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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

The sensory projections of Drosophila mutants which show abnormal wing formation or flying behavior.

The central projection pattern of sensory neurones from the wing of Drosophila melanogaster arise from a small number of differentiated cell types which are localized in a precise and reproducible spatial pattern. We report here the distribution of the nerve pathways revealed by filling with peroxidase and the structure and number of the wing sensory receptors, in flies which have wings but which nevertheless are flightless, including one which presents abnormal wing formation. Our results indicate that in dumpy and taxi mutants, there are no detectable modifications in the neural projections or in the number and morphology of sensory receptors. Vestigial mutants however, present several alterations including the absence of the ovoid projection, a fact consistent with the existence of very few marginal bristles. The projection of the large companiform sensilla branch profusely along the ventromedial tract and more sensory fibers cross the midline in the mesothorax. Wings of vestigial mutants show a decrease in the number of large campaniform sensilla, and more importantly some receptors present abnormally oriented trichomes in the neighboring cells.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1984

Temporal separation of the migration of distinct myogenic precursor populations into the developing chick wing bud.

The developing chick limb bud contains several stage-specific populations of muscle colony-forming (MCF) cells. The cell lineage relationships of these populations are not completely understood, but previous studies have suggested that there may be at least two myogenic precursor populations present in the limb bud. To investigate the heterogeneity of the precursor population, the migration of myogenic precursor cells into the wing anlagen was stopped at various times by grafting stage 15-18 wing buds to the flank or chorioallantoic membrane regions of host embryos. The grafted wings were subsequently assayed for the various MCF cell populations. The data provide further support for the existence of two distinct myogenic precursor populations that migrate into the wing anlagen at different times; precursors to early MCF cells are present by stage 15, whereas precursors to late MCF cells are not present until the end of stage 16. The fact that wing buds which are grafted to a foreign location at stage 15 exhibit exclusive development of early MCF cells suggests that late MCF cells are not direct cell lineage descendants of either the early-type precursors or early MCF cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Regulative interactions between cells of wing discs from different dipteran species.

The mechanism by which patterns are produced appears to be repeated in each segment of an animal, and it has been proposed that it may even have been conserved in evolution so that different species would have the same system of positional information. This idea has been tested by mixing cells of a defined fragment of the wing disc of Drosophila melanogaster with wing disc fragments of five other dipteran species to assay the ability of these disc fragments to stimulate intercalary regeneration of the D. melanogaster cells. The genetically marked (y; mwh) D. melanogaster fragment was mechanically mixed with wing discs or wing disc fragments of four drosophilids (D. melanogaster as a control, D. virilis, D. hydei, Zaprionus vittiger), of Musca domestica, and of Piophila casei. The mixed aggregates were cultured in vivo for 7 days, then metamorphosed in D. melanogaster larval hosts. The D. melanogaster fragments were only stimulated to regenerate when combined with complementary fragments from D. melanogaster or D. virilis wing discs. In the combination between D. melanogaster and D. hydei, the tissue formed integrated mosaic patterns, but no regeneration ensued. The one positive result (D. melanogaster mixed with D. virilis) shows that positional cues can be exchanged and correctly interpreted between cells of different species. The negative results do not prove that the mechanism for establishing patterns is different in the tested species, but may be due to incompatibilities that are not related to pattern formation.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Gap junction distribution in the Drosophila wing disc mutants vg, l(2)gd, l(3)c43hs1, and l(2)gl4.

The density of gap junctions in four Drosophila melanogaster mutants with abnormal wing disc development has been determined using quantitative electron microscopy and compared with the gap junction density in wild-type wing discs. No appreciable differences relative to wild-type controls were found in the cell death mutant vestigial or in the mildly hyperplastic mutant lethal giant disc which could not be accounted for in terms of altered lateral plasma membrane surface density or as an extension of the gap junction growth which normally occurs during the third larval stage of development in wild-type wing discs. However, both the severely hyperplastic mutant l(3)c43hs1 and the neoplastic mutant lethal giant larva have significant reductions in the gap junction surface density, the number of gap junctions, and the gap junction areal fraction of the lateral plasma membrane compared with wild-type controls. These differences cannot be attributed to altered lateral plasma membrane surface densities which are not significantly different from wild-type control wing discs. The reduced gap junction density in severely hyperplastic and neoplastic wing discs suggests that alterations in the number or distribution of gap junctions may be as disruptive to normal growth and development as their complete absence.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Axon guidance in cultured wing discs and disc fragments of Drosophila.

The sensory neurons of the Drosophila wing differentiate during the initial stages of metamorphosis, appearing in the imaginal wing disc as it everts and flattens. These identifiable neurons arise in a stereotyped sequence, and lay down a specific pattern of axon bundles which travel proximally to the CNS. In several locations, the early arising "pioneer" neurons send axons in the direction of more proximal pioneer neurons, later joining with these to form continuous peripheral nerves. It is possible that distal neurons can contact more proximal neurons by random filopodial search, and use this information to guide axonal outgrowth. To test this "guidepost" hypothesis, everting wing discs were raised in vitro to allow surgical manipulation. Neural outgrowth was largely normal in vitro, though growth of the wing was stunted. If such discs were cut into proximodistal fragments before or at the time of initial axonogenesis, neural outgrowth remained normal: distal axons still grew in the direction of the now missing proximal neurons. Thus, proximal neurons are not necessary for the correct guidance of distal neurons in the developing wing.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Interaction between dorsal and ventral cells in the imaginal disc directs wing development in Drosophila.

The adult appendages of Drosophila develop from imaginal discs. An early step in disc patterning involves the formation of developmental boundaries that subdivide the discs into compartments. Anterior and posterior compartments are established in the embryo. Later in development a new boundary originates to subdivide the wing disc into dorsal and ventral compartments, which correspond to the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the adult wing. We report here that spatially localized expression of the homeobox gene apterous (ap) specifies the identity of dorsal cells in the wing. The boundary of cell lineage restriction between dorsal and ventral compartments coincides with the limit of the domain of ap expression. Using genetic mosaics, we show that juxtaposition of dorsal and ventral cells induces formation of the wing margin. We present evidence that the dorsal-ventral boundary promotes growth and serves as a pattern-organizing center in the wing disc.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Genotoxicity testing of different types of beverages in the Drosophila wing Somatic Mutation And Recombination Test.

Five wines and one brandy of Spanish origin as well as three herbal teas and ordinary black tea were tested for genotoxicity in the wing Somatic Mutation And Recombination Test (SMART) which makes use of the two recessive wing cell markers multiple wing hairs (mwh) and flare (flr3) on the left arm of chromosome 3 of Drosophila melanogaster. 3-day-old larvae trans-heterozygous for these two markers were fed the beverages at different concentrations and for different feeding periods using Drosophila instant medium. Somatic mutations or mitotic recombinations induced in the cells of the wing imaginal discs give rise to mutant single or twin spots on the wing blade of the emerging adult flies showing either the mwh phenotype or/and the flr phenotype. One of the red wines showed a clear genotoxic activity that was not due to its ethanol content. Two herbal teas (Urtica dioica, Achillea millefolium) and black tea (Camellia sinensis) proved to be weakly genotoxic as well. Furthermore, it was shown that quercetin and rutin, two flavonols present in beverages of plant origin, also exhibited weak genotoxic activity in the somatic cells of Drosophila. These results demonstrate that Drosophila in vivo somatic assays can detect the genotoxicity of complex mixtures such as beverages. In particular, it is possible to administer these test materials in the same form as that in which they are normally consumed.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed1995

Behavior of extramacrochaetae mutant cells in the morphogenesis of the Drosophila wing.

The gene extramacrochaetae (emc) encodes a non-basic Helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein that interacts and antagonises other basic-HLH proteins. The expression pattern of emc, and the phenotype of lethal emc alleles indicate that this gene is operative in several developmental processes. Here we study the requirements for emc during cell proliferation and vein differentiation in the wing. Mosaic analysis of hypomorphic conditions of emc reveals the tendency of mutant cells to proliferate along the veins as long stripes. Large clones abuting two adjacent veins obliterate the corresponding inter-vein, affecting the size and shape of the whole wing. Thus, the emc gene participates in the control of cell proliferation within inter-vein regions in the wing. Similar effects were found in the haltere and in the leg. The behavior of emc cells in genetic mosaics indicate that (1) proliferation is locally controlled within inter-vein sectors, (2) cells proliferate according to their genetic activity along preferential positions in the wing morphogenetic landscape and (3) cell proliferation in the wing is integrated by 'accommodation' between mutant and wild type cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Primary structure of proteins from the wing cuticle of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria.

Wing cuticle from pharate adult locusts, Locusta migratoria, contains several prominent proteins which occur as minor components or are completely absent in other cuticular regions. Six of the wing-specific proteins have been purified and their amino acid sequences determined by combined use of mass spectrometry and automated Edman degradation. During the sequence determination very long sequence runs (90-121 residues) were necessary in order to establish the primary structure. All the wing-specific cuticular proteins from locusts contain the repeated short sequence motif -Ala-Ala-Pro-Ala/Val-, which is common for all hitherto sequenced cuticular proteins from pharate locusts. Several of the wing-specific proteins also possess an N-terminal region rich in glycine, tyrosine and leucine, characteristic for many locust cuticular proteins. Two of the analysed proteins have a conserved 61-residue sequence in common with a previously sequenced protein from locust wing cuticle and with two proteins from the pharate cuticle of adult Tenebrio molitor. Possible roles for the various sequence motifs are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Compensatory proliferation induced by cell death in the Drosophila wing disc requires activity of the apical cell death caspase Dronc in a nonapoptotic role.

Achieving proper organ size requires a balance between proliferation and cell death. For example, at least 40%-60% of cells in the Drosophila wing disc can be lost, yet these discs go on to give rise to normal-looking adult wings as a result of compensatory proliferation. The signals that drive this proliferation are unknown. One intriguing possibility is that they derive, at least in part, from the dying cells. To explore this hypothesis, we activated cell death signaling in specific populations of cells in the developing wing but prevented these cells from dying through expression of the baculovirus p35 protein, which inhibits the activity of effector caspases that mediate apoptosis. This allowed us to uncouple the activation steps of apoptosis from death itself. Here we report that stimulation of cell death signaling in the wing disc-in the absence of cell death-results in increased proliferation and ectopic expression of Wingless, a known mitogen in the wing. Activation of the apical cell death caspase Dronc is necessary and sufficient to drive both of these processes. Our results demonstrate an unanticipated function, the nonautonomous induction of proliferation, of an apical cell death caspase. This activity is likely to contribute to tissue homeostasis by promoting local compensatory proliferation in response to cell death. We speculate that dying cells may communicate cell fate or behavior instructions to their neighbors in other contexts as well.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Change in the expressed gene patterns of the wing disc during the metamorphosis of Bombyx mori.

The present study was conducted to clarify what occurs during the metamorphosis of the imaginal disc in insects. To understand the metamorphosis on a molecular level, the changes in expression profiles in the imaginal disc during metamorphosis were investigated. For this purpose, we constructed cDNA libraries from four different stages of wing discs of Bombyx mori, sequenced about 1000 cDNAs randomly collected from each library, and constructed a database of expressed sequence tags (EST). The morphological changes and expression profiles from EST were compared during those four stages. Microarray analysis was applied to quantify the expression of each gene in each stage in order to confirm whether the expression of the genes identified from EST was induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in a stage-specific manner. Wing discs showed dynamic morphogenesis in 4-5 days during the preparatory stage of metamorphosis, which was under the control of an ecdysteroid. Different expressed profiles were observed in each of the four different stages by comparison of each EST clone. These profiles reflected the morphological changes of the Bombyx wing disc during metamorphosis. The results of expression profiles from the four stages suggested that the V4 stage was cell proliferating; W0, proliferating and the beginning of differentiation; W2, morphologically changing; W3, cuticle secreting. Microarray analysis showed the effectiveness of its application on 20E induction of genes in wing discs. The wing disc of B. mori is an exceptionally suitable system for understanding the relationship between morphological changes and the distribution of mRNA.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Yorkie/Scalloped-OVOL-Rac1 axis controls insect wing development by promoting cell proliferation.

The regulation of organ size is a fundamental question in developmental biology, and insect wings provide a powerful model for elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying morphogenesis. Although the conserved Hippo signaling pathway plays a central role in controlling tissue growth, its precise regulatory network during wing development remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify the zinc finger transcription factor OVOL as a critical mediator of Hippo signaling in insect wing development. We indicate that OVOL is essential for normal wing formation in both Locusta migratoria and Drosophila melanogaster, regulating cell proliferation and trichome patterning. Through transcriptomic analysis and functional validation, we further identify the small GTPase Rac1 as a key downstream effector of OVOL that promotes proliferative growth. Moreover, we find that OVOL expression is directly activated by the Yorkie/Scalloped (Yki/Sd) complex, the core transcriptional effector of the Hippo pathway, without forming a feedback loop. This regulation is mediated through a specific Sd-binding motif (GATAA) within the OVOL promoter. Importantly, Yki/Sd-induced Rac1 expression is dependent on OVOL. Collectively, our findings establish the Yorkie/Sd-OVOL-Rac1 pathway that governs insect wing development by promoting cell proliferation, providing mechanistic insights into organ size regulation in animals.

Cell proliferation↗
PubMed2006

The control of growth and differentiation of the wing imaginal disks of Manduca sexta.

During the larval feeding period, the growth of the wing imaginal disks of Lepidoptera is dependent on continuous feeding. Feeding and nutrition exert their effect via the secretion of bombyxin, the lepidopteran insulin-like hormone. When larvae stop feeding and enter the wandering stage in preparation for metamorphosis, the control of imaginal disk growth becomes feeding and nutrition-independent. Growth of the wing imaginal disks of non-feeding wandering stage Manduca sexta can be stopped by removal of the brain, indicating that a brain-derived factor is required for continued disk growth. Isolated wing disk growth in vitro requires both 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and either brain extract or bombyxin to achieve normal growth. In vitro, brain extracts and synthetic bombyxin have little or no effect in stimulating disk growth, but they greatly enhance the effect of 20E, indicating that 20E and bombyxin act synergistically to modulate growth of the imaginal disk. Brain extract and bombyxin induce a suite of insulin-response events in cultured wing disks, which indicate that bombyxin and 20E act through separate and synergistic pathways. The dose-response to 20E reaches a plateau at about 0.1 microg/ml. Tracheal differentiation of the wing disks can be induced to initiate in vitro by a low concentration of 20E, whereas higher concentrations of 20E only stimulate growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Tissue-specific laminin expression facilitates integrin-dependent association of the embryonic wing disc with the trachea in Drosophila.

The interaction of heterologous tissues involves cell adhesion mediated by the extracellular matrix and its receptor integrins. The Drosophila wing disc is an ectodermal invagination that contacts specific tracheal branches at the basolateral cell surface. We show that an alpha subunit of laminin, encoded by wing blister (wb), is essential for the establishment of the interaction between the wing and trachea. During embryogenesis, wing disc cells present Wb at their basolateral surface and extend posteriorly, expanding their association to more posteriorly located tracheal branches. These migratory processes are impaired in the absence of the trachea, Wb, or integrins. Time-lapse and transmission electron microscopy analyses suggest that Wb facilitates integrin-dependent contact over a large surface and controls the cellular behavior of the wing cells, including their exploratory filopodial activity. Our data identify Wb laminin as an extracellular matrix ligand that is essential for integrin-dependent cellular migration in Drosophila.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The domineering non-autonomy of frizzled and van Gogh clones in the Drosophila wing is a consequence of a disruption in local signaling.

The frizzled (fz) gene is required for the development of distally pointing hairs on the Drosophila wing. It has been suggested that fz is needed for the propagation of a signal along the proximal distal axis of the wing. The directional domineering non-autonomy of fz clones could be a consequence of a failure in the propagation of this signal. We have tested this hypothesis in two ways. In one set of experiments we used the domineering non-autonomy of fz and Vang Gogh (Vang) clones to assess the direction of planar polarity signaling in the wing. prickle (pk) mutations alter wing hair polarity in a cell autonomous way, so pk cannot be altering a global polarity signal. However, we found that pk mutations altered the direction of the domineering non-autonomy of fz and Vang clones, arguing that this domineering non-autonomy is not due to an alteration in a global signal. In a second series of experiments we ablated cells in the pupal wing. We found that a lack of cells that could be propagating a long-range signal did not alter hair polarity. We suggest that fz and Vang clones result in altered levels of a locally acting signal and the domineering non-autonomy results from wild-type cells responding to this abnormal signal.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Wing development and specification of dorsal cell fates in the absence of apterous in Drosophila.

The development and patterning of the Drosophila wing relies on interactions between cell populations that have the anteroposterior (AP) axis and dorsoventral (DV) axis of the wing imaginal disc as frames of reference [1-3]. Each of these cell populations gives rise to a compartment - a group of cells that have their fates restricted by cell lineage - within which cells acquire specific identities through the expression of 'selector' genes [1,2,4]. The genes engrailed (en) and invected (inv), for example, label cells in the posterior compartment and mediate a set of cell interactions that direct the patterning and growth of the wing along the AP axis [1,2,4]. A similar situation has been proposed to exist across the DV axis, along with apterous (ap) as a dorsal selector gene [5], mediating cell interactions by regulating the expression of Serrate (Ser) [6] [7] and fringe (fng) [8]. In ap mutants, the wing is lost [5] [9], and here we report that this phenotype can be rescued by ectopic expression of either Ser or fng and that, surprisingly, the resulting wings have both dorsal and ventral cell fates.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Expression pattern of a butterfly achaete-scute homolog reveals the homology of butterfly wing scales and insect sensory bristles.

BACKGROUND: Lepidopteran wing scales are the individual units of wing color patterns and were a key innovation during Lepidopteran evolution. On the basis of developmental and morphological evidence, it has been proposed that the sensory bristles of the insect peripheral nervous system and the wing scales of Lepidoptera are homologous structures. In order to determine if the developmental pathways leading to Drosophila sensory bristle and butterfly scale formation use similar genetic circuitry, we cloned, from the butterfly Precis coenia, a homolog of the Drosophila achaete-scute (AS-C) genes--which encode transcription factors that promote neural precursor formation--and examined its expression pattern during development. RESULTS: During embryonic and larval development, the expression pattern of the AS-C homolog, ASH1, forecasted neural precursor formation. ASH1 was expressed both in embryonic proneural clusters--within which an individual cell retained ASH1 expression, enlarged, segregated, and became a neural precursor--and in larval wing discs in putative sensory mother cells. ASH1 was also expressed in pupal wings, however, in evenly spaced rows of enlarged cells that had segregated from the underlying epidermis but, rather than give rise to neural structures, each cell contributed to an individual scale. CONCLUSIONS: ASH1 appears to perform multiple functions throughout butterfly development, apparently promoting the initial events of selection and formation of both neural and scale precursor cells. The similarity in the cellular and molecular processes of scale and neural precursor formation suggests that the spatial regulation of an AS-C gene was modified during Lepidopteran evolution to promote scale cell formation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

The COE transcription factor Collier is a mediator of short-range Hedgehog-induced patterning of the Drosophila wing.

BACKGROUND: The secreted Hedgehog (Hh) proteins have been implicated as mediators of positional information in vertebrates and invertebrates. A gradient of Hh activity contributes to antero-posterior (A/P) patterning of the fly wing. In addition to inducing localised expression of Decapentaplegic (Dpp), which in turn relays patterning cues at long range, Hh directly patterns the central region of the wing. RESULTS: We show that short-range, dose-dependent Hh activity is mediated by activation of the transcription factor Collier (Col). In the absence of col activity, longitudinal veins 3 and 4 (L3 and L4) are apposed and the central intervein is missing. Hh expression induces col expression in a narrow stripe of cells along the A/P boundary through a dual-input mechanism: inhibition of proteolysis of Cubitus-interruptus (Ci) and activation of the Fused (Fu) kinase. Col, in cooperation with Ci, controls the formation of the central intervein by activating the expression of blistered (bs), which encodes the Drosophila serum response factor (D-SRF), the activity of which is required for the adoption and maintenance of the intervein cell fate. Furthermore, col is allelic to knot, a gene involved in the formation of the central part of the wing. This finding completes our understanding of the sectorial organisation of the Drosophila wing. CONCLUSIONS: Col, the Drosophila member of the COE family (Col/Olf-1/EBF) of non-basic, helix-loop-helix (HLH)-containing transcription factors, is a mediator of the short-range organising activity of Hh in the Drosophila wing. Our results support the idea that Hh controls target gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner and highlight the importance of the Fu kinase in this differential regulation. The high degree of evolutionary conservation of the COE proteins and the diversity of developmental processes controlled by Hh signalling raises the possibility that the specific genetic interactions depicted here may also operate in vertebrates.

Alleles↗