intermediate pH alpha-D-mannosidase optimum is decreased alpha-D-mannosidase activities have been observed in humans with AAP deficiency. alpha-Glucosidases and alpha-mannosidases play a crucial role in glycoprotein synthesis. The altered synthesis and structure of AAP in GalNH2-induced AAP deficiency may be a reflection of altered enzyme activities.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗

PubMed1997

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the topoisomerase inhibitor irinotecan in cancer patients.

PURPOSE: We conducted a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of irinotecan (CPT-11) and determined the effect of race and sex on disposition and toxicity of CPT-11. We tested the efficacy of acetaminophen (AAP) to phenotype SN-38 glucuronidation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients received a dose of 145 mg/m2 of CPT-11 as a 90-minute infusion. Total CPT-11, SN-38, and SN-38G were quantitated in plasma and urine samples. Following administration of 1 g AAP, urinary concentrations of AAP and AAP-glucuronide (AAP-G) were assessed. RESULTS: CPT-11 exhibited a mean elimination half-life (t1/2) of 8.8 hours, an average clearance (CL) of 14.6 L/h/m2, and a mean volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) of 136 L/m2. SN-38 and SN-38G had low plasma availabilities (3% and 10% relative to CPT-11), with mean t1/2 values of 11.6 and 10.5 hours, respectively. Urinary recovery accounted for 15% of the dose. Race and sex had no effect on the plasma availability of CPT-11, SN-38, and SN-38G. The applicability of biliary index (BI) in predicting dose-limiting intestinal toxicity was validated. Patients who developed grade 3 or 4 toxicity had significantly higher index values compared with patients with grade 0 to 2 toxicity (P = .001). There was no difference in the incidence and severity of toxicity based on race and sex. AAP was a poor predictor of SN-38 glucuronidation. CONCLUSION: The high degree of interpatient variability in parameter estimates suggests pharmacogenetic variation or differential induction or inhibition of the sequential metabolic pathway of CPT-11, as well as variability in transport systems. The low urinary recovery indicates substantial biliary excretion and supports the significant correlation between intestinal toxicity and BI. Black patients are not at increased risk of toxicity. An assessment of individual differences in SN-38 conjugation remains to be established.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2002

Compliance of licensed child care centers with the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendations for infant sleep positions.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is an elusive and tragic cause of infant mortality. In 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended that healthy term infants be placed in the supine or lateral positions for sleep, based on research conducted in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. The AAP modified its recommendation in 1994, indicating a preference for the supine position. Since the initial AAP proposal, national educational programs have worked to encourage parents and health care providers to utilize AAP guidelines. Studies have been done on parental use of the supine position. However, very little information exists about the procedures utilized in licensed child care facilities. A survey of child care providers was conducted to determine the risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, as indicated by rates of compliance with AAP guidelines. Results show that although the majority of the child care providers knew the AAP recommendations, only 14.3% were in complete compliance. We make recommendations for the role of the public health nurse in facilitating compliance in child care centers along with suggestions for future research.

Catchment Area, Health↗

PubMed1978

Glutathione depletion by aniline analogs in vitro associated with liver microsomal cytochrome P-450.

Enzymic depletion of glutathione (GSH) in vitro by aniline analogs was mostly dependent on the cytochrome P-450 level in liver microsomes. In a case of acetaminophen (AAP), active metabolite of AAP formed through liver microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes consumed GSH. The active metabolite formed binds, at least in part, covalently to liver microsomal proteins. In addition, species differences in the extent of GSH depletion by AAP in vitro was related to the amounts of the active metabolite of AAP bound covalently to liver microsomal protein(s) by experiments using 14C-AAP. Similar depletion of GSH was also seen with other aniline analogs such as aniline itself and p-chloroaniline, but not with acetanilide, in four animal species. These in vitro results obtained here strongly support the well-known findings concerning both GSH depletion and covalent binding in vivo of the active metabolite after AAP treatment.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed1998

Protective effect of the mold Monascus anka against acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity in rats.

Antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions of the mold Monascus anka (also called Beni-Koji in Japan) against acetaminophen (AAP)-induced liver toxicity were investigated. Serum aspartate aminotransferase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities increased by AAP (180 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment were depressed when the Beni-Koji preparation (4 ml/kg, i.p.) was given 15 and 1 hr before AAP administration. The decrease in liver cytosolic GST activity by AAP, reflecting the release of the enzyme into serum, was also blocked by the mold. Cytochrome P450 activity was inhibited by the Beni-Koji preparation. These results suggest that M. anka prevents AAP-induced liver toxicity by both antioxidant action and the inhibition of AAP metabolism.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed2002

[Variables related to the first presbyopia correction].

PURPOSE: We carried out a prospective study based on variables related to the age of appearance of presbyopia (AAP): refraction defect, sex, iris color, profession and pupil diameter. METHOD: Our sample population was made up of 179 persons who present consecutively for the first optical correction of presbyopia as sole reason, having a refractive defect equal to 1 diopter or less. RESULTS: In our series the AAP was not influenced by the small refraction defect, neither by sex or iris color. Different professions showed a significant AAP difference later in life (farmers, x = 51.76 D.E. 5.47 years) or earlier (services workers, x = 46.15 D.E. 3.55 years) (p<0.000003, ANOVA), than other professions such as housewife (48.42 D.E. 4.71 years) and construction workers (47.54 D.E. 3.93 years). We found significant differences in AAP among subjects with intense miosis (<2,5 mm, x = 51 D.E. 5.39 years) and without miosis (3 to 7 mm, x = 47.47 D.E. 4.71 years) (p<0.02 t Student). CONCLUSIONS: The variables which determine a significant delay in the AAP are: profession (farmer and housewife) and miosis, a 1 mm pupilar diameter reduction, in near vision, could contribute to a delay of 1.53 years in AAP.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Participation in the academic associate program: effect on medical school admission rate.

OBJECTIVES: Several emergency medicine programs are using premedical students as research assistants for clinical research in the emergency department (ED). These programs have been shown to enhance faculty research productivity, but the effects of these programs on the students' goals have not been assessed. The authors evaluated the effect of the Academic Associate Program (AAP) on medical school acceptance rates. METHODS: From 1997 to 2002, premedical students who attended informational sessions about the AAP completed a 28-item survey including demographic information, educational experiences, career goals, grade point average (GPA), and prior research participation. Premedical students who had a career goal of becoming a physician were included in the study if they matriculated into medical school or changed their career plans by the fall of 2003. Medical school acceptance was determined by contacting students or their parents via telephone and e-mail. Students enrolled in the AAP were compared with Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) data to determine whether they were more or less likely to be accepted into medical school. RESULTS: During the study period, 198 students enrolled in the AAP had attained a final disposition with respect to medical school matriculation. Students were a mean age of 22.4 +/- 3.0 years, 55% female, and 43% nonwhite. Most students (91%) were junior year or later with respect to educational level. Prior research experience included being an author on an abstract (25%), being an author on a manuscript (17%), and presenting research at a scientific meeting (14%). The mean GPA ( +/- standard deviation) for Academic Associates was 3.38 ( +/- 0.31). Medical school acceptance rates were 79% for students in the AAP (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 73.1 to 84.5). This is higher than expected based on AAMC published data with a 49% (95% CI = 48.5 to 49.5) acceptance rate for students with a mean GPA of 3.46. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with AAMC data, students in the AAP have a higher medical school acceptance rate despite a slightly lower GPA. This finding suggests that participation in the program enhances a student's likelihood of matriculating in medical school.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Variation in barley yellow dwarf virus transmission efficiency by Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) after acquisition from transgenic and nontransformed wheat genotypes.

The effects of different acquisition access periods (AAPs) and inoculation access periods (IAPs) on the transmission efficiency of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) by Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) after feeding on transgenic or nontransformed wheat, Triticum aestivum L., genotypes were studied. Three wheat genotypes were tested as virus sources: virus-susceptible 'Lambert' and 'Lambert'-derived transgenic lines 103.1J and 126.02, which express the BYDV-PAV coat protein gene. Lower virus titers were measured in BYDV-infected transgenic plants compared with Lambert. No significant differences in transmission efficiency were detected for R. padi after varying IAPs, regardless of genotype. Transmission efficiency increased with an increase in AAP in all genotypes tested. However, AAPs ranging from 6 to 48 h on Lambert resulted in significantly greater transmission efficiency than similar periods on transgenic 103.1J. Maximum transmission efficiency (70%) was observed after a 48-h AAP on Lambert, whereas the same AAP on 103.1J and 126.02 resulted in a significantly lower transmission efficiency (57%). Contrasts were used to compare the rates of transmission and the theoretical maximum transmission percentage among the different wheat genotypes serving as virus sources. Both parameters were significantly different among genotypes, indicating that viral acquisition from each genotype resulted in a unique pattern of virus transmission by R. padi. The lowest rate of virus transmission after an AAP was observed on 103.1J compared with 126.02 or Lambert. This is likely associated with a lower virus titer in 103.1J. This is the first report of transgenic virus resistance in wheat affecting the transmission efficiency of a virus vector.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein produced by recombinant baculovirus expression. Proteolytic processing and protease inhibitory properties.

The baculovirus expression system was used to generate recombinant Alzheimer's amyloid precursor (AAP) proteins. Recombinant baculoviruses were constructed, designed to express full-length 695-, 751-, and 770-amino acid forms. Recombinant baculoviruses designed for constitutive secretion were engineered by placing a termination codon between the beta-protein domain and cytoplasmic anchor of the full-length forms. Insect cells infected with each of these baculoviruses produced both secreted and cell-associated AAPs. Full-length constructs produced secreted derivatives which were COOH-terminally cleaved within the beta-protein domain at Gln15 or Lys16, essentially identical to previous reports utilizing mammalian cell systems. Rare secreted forms (less than 5%) appeared to extend to Lys28. Secretion constructs produced these same forms, but in different ratios. Most (approximately 60%) terminated at Gln15 or Lys16, while the remainder apparently extended to Lys28. AAPs containing the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitory domain (AAP-751 and -770) were shown to be active inhibitors. No differences were observed in the inhibitors activities of these two forms. The similarities in AAP processing by insect and mammalian systems, together with the large amounts of recombinant protein produced by baculovirus expression, make this an attractive system for studies of AAP processing and biochemical properties.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed1990

[Comparative studies on delayed type hypersensitivity of low-molecular compounds and compound-protein conjugates in rabbits].

Comparative studies on immunogenicity for compounds (TNBS, CET and 4-AAP) and compound-protein conjugates (TNBS-OA, CET-OA and 4-AAP-OA) were undertaken by the assay systems of humoral reaction (HA) and cellular reaction (DTH) in rabbits. The immunogenicity of TNBS-OA was substantially different from either that of CET-OA or 4-AAP-OA in the assay system of DTH. That is, rabbits immunized with TNBS-OA plus FCA displayed positive DTH reactions to the eliciting antigen (TNBS), while such reactions were never recognized in the rabbits immunized with CET-OA plus FCA or 4-AAP-OA plus FCA to the eliciting antigen of CET or 4-AAP, respectively. The above negative reactions observed in both groups, CET-OA and 4-AAP-OA, can be explained by the ordinary interpretation that the specificity of cellular immunoreaction (DTH) is directed toward the binding part of hapten-protein conjugate. By contrast, TNBS, spread on the skin to evoke DTH, may react with epidermal proteins in vivo to form 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-coupled protein. Consequently, it was suggested that this TNP-coupled protein evoked the positive DTH reaction in the TNBS-OA group.

Ampyrone↗

PubMed1989

Inhibitor of granulocyte-macrophage colony formation in plasma of mice rendered aplastic by allogeneic lymph node cells.

Sublethally irradiated CBA/J mice injected with lymph node cells (LNC) of C3H/He mice exhibit aplastic anemia within 3 weeks. Aplastic anemia plasma (AAP) from these mice was found to inhibit granulocyte-macrophage colony (GM-CFU) formation. This inhibitory action was not strain specific and was not generated in donor:host combination involving other strains. AAP also inhibited the formation of colonies derived from leukemic cell lines. Though this activity inhibited GM-CFU, it did not affect erythroid colony formation. Two experiments were performed to examine the mechanism of inhibition. Superoptimal concentrations of recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) did not reverse AAP-induced inhibition of colony formation. Bone marrow cells preincubated with AAP for 24 h and washed were unchanged in their ability to form GM-CFU colonies. Thus, the inhibitory activity acted neither as a competitive nor a cytotoxic agent. Interferons and certain prostaglandins, known to inhibit colony formation, were not found in active concentrations in AAP. The inhibitory activity of AAP was heat stable, nondialyzable, inextractable with chloroform, precipitable with 50% ammonium sulfate, and had a molecular weight of 100,000 daltons. In contrast, control plasma from mice given only sublethal irradiation and injected with saline had significantly less inhibitory activity, which was not heat stable and was extractable with chloroform. Thus, LNC in certain host mouse strains generate a plasma activity that can inhibit the formation of normal and leukemic GM-CFU colonies.

Absorption↗

PubMed1987

Alanine aminopeptidase in serum: automated optimized assay, and effects of age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption in a selected population.

In the diagnosis of chronic (as opposed to acute) liver diseases, combinations of indicators are needed to improve specificity. Alanine aminopeptidase (AAP; microsomal aminopeptidase, EC 3.4.11.2) activity in serum reportedly is a very sensitive indicator of intrahepatic cholestasis and biliary obstruction; it is also particularly useful in diagnosing chronic liver disease when combined with an indicator of hepatocyte damage such as aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase. We optimized the assay of AAP in serum, automated the assay by using a centrifugal analyzer, then used this automated assay to determine activity in 202 individuals, ages one to 73 years. The preliminary results were analyzed in terms of the effects of age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption on AAP activity in serum. Striking sex-related differences were observed: AAP activity in males declined 2.5 times more rapidly with age than did that in females; indeed, activity in adult females remained essentially constant. Moreover, AAP values were higher in men who smoked than in those who did not, the difference being of borderline significance by analysis of covariance (p = 0.0865) but significant by partial correlations (p = 0.02). No similar differences were seen for women smokers and non-smokers. When the effects of other variables were held constant, alcohol consumption alone did not significantly correlate with AAP activity in men or women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

The increase in urinary alanine aminopeptidase excretion associated with enflurane anesthesia is increased further by aminoglycosides.

Urinary excretion of alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) is an extremely sensitive indicator of drug-induced renal tubular damage. The urinary excretion of AAP was determined in patients after enflurane anesthesia with or without concurrent aminoglycoside administration to determine if enflurane enhances the nephrotoxic potential of aminoglycosides. Twenty-two patients with normal renal function were studied. Ten received enflurane alone, eight received enflurane plus gentamicin or tobramycin, and four patients who underwent nitrous oxide and narcotic anesthesia were the control group. Preoperative values ranged from 1010 to 2461 microU/24 hour. Urinary AAP excretion increased significantly in both enflurane groups 2 days postoperatively (P less than 0.025). Patients who received both enflurane and aminoglycosides had significantly greater urinary AAP excretion on postoperative day 2 than did patients given enflurane alone: 21,342 +/- 4074 microU/24 hour and 6336 +/- 1496 microU/24 hour, respectively (mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.005). There was no change in AAP excretion in the control group compared to baseline; on day 3 AAP was 1412 +/- 710 microU/24 hour. No changes in blood urea nitrogen or serum creatinine levels were observed. These data suggest that enflurane increases the renal tubular effects of aminoglycosides, possibly increasing the risk of aminoglycoside renal toxicity.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Colorado pediatricians' involvement in community activities.

To determine Colorado American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) pediatricians' involvement in community-based activities and awareness of and interest in the AAP Community Access to Child Health (CATCH) program, a 22-item survey was mailed to all general pediatrician AAP fellows and candidate fellows practicing in Colorado (n = 434). The return rate was 65%. Of the respondents, 73% provide direct patient care as their primary professional activity, 58% reported either current or past involvement in community-based programs outside of their practices, 91% of this community-based work was voluntary, and 80% of the respondents described this work as moderate to very rewarding. Half of the respondents (51%) were aware of the AAP CATCH program, and 68% were interested in attending a statewide CATCH meeting. We conclude that Colorado AAP pediatrician survey respondents participate heavily in community programs outside of their clinical practices and that among this group there is substantial interest in the AAP CATCH program.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Screening for tuberculosis infection in urban children.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of children who are at high risk for tuberculosis (TB) as defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) criteria, the rate of compliance with visits for tuberculin skin test (TST) interpretation, and the prevalence of TB infection. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 401 children, 12 months to 18 years of age, who attended a hospital-based, urban pediatric clinic for well-child visits was undertaken from April 13, 1994, through August 30, 1994. Respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire, an intradermal TST was applied, and an appointment was scheduled for skin test interpretation in 48 to 72 hours. SETTING: Hospital-based, pediatric primary care center in Rochester, NY, serving children of low to moderate income (67% were receiving Medicaid). RESULTS: Of the 401 children, 342 (85%) had at least 1 risk factor for TB identified: 96 (24%) reported contact with persons who were considered to be at high risk for TB; 170 (42%) had at least 1 parent who was born in a high prevalence country; and 269 (67%) reported a household income of less than $15,500. Of the 401 children, 300 returned for TST interpretation, 257 (64%) by 48 to 72 hours and an additional 43 (11%) by 96 hours. Four (1.3%) of the 300 children had a positive TST (ie, induration > or = 10 mm). All 4 of the children who were TST positive had at least 1 parent from a high-risk country and were identified using AAP-defined risk criteria. The mean age of children who were TST positive was 15.3 years (range 13-17 years) compared with 8.1 years for those who were TST negative (P < .01). The positive predictive value of the questionnaire, which included income as a risk factor for TB, was only 1.5 (95% confidence interval = 0.5-4.0); when household income was not considered a risk factor, the positive predictive value was 2.0 (95% confidence interval = 0.7, 5.5). The estimated cost per child who was TST positive ranged from $430 for those who had contact with an incarcerated adult to $855 per child who was TST positive identified by using AAP-defined criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The overall sensitivity of the AAP-defined criteria and having at least 1 parent from a TB-endemic country were high. However, because of the low prevalence of TB infection, the positive predictive value of these criteria was very low. These data support AAP recommendations only to skin test children who are at high risk for TB, but they also suggest that annual testing may not be cost-effective for many communities in the United States.

Adolescent↗