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PubMed1983

Workshops--a real world performance evaluation setting.

Workshop clients have been identified as those having potential for employment. They now have a specially focused vocational rehabilitation program; including a treatment plan with an uninterrupted workshop evaluation period. The clients' involvement must be understood and supported by other rehabilitation and hospital services since their support is essential for client success. Workshop performance evaluation is a long-term assessment. First, it provides for an assessment to determine the strengths of the client, secondly, it is a selective process which provides for emphasis and for exploration and/or development of those strengths. Assessment in a workshop addresses the sustained characteristics of good work performance, as well as the critical values requiring development to ensure acquisition of good worker traits, work personality and work intelligence.

Employee Performance Appraisal↗
PubMed2005

Content validation on the Work Performance Rating Scale for sheltered workshop workers.

The purpose of this study was to revise the content of the Work Performance Rating Scale (WPRS) as a valid assessment tool for sheltered workshop workers. A focus group of 11 sheltered workshop workers was recruited to collect their opinions about the relevance of the WPRS from the service users' perspectives. A panel of 23 frontline practitioners who had experience in using various work assessment instruments provided at their work setting was recruited to review the content of the WPRS. A 14-item amended version of the WPRS with five new items added was proposed based on the opinions of service users, frontline practitioners, and the concept of the Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment (MTWA). An expert panel of 12 professionals at the senior level from various vocational rehabilitation settings was recruited to comment on the content validity of the 14-item amended version of the WPRS. The expert panel agreed that the amended version of the WPRS was related to the concept of job satisfactoriness which could be used to assess the work performance of sheltered workshop workers. Thus, the use of the MTWA for improving the content validity of the WPRS to assess the employability of sheltered workshop workers was supported by the findings of the study.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Validity of the Vocational Adaptation Rating Scale: prediction of mentally retarded workers' placement in sheltered workshops.

The validity of the Vocational Adaptation Rating Scale (VARS) for predicting placement of mentally retarded workers in sheltered-workshop settings was investigated. The VARS was administered by workshop supervisors to noninstitutionalized adolescents and adults, ranging from severely to mildly retarded. Frequency and severity of maladaptive behavior in six domains predicted the concurrent placement of retarded workers in workshops and their placement one year later. Results indicated low to moderate significant partial correlations with concurrent placement and one-year follow-up placement (controlling IQ, age, and sex). Multiple-correlation analyses indicated that the VARS provided significant increments in predictable variance in workshop placements (13.8 to 16.1 percent) relative to predictions based on IQ, age, and sex. Results support the instrument's incremental validity as a measure of maladaptive behavior in vocational settings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Educational meetings and printed educational materials are the two most common types of continuing education for health professionals. An important aim of continuing education is to improve professional practice so that patients can receive improved health care. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of educational meetings on professional practice and health care outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group specialised register, MEDLINE (from 1966), the Research and Development Resource Base in Continuing Medical Education in January 1999 and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials or well designed quasi-experimental studies examining the effect of continuing education meetings (including lectures, workshops, and courses) on the clinical practice of health professionals or health care outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently applied inclusion criteria, assessed the quality of each study, and extracted study data. We attempted to collect missing data from investigators. We conducted both qualitative and quantitative analyses. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-two studies were included with a total of 36 comparisons. The studies involved from 13 to 411 health professionals (total N= 2995) and were judged to be of moderate or high quality, although methods were generally poorly reported. There was substantial variation in the complexity of the targeted behaviours, baseline compliance, the characteristics of the interventions and the results. The heterogeneity of the results was best explained by differences in the interventions. For 10 comparisons of interactive workshops, there were moderate or moderately large effects in six (all of which were statistically significant) and small effects in four (one of which was statistically significant). For interventions that combined workshops and didactic presentations, there were moderate or moderately large effects in 12 comparisons (eleven of which were statistically significant) and small effects in seven comparisons (one of which was statistically significant). In seven comparisons of didactic presentations, there were no statistically significant effects, with the exception of one out of four outcome measures in one study. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Interactive workshops can result in moderately large changes in professional practice. Didactic sessions alone are unlikely to change professional practice.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Unique balanced chromosome abnormalities in treatment-related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia: report from an international workshop.

A total of 123 balanced rearrangements, including 26 occurring as a sole anomaly, not known to be recurrent in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) prior to the Workshop, were ascertained retrospectively from 104 patients with treatment-related MDS/AML (t-MDS/t-AML). Thirteen of the aberrations were reported previously in single cases and hence may be classified as recurrent as a result of the Workshop. Patients with Unique aberrations had complex karyotypes more often (P < 0.001 for all pairwise comparisons) than did other Workshop subgroups, with 72% having 3 or more aberrations. Among 85 cases with secondary chromosomal abnormalities, -5, -7, del(5q), and del(7q) were observed in 76%, which is significantly higher (P < or = 0.007 for all pairwise comparisons) than the frequencies found in the Workshop subgroups of patients with previously known recurring aberrations. The chromosome bands most often involved in balanced aberrations were 1p36 and 3q26-27. Treatment exposure was significantly different (less topoisomerase II inhibitor exposure, more radiotherapy-only exposure) than for patients with 11q23 (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) and 21q22 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.002, respectively) abnormalities. The median time from the first toxic exposure to secondary disease, 59 months, was significantly longer (P < or = 0.016 for all significant pairwise comparisons) than the median latency of all other patients except those in the Rare subgroup, and the median survival time, 7 months, was significantly shorter than for patients in the 21q22, inv(16), and t(15;17) subgroups (P < or = 0.002 for all pairwise comparisons), but similar to patients in the 11q23 and Rare subgroups. In contrast to known recurring abnormalities, significantly more patients (61%, all P < 0.001) presented with t-MDS, with over one-third of these patients progressing to t-AML. Thus, this group of patients appears to be more similar to the typical t-MDS/t-AML patients, with complex karyotypes as well as chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities, than to those with recurrent balanced rearrangements.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Training in communication skills for informal carers of people suffering from dementia: a cluster randomized clinical trial comparing a therapist led workshop and a booklet.

The objective of the study was to evaluate whether a short training workshop in communication techniques is more effective than an information booklet for improving communication skills in informal carers of people suffering from dementia. 30 informal carers were allocated to the workshop sessions and 15 to the booklet. Outcome measures included awareness of communication strategies; perceived frequency of communication breakdown at home, and the associated level of distress; general stress; and consumer satisfaction. At six week follow-up, the workshop group demonstrated a significantly greater awareness of communication strategies than the booklet-only group. Both groups reported some reduction in the frequency of communication problems at home, and a reduction in the associated level of distress. The frequency of other problem behaviours remained stable. Satisfaction with the workshop indicated that training was helpful but depended on the stage of illness of the partner.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1984

Laser workshops in neurological surgery.

With the recent increased popularity of laser use in neurosurgery, there arises the question of the value and necessity of a "hands-on" laser workshop in preparing the surgeon for clinical use of the instrument. To find an answer, a questionnaire was recently circulated to those who had participated in such a workshop. Participants were asked whether they were actually using the laser clinically since attending the workshop and, if so, the type of laser they were using. Whether the course was influential in their decision to use a laser and whether they felt they could have used the instrument without such a course was also asked. In addition, the surgeons were asked how long it took them to become comfortable using the laser. The types of procedures, the percentage of operative cases and the mode (freehand or microlinked) in which the laser was used was also investigated. Finally, absolute indications for laser use in neurosurgery and methods to improve laser education were sought. The answers were varied and interesting, but it is our conclusion that a "hands-on" workshop is both a valuable and necessary means of preparing a neurosurgeon for clinical use of a laser, and participation in such a course should be encouraged.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2005

Managing the risks of therapeutic products: proceedings of a workshop.

Traditional tools available to the Food and Drug Administration for managing known risks of therapeutic products (drugs, devices and biological products) have limited effectiveness. This report presents the recommendations of a multidisciplinary workshop focused on managing these risks. This is the last in a series of five workshops coordinated by the Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs) on assessing, communicating and managing the risks and benefits of therapeutic products. Workshop participants included experts from government, academia, industry and healthcare organizations, including consumers. Using a modified nominal group process, participants developed a consensus on principles that should govern future risk management (RM) programs, specifically: in order to protect the public health, risk management programs (RMPs) should be evidence-based, science-driven and patient-focused. A plan to manage the risks of each new therapeutic product should be developed prior to its approval. Evaluation of both the processes and outcomes of RM is essential; these evaluations should be in the public domain. Participants also identified and prioritized research and policy gaps related to RM. Recommended research areas included determining the effectiveness of each element of RMPs, finding the best ways to inform healthcare consumers and determining the best way to present risk information in drug labeling. Policy questions included defining the criteria for requiring a RMP, determining the effect of privacy legislation on RMPs and determining how the continuum of risk across therapeutic products should be classified. As this workshop demonstrated, it is possible to develop a prioritized research and policy agenda to meet the needs of all constituencies. Collaboration across diverse government, academic, industry and constituency-based organizations can lead to solutions for the perplexing problems involved in balancing the risks and benefits of therapeutic products. Patients deserve no less as we strive to protect their safety.

Consensus Statements as Topic↗
PubMed2002

A focused breast skills workshop improves the clinical skills of medical students.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a focused breast skills workshop for teaching clinical skills to third-year medical students. METHODOLOGY: One hundred twenty-four third-year medical students involved in the surgical core clerkship were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 (n = 67) participated in a 2-h focused breast skills workshop. Group 2 (n = 57) received "traditional" ambulatory teaching for a period of 4 h in the breast clinic. The focused workshop consisted of a series of encounters concentrating on mammogram and ultrasound interpretation, physical examination skills, lump detection, and workup of a breast mass. Both groups received a didactic core curriculum lecture from surgical faculty. All students completed a satisfaction rating scale and a subset of students completed a pre- and postencounter self-efficacy rating scale on several aspects of breast skills. Student's t test was used to compare the groups in the areas of clinical skills as evidenced by performance on the breast-specific items on the end of the clerkship Objective Structure Clinical Examination and student satisfaction as evidenced by their response on a satisfaction rating scale. ANCOVA (controlling for preencounter self-efficacy rating) was used to compare the change scores between pre- and postencounter self-efficacy ratings. RESULTS: Students in Group 1 performed significantly higher than the students in Group 2 in the areas of clinical examination skills (t = -2.99, P < 0.05); in sensitivity (t = -5.82, P < 0.05) and specificity (t = -7.27, P < 0.05) in the examination of breast models; and with their satisfaction with the encounter (t = 10.72, P < 0.05). Students in Group 1 also demonstrated a higher level of confidence in their breast skills at the end of the clerkship than students in Group 2 (F = 6.22, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The focused breast skills workshop is more effective than the traditional ambulatory setting for teaching clinical breast examination skills. This setting also demonstrated the development of higher confidence in breast skills than the traditional ambulatory setting.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1996

Chronic inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity testing of respirable fibrous particles. Workshop report.

On May 8-10, 1995, a workshop on chronic inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity testing of respirable fibrous particles was held in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The workshop was sponsored by the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in collaboration with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The goal of the workshop was to obtain input from the scientific community on a number of issues related to fiber testing. Major issues for discussion were: (i) the optimal design and conduct of studies of the health effects of chronic inhalation exposure of animals to fibers; (ii) preliminary studies which would be useful guides in designing the chronic exposure study; (iii) mechanistic studies which would be important adjuncts to the chronic exposure study to enable better interpretation of study results and extrapolation of potential effects in exposed humans; and (iv) available screening tests which can be used to develop a minimum data set for (a) making decisions about the potential health hazard of the fibers and (b) prioritizing the need for further testing in a chronic inhalation study. After extensive discussion and debate of the workshop issues, the general consensus of the expert panel is that chronic inhalation studies of fibers in the rat are the most appropriate tests for predicting inhalation hazard and risk of fibers to humans. A number of guidances specific for the design and conduct of prechronic and chronic inhalation studies of fibers in rodents were recommended. For instance, it was recommended that along with other information (decrease in body weight, systemic toxicity, etc.), data should be obtained on lung burdens and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis to assist in establishing the chronic exposure levels. Lung burden data are also important for quantifying aspects of risk assessment related to dosimetric adjustments before extrapolation. Although mechanistic studies are not recommended as part of the standard chronic inhalation studies, the expert panel stressed the need for obtaining mechanistic information as far as possible during the course of subchronic or chronic inhalation studies. At present, no single assay and battery of short-term assays can predict the outcome of a chronic inhalation bioassay with respect to carcinogenic effects. Meanwhile, several short-term in vitro and in vivo studies that may be useful to assess the relative potential of fibrous substances to cause lung toxicity/carcinogenicity have been identified.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2006

Development and applications of microbial ecogenomic indicators for monitoring water quality: report of a workshop assessing the state of the science, research needs and future directions.

This article brings forth recommendations from a workshop sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Science to Achieve Results (STAR) and Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (EMAP) Programs and by the Council of State Governments, held during May 2002 in Kansas City, Kansas. The workshop assembled microbial ecologists and environmental scientists to determine what research and science is needed to bring existing molecular biological approaches and newer technologies arising from microbial genomic research into environmental monitoring and water quality assessments. Development of genomics and proteomics technologies for environmental science is a very new area having potential to improve environmental water quality assessments. The workshop participants noted that microbial ecologists are already using molecular biological methods well suited for monitoring and water quality assessments and anticipate that genomics-enabled technologies could be made available for monitoring within a decade. Recommendations arising from the workshop include needs for (i) identification of informative microbial gene sequences, (ii) improved understandings of linkages between indicator taxa, gene expression and environmental condition, (iii) technological advancements towards field application, and (iv) development of the appropriate databases.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Report of the Workshop on Environmentally Related Nononcogenic Lung Disease. March 13-18, 1983, Airlie Conference Center, Airlie, Virginia.

During the week of March 13-18, 1983, 37 government and university health scientists participated in the Workshop on Environmentally Related Nononcogenic Lung Disease. The workshop, which was chaired by James L. Whittenberger of the University of California's Southern Occupational Health Center with Dr. Robert Frank of Johns Hopkins University, cochairman, represented a major effort by the interagency Task Force on Environmental Cancer and Heart and Lung Disease to address in fiscal year 1983 its mandate to assess current evidence and recommend integrated federal research programs toward relating human illness with environmental pollution. The subject of nononcogenic lung disease was approached through three concurrent discussion sessions: epidemiology, statistics, and risk assessment; clinical research; and basic and animal research. Participants were assigned to one of the three group sessions, based on their backgrounds and interests, but were encouraged to interact and attend the other sessions. Each session produced an immediate set of recommendations on research needs, complete with background information and literature references. In compiling this report on the workshop findings, the sets of recommendations were consolidated to avoid duplication, and the text was condensed to ensure that each argument and rationale was presented cogently. This lengthy and laborious process, which required careful review and critical analysis, was undertaken by the workshop chairmen, the session chairmen, and finally the participants. The result is a document that, it is hoped, both accurately reflects the current state of knowledge on environmentally related nononcogenic lung disease and adequately responds to the Task Force's mandate. The views expressed are those of the participating scientists and should not be construed to represent any official agency position.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

Dealing with verbal abuse: evaluation of the efficacy of a workshop for student nurses.

Verbal abuse is a problem that can confront all health care professionals in their day to day practice. Studies into abuse of professionals have emphasised the stressful effects of non-physical violence and have shown that it is often the most inexperienced members of various professions who are in the 'front line' of such attacks. The group of staff particularly at risk are student nurses (HSC 1987). This paper presents an evaluative study of a workshop devised to help student nurses to deal with verbal abuse (Wondrak 1989). Psychiatric nursing students were studied from two intakes into a training course. A simulated situation of an interview with a verbally abusive patient was video taped and assessment was made by independent raters of each subjects ability to deal with the situation. 14 of the subjects then attended a verbal abuse workshop and when re-tested, their ability to deal with abuse was compared with those 15 student nurses who did not attend a workshop. The findings are encouraging, indicating that there is a significant change in the experimental group on a number of variables, related to both practical and emotional aspects of dealing with abuse. Thus the efficacy of the short workshop in improving ability to deal with verbal abuse was demonstrated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Dealing with child abuse: development and evaluation of a short workshop for nurses.

A 1-day workshop was evaluated in terms of its effectiveness in enhancing nurse (N = 70) understanding of child abuse. Measures of their knowledge and attitudes concerning abuse were administered before and after the workshop. The results indicated that the workshop led to a significant improvement in these two areas, in particular, a sub-sample (N = 25) who received an additional teaching aid (a programmed learning script) did better than their colleagues. Finally, a teaching evaluation form indicated a high degree of consumer satisfaction. It is concluded that the brief workshop was successful in enhancing knowledge and attitudes, and that it illustrates the kind of 'professional approach' recently advocated in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Family therapy workshops in the United States: potential abuses in the production of therapy in an advanced capitalist society.

A market for family therapy workshops has mushroomed in recent years. Treatment of families by therapists conducting such workshops, however, can be dispassionate and dehumanizing. Using the distinction between curing and healing, I do not question the curative potential of family therapy, but I question whether this kind of doctor/patient interaction promotes healing. Also, by demonstrating how the systems model tends to objectify patients and alienate therapists from those they treat, this paper challenges claims that family therapy recognizes the social nature of illness. The dehumanizing treatment cannot be attributed solely to the therapists, but requires further interpretation by analyzing the biases of the therapy model, the commodified context of the workshops, and epistemological issues arising from the application of general systems theory to a social model of treatment. Family systems therapy shares epistemological features with biomedicine, and like the biomedical model, alienates therapists from patients. This alienation, ironically, can be even greater when the family systems model is used than in biomedical treatment. Finally, I suggest that family therapy workshops have grown in popularity because the mechanistic features of the treatment model, drawn largely from cybernetics, promote the production and reproduction of a form of therapy compatible with the emphasis on 'functional health' favored in an advanced capitalist society.

Cybernetics↗
PubMed1996

Helping health professionals involved in cancer care acquire key interviewing skills--the impact of workshops.

To assess the impact of workshops on key interviewing skills, 169 health professionals involved in cancer care interviewed a simulated patient immediately before and after the workshops and 6 months later. Each interview was audiotaped, transcribed and rated by trained raters using a newly developed rating system which permits an utterance by utterance analysis. The workshops led to significant increases in the use of three behaviours which promote patient disclosure of key concerns. Namely, open directive questions, questions with a psychological focus and clarification of psychological aspects. However, there was no increase in the use of educated guesses and empathic statements which promote disclosure of key problems and feelings. There were significant reductions in behaviours which inhibit disclosure including the use of questions with a physical focus, utterances clarifying physical aspects and the giving of advice prematurely. These significant gains were still evident 6 months later, but there had been some decline over time. There were also significant improvements in the ability of health professionals to elicit patients key problems. Before the workshop, 75 (44%) participants were able to identify at least 60% of their patients' main problems (a criterion of clinical competence) compared with 119 (70%) at 6-month follow-up, an increase in numbers of 59%. Before training, health professionals used as many behaviours which inhibit disclosure as those that promote it. This was unaffected by their professional discipline, prior training or age. It highlights the need for health professionals involved in cancer care to have training in these communication skills. We believe that more intensive group work in smaller groups which focuses on the feelings and attitudes of participants as well as their interviewing behaviour would lead to an increase in the use of educated guesses and empathy and better exploration of patients' feelings.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2003

A consensus development approach to define national research priorities in bone metastases: proceedings from NCIC CTG workshop.

AIMS: A 1-day workshop was conducted to gather interested Canadian radiation oncologists to identify priority research questions that could be answered through clinical trials under the auspices of the National Cancer Institute of Canada--Clinical Trials Group (NCIC-CTG) Symptom Control committee. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In preparation for the workshop, a survey of Canadian radiation oncologists resulted in four research areas in symptom control, including radiation-induced mucosal reactions, fatigue, radiotherapy for brain metastases and radiotherapy for bone metastases. The first half of the workshop consisted of plenary sessions where the research setting and perspective was defined for each area. This was followed by deliberations by a subgroup of researchers with special interest in the topic area. The bone-metastases subgroup deliberated the clinical context, the scientific merits and the required methodology of research questions related to the role of radiotherapy in early treatment of bone metastases, the role of re-irradiation, the role of systemic radiotherapy and patient selection for different fractionation schedules. A list of prioritised clinical studies was proposed. RESULTS: The question of single vs multi-fraction re-irradiation for symptomatic bone metastases was identified as most pertinent to the Canadian radiation oncologists present. A multi-centre, international intergroup study is undergoing protocol development. Other study concepts, such as an alternative dose-schedule of 17 Gy/2 fractions/1 week for intermediate-prognosis patients, and early referral for radiation oncologist assessment of early or mildly symptomatic bone metastases for good-prognosis patients, require further methodological development before a clinical trial can be proposed. CONCLUSION: An NCIC-CTG workshop provided an update on current evidence-based knowledge in palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases. New trial concepts were discussed among practitioners and clinical investigators to promote dialogue and collaboration. The proposal of an international intergroup randomised trial of single vs multiple fraction re-irradiation for painful bone metastases received the most support among participants.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Report of the Wet Workshop for Quantification of Soluble HLA-G in Essen, 2004.

Membrane-anchored and soluble human leukocyte antigen HLA-G (sHLA-G) molecules exert strong inhibiting signals after interaction with their cognate receptors ILT2 (CD85j), ILT4 (CD85d), and KIR2DL4 (CD158d) that are differentially expressed by natural killer cells, T cells, and antigen-presenting cells. These inhibitory functions can become operative in conditions in which such immune cells try to attack viral infected or tumor cells. Recently, clinical studies showed that sHLA-G molecules are also relevant in the prediction of allograft acceptance after heart transplantation, liver-kidney cotransplantation, and the successful implantation and development of embryos after in vitro fertilization. In view of this diagnostic potential, reliable methods for the measurement of sHLA-G molecules in various body fluids are of interest. Thus, the aims of the Wet Workshop for measurement of sHLA-G held in Essen, Germany (at the Institute of Immunology October 18-20, 2004) were to select and validate HLA-G-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) formats and purified standard HLA-G proteins, which can be easily generated and used as consensual references. To this end, the antibody combinations monoclonal antibody (mAb) MEM-G/9 (capture) + anti-beta2m (detection) and the mAb 5A6G7 (capture) + mAb W6/32 (detection) were chosen in an ELISA format for the simultaneous determination of shed HLA-G1 + soluble HLA-G5 (sHLA-G1 + HLA-G5) and for the exclusive detection of HLA-G5 molecules, respectively. As standard, protein HLA-G5 molecules were purified from insect SF9 cells coinfected by HLA-G5 + human beta2m and characterized for their antigenic determinants. A total of 24 members in 13 teams participated in the 3-day sHLA-G Wet Workshop. All workshop materials, protocols, standard reagents, and samples were provided to each team by the organizers. The Wet-Workshop results clearly demonstrated that (1) the HLA-G5 standard reagent was equally detected by both ELISA formats; (2) sHLA-G1 + G5 and HLA-G5 molecules, respectively, were specifically detected by the two ELISA formats; and (3) both ELISA formats measure reproducibly the amounts of sHLA-G. The comparison of the two ELISA results obtained evidenced that in healthy donors sHLA-G1 molecules can exist in body fluids besides HLA-G5. Moreover, a novel soluble HLA-G structure can be predicted that is recognized by the mAb 5A6G7 + mAb W6/32 antibody combination, but not by the one of mAb MEM-G/9 + anti-beta2m.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗