Who presses the elevator button after someone else: dominance/deference, sex, and authority figure determinants.
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Authoritarianism↗
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Results for “subordinate behavior”
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[Coalition tactics of the weaks in the power struggle].
This study was intended to investigate the coalition tactics of the weaks under the situation where four players in the power relationship such as "A greater than B = C = D, A less than (B + C + D)" struggled for new resources of power. Subjects were 128 male undergraduates divided into 32 groups of four members each. The experimental design was 2 (determinants of power strength; resource size or rank order) x 2 (range of power distance between the strong and the weaks; large or small). As the result, it was revealed that the weaks preferred revolutional coalition "BCD" under the condition where the resource size determined the power strength, while preferred getting-ahead coalition "AB, AC, AD" under the condition where the rank order determined, and that expansion of power distance reinforced such tendency of the weaks. It was also shown, however, that the weaks did not always form the coalitions as they had hoped before bargaining. In conclusion, the necessity to examine the characteristics of the weaks' mentalities and behaviors in coalition bargaining was suggested.
Adult↗
The functional domain specificity of self-esteem and the differential prediction of aggression.
On the basis of an evolutionary theory of self-esteem (SE), it was hypothesized that the SE-aggression relationship differs across functionally distinct domains of SE and across contexts. In 2 experiments, participants had the opportunity to aggress against the evaluator of an essay they had written. In Study 1, self-perceived superiority was positively related to aggression, whereas social inclusion was inversely related to aggression. In Study 2, in which the context was altered to simulate a mating competition, only a measure of self-perceived mate value emerged as a (positive) predictor of aggression. Global SE failed to contribute to the prediction of aggression in either experiment. Statistically controlling for narcissism did not eliminate either set of findings. Implications for the conceptualization and measurement of SE and narcissism are discussed.
Adult↗
Is bullying becoming more commonplace?
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Aggression↗
Dominance, submissivity (and homosexuality) in general population: testing of evolutionary hypothesis of sadomasochism by Internet-trap-method.
OBJECTIVES: Dominance and submissiveness represent strong sexual arousal stimuli for a considerable part of population. In contrast to men's sexual dominance and women's sexual submissiveness, the opposite preferences represent an evolutionary enigma. Here, we studied prevalence and strength of particular preferences in general population by Internet-trap-method. DESIGN: The subjects who clicked the banner displayed in the web interface of e-mail boxes were allowed to choose icons with homosexual or heterosexual partner of different hierarchical position. RESULTS: Dominant partner was chosen by 13.8% men and 20.5% women, and submissive partner by 36.6% men and 19.8% women. Homosexual partners were chosen by 7.3% men and 12.2% women. The response times for the submissive and dominant stimuli did not differ while for the equal-status stimuli were significantly longer, suggesting that part of subjects with equal-status preferences probably intentionally mask their natural interests. CONCLUSIONS: Large number of people who chose unequal sexual partner suggests that hierarchical status plays important role in human mating system.
Biological Evolution↗
Children's perceptions of the qualities of sibling relationships.
Although many studies of family constellations exist, only recently have investigators begun to examine the qualities of sibling relationships. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a systematic framework for describing and assessing such relationship qualities. In the first study, upper elementary school children were interviewed about their perceptions of the qualities of their sibling relationships. These interviews yielded a list of 15 salient qualities. In the second study, a self-report questionnaire that assessed their perceptions of these qualities was administered to a sample of 198 fifth- and sixth-grade children. A principal components analysis yielded 4 underlying factors: (a) Warmth/Closeness, (b) Relative Status/Power, (c) Conflict, and (d) Rivalry. Relative Status/Power was found to be strongly related to the relative ages of the child and sibling. The other 3 factors were also related to various family constellation variables, but these relations were modest in size. Because family constellation variables and the qualities of sibling relationships are not isomorphic with one another, it is important to study relationship qualities directly, rather than simply examining family constellation variables. Some of the determinants of such qualities are discussed.
Adolescent↗
[Procedure for the recording of psychosocial relations in adolescence].
A procedure permitting more detailed recording of the complex pattern of mental processes involved in the formation of social relations between young people is presented. The content and structure of the procedure are explained and advice regarding the analysis of the result is given. Recording is based on describing external behaviour using four alternative forms of behaviour (aggressive, dominant, submissive and cooperative), motivational aspects by means of a list of motives and emotional background experiences for specific situations. The alternative forms of behaviour are more closely described, using initial results from studies involving 824 subjects.
Adolescent↗
[The sociality syndrome. A comparative study of the behavior of gerbils].
To explain the evolution of sociality the authors propose the hypothesis that every social interaction is based on the contest. The synergetic nature of any interaction determines the permanent involving partners in the contests and leads to increasing social pressure within community. The contestants' interactions inhibit an activity in one of the partners. Two possible evolutionary strategies of adaptation to increasing social density are: 1) an increase in resistance to the activity inhibition; 2) a retaining in memory the results of inhibition, i.e. reducing of ability to restore inhibited activity. Three species of gerbils (Gerbillidae): Mongolian (Meriones unguiculatus), Libyan (M. libycus), and midday gerbil (M. meridianus) were compared. Being similar in their ecology and behavioural repertoire three species differ strongly in extent of sociality: the highest in Mongolian gerbil and the lowest in midday one. The duration of social acts in laboratory groups of gerbils as well as frequency of acts delaying conflicts under natural conditions were assumed to correlate with increase in resistance to social pressure. Both parameters were higher in mongolian and libyan gerbils. The data on dynamics, asymmetry, and stability of social relations indicates more stable retaining in memory the results of interactions in Mongolian and Libyan gerbils than in midday ones but the latter restore inhibited activity more quickly. In the laboratory groups where the available space is compressed the midday gerbils maintain population at a level not lower than Mongolian ones and much higher than M. libycus. Moreover aggression within the group of midday gerbils doesn't result in rapid population decrease as in other two species.
Agonistic Behavior↗
Aggression and vasotocin are associated with dominant-subordinate relationships in zebrafish.
Agonistic interactions are present throughout the animal kingdom as well as in humans. In this report, we present a model system to study neurological correlates of dominant-subordinate relationships. Zebrafish, Danio rerio, has been used as a model system for developmental biology for decades. We propose here that it is also an excellent model for studying social behavior. Adult male zebrafish were separated for 5 days and then pairs were formed and allowed to interact for 5 days. Under these conditions, aggression is prevalent and dominant-subordinate relationships are quickly established. Dominant behavior is characterized by a repeated pattern of chasing and biting, whereas subordinates engage in retreats. By day 5, the dominant-subordinate relationship was firmly established and there were differences in behavior over time. Chases, bites and retreats were all less frequent on day 5 of the social interaction than on day 1. Arginine vasotocin is the teleostean homologue of arginine vasopressin, a neuropeptide whose expression has been linked to aggression and social position in mammals. Immunohistochemistry indicated differences in vasotocin staining between dominant and subordinate individuals. Dominant individuals express vasotocin in one to three pairs of large cells in the magnocellular preoptic area whereas subordinate individuals express vasotocin in 7-11 pairs of small cells in the parvocellular preoptic area. These results suggest that the vasotocinergic system may play a role in shaping dominant-subordinate relationships and agonistic behavior in this model organism.
Aggression↗
Involuntary subordination or dependency as key dimensions of depressive vulnerability?
Dependency associated with depression involves at least two forms of social behavior: (a) needs for nurturance/protection and close attachment, and an inability to function independently and (b) being (de)valued, fear of disapproval, and social status. In many studies, measures of dependency combine these two dimensions. This paper argues that this has led to confusion on the salient dimensions related to depression. It is suggested that behaviors currently regarded as dependent, and linked to depression, are better understood as forms of involuntary subordination that involve judgments of personal inferiority, and submissive-appeasement behavior. This paper presents preliminary evidence that social status, and its associated features of negative self-other comparisons and submissive behavior, may be particularly relevant to depression.
Adult↗
Septal ablation and the social behavior of the golden hamster.
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Aggression↗
Familiarity with conspecific odor and isolation-induced aggressive behavior in male mice (Mus domesticus).
Male Swiss CD-1 mice (Mus domesticus, n = 60) were isolated for 24 days. In the isolation group mice were exposed to their own odor; in the familiarity group mice were familiarized with pairmates' odor by daily exchange of bedding; and in the unfamiliarity group subjects (exposed) were familiarized with pairmates' odor, whereas the pairmates (nonexposed) were familiarized with odors of other isolated mice. Aggressive behavior was scored during 20-min sessions. Familiarity with the pairmate's odor (familiarity and exposed subgroups) caused an enhancement of aggressive behavior, shown by the highest frequency of tail rattling and offensive upright posture and by a decrease in latency to the 1st attack. Nonexposed subjects showed high values of submissive upright posture, screaming, fleeing, and freezing. The results suggest that dominantlike behavior, acquired in social isolation, may be directed toward a conspecific whose odor is familiar.
Aggression↗
Role of vasopressin in aggressive and dominant/subordinate behaviors.
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Aggression↗
[Mediation in schools].
In this article the guiding questions concern the objectives and effectiveness of introducing mediation into an existing school culture of dominance, competition and selection. In addition the necessity will be shown of combining conflict resolution with organisational development and the introduction of a consensual ethics and behaviour code to attain sustainable results in creating a constructive and healthy school environment. Given scarce resources and little time the decisive role of artistic methods will be looked at in providing young people with flexible methods of expressing and negotiating their interests in a changing environment of values and power structures. Some aspects of the development of nonviolent communication, conflict resolution and mediation methods in schools in Germany will be focused on with special emphasis on the type of intervention used and its long term sustainable effects.
Adolescent↗
Effects of supervisory style and experientially based frames of reference on organizational alcoholism programs.
Theoretical works concerning the influence of personal characteristics of work supervisors on their referral of subordinates to organizational alcoholism programs are reviewed. These works hypothesize two barriers to such referrals: supervisory style and experientially based frames of reference. The effects of these behavioral and attitudinal characteristics on supervisors' perceptions of subordinates' work readjustment are analyzed with a sample of 84 supervisors who had utilized the Federal Employee Alcoholism Policy (FEAP). Zero-order hypothesis tests illustrated that supervisory style, operationalized by the Least Preferred Co-worker Measure, was inversely related to perceived readjustment. Hence interpersonally oriented and more cognitively complex supervisors were less likely to perceive improvement. Experientially based frames of reference were operationalized by the Attitude toward the Recovering Alcoholic Scale and the Attitudes toward FEAP Scale. Only the latter was a significant influence, with high policy evaluation being positively associated with perceived readjustment. Multivariate analysis illustrated a significant main effect only for attitudes toward the alcoholism policy. These findings are discussed in terms of a need to reappraise the influence of supervisory style on referral to organizational alcoholism programs and the potential positive effects of organizational engineering on the success of such programs.
Alcoholism↗
Different patterns of biting attack employed by lactating female mice (Mus domesticus) in encounters with male and female conspecific intruders.
Attacks by resident lactating female mice were examined in a variety of situations. Relatively few attack bites to vulnerable body regions were seen when pairs of unfamiliar lactating females fought, establishing social status prior to communal nesting. Sexually naive male and female intruders were equally prone to attack by lactating females, but patterns of bite attack generated by them were very different; males received the more damaging attacks. More signs of "fear" were seen in the lactating females' responses to male rather than female intruders. Varied motivations may underlie attacks by lactating females directed to conspecific intruders. Defensive patterns of biting by lactating females are more consistently directed towards males, intruders that are more likely to harm or destroy the litter. Although attacks by females rarely thwarted infanticide by male intruders, the behavior may acutely protect parental investment.
Aggression↗
Identifying profoundly mentally retarded subtypes as a means of institutional grouping.
While the profoundly mentally retarded social group is behaviorally heterogeneous, this knowledge appears to be of more theoretical than practical interest. The behavioral identification of functional profoundly retarded subtypes derived from ethological analysis may supply the structure necessary to utilize this behavioral variability. Institutional groupings based on dominant and subordinate subtypes may prove to be efficacious in increasing programming efficiency. A study of profoundly retarded persons' territoriality was discussed as it relates to new grouping procedures based on behaviorally identified subtypes. Implications with respect to the control of aggression, stereotypic activity, and behavior modification for functional subtypes were discussed.
Adult↗
Status, stress, and atherosclerosis: the role of environment and individual behavior.
Atherosclerosis induced by moderate hyperlipoproteinemia in group-housed cynomolgus monkeys differs significantly between animals of dominant and subordinate social status. The nature of this association also varies by sex, and in males, by stability of the social environment. Dominant males develop more extensive atherosclerosis than subordinates when housed in unstable, but not stable, social groups; in contrast, subordinate females develop greater atherosclerosis than dominants, and do so irrespective of the conditions of social housing. Experimental investigations reveal that the first of these associations (males) is mediated by concomitant sympathoadrenal activation and the second (females) by ovarian impairment associated with the stress of social subordination. We believe our findings offer clues to the neuroendocrine mediation of behavioral influences on coronary artery disease in humans. This is particularly true where these influences reflect asymmetries in the power or status relationships among individuals within similar social environments, or when dimensions of temperament or disposition give rise to such relationships. We propose that these data also may be informative regarding the pathophysiological sequelae of social stratification (in which disease incidence varies by class membership within populations), but only where social environments engendered by class inequalities exacerbate status-dependent behavioral differences among individuals within communities of associates.
Animals↗