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PubMedDate not supplied

Anxiety and depression: comorbidity, psychopathology, and social functioning.

A sample of 48 former nonpsychotic inpatients was studied with respect to the overlap of depression and anxiety. Particular emphasis was placed on social dysfunctions associated with anxiety disorder as both a pure and a mixed condition. Furthermore, another question examined was whether social dysfunctions represent a risk factor for the development of a severe depression. Almost 40% of patients with a DSM-III anxiety disorder (during the last 4 weeks before follow-up) simultaneously fulfilled the criteria of a depressive disorder, mainly those of a major depression. While the course of symptomatology for both the pure anxiety and the mixed group had been rather similar over a long period of time, social dysfunctions before index admission had been generally more pronounced in patients who later developed a severe secondary depression. Social dysfunctions of patients with both disorders are not exclusively explainable by a higher severity of symptoms or the presence of particular personality features.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Trajectories of aggression from toddlerhood to age 9 predict academic and social functioning through age 12.

BACKGROUND: Using longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we examined behavior problems and social and academic outcomes from ages 9 through 12 in children classified into five trajectories of physical aggression, on the basis of maternal ratings obtained from 24 months through 9 years (N = 1195). METHODS: Outcome data were obtained from teacher reports, observations of children's behavior, and children's self-reports. RESULTS: Children on the high-stable aggression trajectory (3% of sample) showed the most severe adjustment problems, including poorer social skills, higher levels of externalizing problems, and more self-reported peer problems; those on the moderate-stable aggression trajectory (15%) showed poor regulation and inattention. Although children with moderate levels of early aggression that decreased sharply by school entry (12%) appeared well adjusted at follow-up, those who showed a low level of stable aggression (25%) evidenced some unanticipated social and behavior problems. Children in the contrast group (45%) were consistently very low in aggression from toddlerhood onward. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight links between different patterns (stable or decreasing) and levels (high, moderate, low, very low) of aggression across childhood and children's later adjustment. For example, even quite low aggression that is stable appears to be a risk factor for some social problems; in contrast, moderate aggression that decreases sharply to no aggression by school entry is associated with good adjustment at age 12.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

The Family APGAR Index: study on relationship between family function, social support, global stress and mental health perception in women.

The aim of the study was to evaluate how far women are satisfied with their family function to compare the obtained results with the perception of a global stress (S. Cohen PSS) by the women under study and their mental health (D. Goldberg GHQ-28). The study was aided by the Family APGAR Index (designed by G. Smilkstein) used for the first time in Poland. A group of women (n = 98; mean age = 38) with different levels of education and subdivided into four occupational categories was selected for the study. About 75% of women were married and 80% of them had children. The results obtained differ significantly as far as general assessment and individual indicators are concerned. In 16% of women, the results suggest a serious dysfunction of their families. There are distinct differences between individual occupational groups. The general assessment of family function was significantly correlated with the estimate of the global stress (-31), with the total estimate (-26), as well as with the individual indicators of mental health--especially anxiety and sleeplessness (-33) and depression (-29). Women's satisfaction from the function of their families has, therefore, proved to be a significant factor contributing to lower level of the global stress and constituting a barrier against the occurrence of mental health disturbances.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Adult outcome of social function in adolescent-onset schizophrenia and affective psychosis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare the adult outcome in a representative sample of hospitalized adolescent-onset psychoses including occupational and social aspects. METHOD: A total of 81 patients with a first episode of early-onset psychosis (before age 19 years) presenting to the University Hospital of Lund, Sweden, between 1982 and 1993 were followed up an average of 10.5 years (range 5.1-18.2) after admission. Initial diagnosis was assessed from records and consisted of DSM-IV schizophrenia (n = 32), schizoaffective disorder (n = 7), bipolar disorder (n = 25), and major depressive disorder with psychotic features (n = 17). All could be traced and assigned a major outcome group. RESULTS: Early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorder suffered a chronic course with a poor outcome in 79% of the cases, while early-onset affective psychosis in 74% showed a good or intermediate outcome. The poor outcome (26%) in the affective group was connected to mental retardation in 7% and to progression to a schizoaffective disorder in 12%. A particularly severe outcome was seen for schizophrenia spectrum patients with a family history of nonaffective psychosis. CONCLUSIONS: Early-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorder showed a severe course while affective psychoses had a much more benign functional outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Preschoolers' effortful control and negative emotionality, immediate reactions to disappointment, and quality of social functioning.

Relations among effortful control/low negative emotionality, immediate reactions in a situation that usually calls for the masking of disappointment (i.e., the use of display rules), and social competence/adjustment were investigated for 78 preschool children (mean age=4.87 years). Parents, teachers, and peers rated children on negative emotionality and/or effortful control as well as on social competence/adjustment. Children who were rated by parents and teachers as high on effortful control/low on negative emotionality expressed fewer immediate verbal/gestural indicators of disappointment in the presence of an unfamiliar adult and were perceived by their parents, teachers, and peers as socially competent and well adjusted. The pattern of findings was consistent with the view that children's immediate verbal/gestural reactions to disappointment partially mediated the relations between effortful control (as reported by parents) and social competence/adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

The impact of professionally conducted cultural programs on the physical health, mental health, and social functioning of older adults.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to measure the impact of professionally conducted community-based cultural programs on the physical health, mental health, and social activities of individuals aged 65 and older. DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants in the study were 166 healthy, ambulatory older adults from the Washington, DC, area. We assigned them to either an intervention (chorale) or comparison (usual activity) group and assessed them at baseline and after 12 months. RESULTS: Results obtained from utilizing established assessment questionnaires and self-reported measures, controlling for any baseline differences, revealed positive findings for the effectiveness of the intervention such that the intervention group reported a higher overall rating of physical health, fewer doctor visits, less medication use, fewer instances of falls, and fewer other health problems than the comparison group. The intervention group also evidenced better morale and less loneliness than the comparison group. In terms of activity level, the comparison group evidenced a significant decline in total number of activities, whereas the intervention group reported a trend toward increased activity. IMPLICATIONS: The positive impact of participatory art programs for older adults in this study on overall health, doctor visits, medication use, falls, loneliness, morale, and activities reflects important health promotion and prevention effects and a reduction of risk factors driving the need for long-term care.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Atypical and non-atypical subtypes of depression: comparison of social functioning, symptoms, course of illness, co-morbidity and demographic features.

BACKGROUND: There are scant data regarding the demographic and psychosocial characteristics of outpatients with Atypical Depression (AD). METHODS: The demographic characteristics, rates of chronic dysphoria, baseline Symptom Check List Revised, and Social Adjustment Scale scores of 320 moderately depressed patients with and without AD were compared. RESULTS: ADs had a higher number of self-reported symptoms, greater impairments in functioning, and higher rates of chronic dysphoria and bipolar II than patients without Atypical Depression (NAD). LIMITATIONS: Variables used in this study were mostly cross-sectional, and the analyses were performed post-hoc. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest ADs had a more pernicious course of illness than NADs, and that patients with AD were more symptomatic and dysfunctional at admission.

Adult↗