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PubMed2002

Influence of serum and tissue micronutrient levels on the regression of untreated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3.

OBJECTIVE.: To determine the influence of micronutrient levels on the regression of untreated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). MATERIALS AND METHODS.: Serum and vaginal washings were analyzed for micronutrient levels at the time of diagnosis and after 6 months of observation. Serum and vaginal levels of beta-carotene, vitamin E, and retinol were correlated with spontaneous regression, persistence, or progression of CIN. Regression was defined as resolution of the lesion by 2 or more grades (CIN 2 to normal and CIN 3 to CIN 1 or normal). Wilcoxon signed rank, Wilcoxon rank sum, and Spearman correlation were used for data analysis. RESULTS.: The overall regression rate was 52% (48/93), including 58% (22/38) of CIN 2 and 47% (26/55) of CIN 3 lesions. The median baseline serum levels for beta-carotene, vitamin E, and retinol among those whose lesions regressed were 161 ng/mL, 10,554 ng/mL, and 446 ng/mL, respectively, whereas levels among patients with persistence or progression were 128 ng/mL, 10,286 ng/mL, and 503 ng/mL, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. The median serum level of beta-carotene at 6 months among patients whose lesions regressed was 456 ng/mL compared with 956 ng/mL among the patients with progression or persistence (p = .38). Vaginal levels of beta-carotene correlated with serum levels; however, they were also not predictive of CIN regression. CONCLUSION.: Micronutrient levels are not predictive of CIN regression.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1969

Nitrogen Assimilation and Protein Synthesis in Wheat Seedlings as Affected by Mineral Nutrition. II. Micronutrients.

Activity of nitrate reductase from Triticum aestivum L. seedlings was decreased by deficiencies of molybdenum, zinc, and chlorine. Nitrate accumulated in molybdenum-deficient seedlings, declined in zinc-deficient seedlings, and was unaffected by the other micronutrient treatments. Glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity was decreased by deficiency of molybdenum, the only nutrient that affected the enzyme. Glutamine synthetase activity was decreased only by copper deficiency, and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase was not affected by any micronutrient deficiencies. Incorporation of (14)C-leucine into protein by wheat seedlings was increased by molybdenum deficiency, apparently because of decreased inhibition from endogenous amino acids, and was decreased by copper deficiency. Protein content was not affected significantly by the micronutrient treatments.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Nickel: a micronutrient essential for higher plants.

Nickel was established as an essential micronutrient for the growth of temperate cereal crops. Grain from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv ;Onda'; containing 40 to 80 nanograms of Ni per gram dry weight) grown in solution culture with negligible Ni concentrations (< 30 nanograms of Ni per liter) exhibited greatly reduced germination rates (i.e. 50% less than grain from Ni-adequate plants) and seedling vigor of the viable grain was greatly depressed. Grain containing less than 30 nanograms per gram dry weight was inviable. Under Ni-deficient conditions, barley plants fail to produce viable grain because of a disruption of the maternal plant's normal grain-filling and maturation processes that occur following formation of the grain embryo. The observations that (a) barley plants fail to complete their life cycle in the absence of Ni and (b) addition of Ni to the growth medium completely alleviates deficiency symptoms in the maternal plants satisfies the essentiality criteria; thus, Ni should be considered a micronutrient for cereals. Because Ni is required by legumes, and is now established as essential for cereals, we conclude that Ni should be added to the list of micronutrients essential for all higher plant growth.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Micronutrients and their influence on mutagenicity and malignant transformation.

Many studies have now indicated that micronutrients, such as the carotenoids, tocopherols, and ascorbic acid, can prevent mutagenesis, genotoxic effects, or malignant transformation in bacteria and mammalian tissue, either in cell culture or in organ culture. In addition, multiple papers report that some of these micronutrients act as anticarcinogenic agents in animals treated with either ultraviolet light, ultraviolet light with chemicals, or chemical carcinogens alone. With respect to the carotenoids, early experiments used pharmacological doses of carotenoids, but more recent reports indicate that relatively small doses can be effective. Inasmuch as these effects are seen with both provitamin A and nonprovitamin A carotenoids, it would appear that these effects are intrinsic to the carotenoid molecule, and not due to the metabolic conversion to retinoids. Partially on the basis of these observations, it has been suggested that the micronutrients may function as chemopreventive agents for reducing the risk of cancer in humans. Numerous human intervention studies are underway to test this hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Micronutrient status and glutathione peroxidase in bedridden patients on tube feeding.

Deficiency of micronutrients, especially selenium, is common in critically ill patients. We investigated the micronutrient status (selenium, zinc, copper and manganese) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in 30 tube-fed patients and 21 hospitalized non-tube-fed control patients. Serum levels of selenium, copper and manganese in tube-fed patients were significantly lower than in control patients (selenium: 4.85+/-1.38 microg/dl versus 8.67+/-1.45 pg/dl; copper: 44.7+/-36.9 microg/dl versus 92.1+/-21.2 microg/dl; manganese 0.59+/-0.41 microg/dl versus 1.52+/-0.59 microg/dl). However, zinc and log GSH-Px in the serum were similar in the two groups. Serum selenium concentration correlated with the daily intake of selenium in tube-fed patients, but zinc, copper and manganese concentrations did not correlate with the daily intake of the respective trace elements in tube-fed patients. Blood GSH-Px activity correlated positively with serum selenium concentrations in the control patients, but not in tube-fed patients. These results demonstrate that selenium content of enteral feed appears to be insufficient to maintain normal serum levels in elderly bedridden patients. Our findings emphasize the importance of monitoring micronutrient status in patients on enteral feeding to avoid trace element deficiencies.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Recommended micronutrient supplementation for institutionalized elderly.

A committee nominated by the Israel Ministry of Health examined the relevant literature and the local recommendations as well as the recommendations from other countries and suggested a daily micronutrient supplementation for institutionalized elderly living in institutions supervised by the Ministry of Health. The micronutrient preparatory, tailored for this population, is designed to contain about half the RDA for most of the vitamins and some microelements. Biotin and vitamins C, D and B12 as well as zinc, copper, chromium and molybdenum are suggested at a level higher than half the RDA, whereas fluorine, at a lower level. Major elements (calcium, magnesium and phosphorus) are excluded and should be supplied separately. Vitamin K and iron are also excluded. Fat-soluble vitamins should be microencapsulated. Micronutrient supplementation for institutionalized elderly is part of the Ministry of Health s balanced nutrition policy. The committee s recommendations are also applicable to the free-living elderly population.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Effect of biological additives and micronutrients on the anaerobic digestion of physicochemical sludge.

Two additives (lyophilized bacilli and enzymes) and a solution of micronutrients (Fe, Co, Ni and Mo) were tried separately and in combination, in order to assess their effect on the anaerobic digestion of waste sludge from an enhanced primary treatment (EPT) of municipal wastewater. Three batch tests were carried out in serological bottles. In the first test, addition of bacilli increased production of methane from day 11 and at day 1 7 the production was 95% greater than the control. In that experiment, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was 1,391 mg/L, 40% lower than the control. In the second test, the combination of micronutrients with bacilli, reached from the first days a better methane production than the control, 167% higher in day 17. At the end of the experiment, this combination achieved a lower concentration of VFAs and a greater percentage of volatile solid removal than the rest of the treatments. The third test was based on an experimental design in order to statistically determine the best doses of bacilli additive and micronutrients. The anaerobic thermophilic digestion of sludge from aluminium sulfate EPT will be improved with the addition of Fe: 4.5 mg/g VS, Ni: 0.75 mg/g VS, Co: 0.45 mg/g VS, Mo: 0.09 mg/g VS and bacilli additive: 12 mg/g VS.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Micronutrients in women's reproductive health: I. Vitamins.

Proper nutritional status of women before, during, and after pregnancy is an important element of reproductive health. It maintains maternal health and reduces the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome, birth defects and chronic disease in children later in postnatal life. Pregnancy creates a special metabolic demand for high-quality nutrients. With careful food selection, it is possible to obtain most of the recommended levels of nutrients. Apart from the dietary intake, nutrition is highly dependant on economic status, social and cultural environment, and personal habits of the mother. Nutritional imbalance could cause detrimental effects to the pregnant woman, influence pregnancy outcome, and impair breast milk composition. Despite the extensive research, we still do not have a complete understanding how nutritional status of the mother influences her health as well as fetal growth and development. It is well known that fetal growth and development is strongly linked with maternal supply of essential nutrients, e.g. vitamins. The exact role of the variety of micronutrients in fetal growth and development has yet to be explored in detail. It is estimated that up to 30% of pregnant women suffer from a vitamin deficiency. Without supplementation, about 75% would show a deficit of at least one vitamin. Moreover, multivitamin deficit combinations often co-exist, and subclinical depletations are probably common; consequences could be severe. Studies carried on in developing countries have shown that improving micronutrient intake in deficient women can reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Also, proper maternal intake of important micronutrients directly enhances the quality of breast milk. To meet the increasing demands during pregnancy and the breastfeeding period women should not be dependent only upon the dietary intake: adequate reserve is essential for the successful pregnancy outcome.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Seasonal variations in plasma micronutrients and antioxidants.

Plasma samples were collected at monthly intervals for a period of 1 year from a group of healthy nonsmoking men and women (n = 21) living in Honolulu, HI. Analysis of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels showed marked seasonal variations, with higher mean levels in winter months and lower values in the summer. Cholesterol and triglycerides were highly and inversely correlated with plasma levels of the provitamin A carotenoids. Mean beta- and alpha-carotene levels were highest in late summer and fall. Plasma retinol levels were significantly lower in the summer and higher in the winter. Variations (either between individuals or seasonally) in plasma retinol were unrelated to plasma provitamin A carotenoid levels. Plasma levels of alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lutein were also higher in the winter and lower in the summer. Significant seasonal correlations, both positive and negative, with environmental variables, such as temperature, solar UV radiation, and rainfall, are noted for many of these plasma micronutrients. The number of samples required to accurately characterize long-term plasma levels for an individual generally ranged from 1 to 4. However, plasma retinol levels exhibited the highest ratio of intra- to interindividual variability, suggesting the need for multiple sampling (> 8 samples) for this micronutrient. Some of this variability for retinol was associated with seasonal changes. Assessment by a diet history of food and supplement intake of micronutrients and phytochemicals for 1 year showed good agreement with 1-year mean plasma levels for most carotenoids, vitamin C, and alpha-tocopherol. Retinol, gamma-tocopherol, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in plasma were unrelated to estimates of dietary intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Micronutrient antioxidant status in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possibility that micronutrient antioxidant status is an important factor in determining the severity of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and in differentiating between patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (PRP) and those in whom Raynaud's is secondary to systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Four micronutrient antioxidants (selenium, vitamin E, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid) and 2 "markers" of free radical associated activity were assayed in peripheral blood from 10 patients with PRP, 9 with limited cutaneous SSc (ISSc), 9 with diffuse SSc (dSSc) and 15 healthy control subjects. RESULTS: Plasma ascorbic acid was reduced in all 3 groups of patients: median level 10.6 mg/l in controls, 4.8 mg/l in PRP (p < 0.01), 2.5 mg/l in ISSc (p < 0.01) and 6.8 mg/l in dSSc (p < 0.05). A reduction in serum selenium was especially found in dSSc (median 75 micrograms/l compared to 100 micrograms/l in controls, p < 0.05). In keeping with these deficiencies, the serum concentration of 9, 11, linoleic acid was elevated in RP patients: median values for the molar ratio of the isomer to the parent fatty acid were 1.91% in controls, 3.70% in ISSc (p < 0.05) and 3.85% in dSSc (p < 0.01). Smoking patients showed lower levels of ascorbic acid and higher levels of the linoleic isomer than nonsmokers. CONCLUSION: Deficiencies of ascorbic acid and selenium may predispose towards irreversible tissue injury in RP patients and cigarette smoke may be an independent risk factor. Micronutrient antioxidant supplements may be of therapeutic value.

Aging↗
PubMed1995

Micronutrient status of the besieged residents of Sarajevo: May 1993.

OBJECTIVE: To assess micronutrient status indices in blood and plasma of subjects subjected to siege conditions. DESIGN: Whole blood and serum samples were taken from subjects, sampled from 30 clusters in four Municipal Areas of Sarajevo. The blood samples were flown, under appropriate refrigeration, to the UK for analysis. SETTING: The study was conducted in besieged Sarajevo and laboratory analyses were carried out at Department of Clinical Chemistry, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and at Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland. SUBJECTS: 202 subjects, aged from 1 to 82 years were included in the sample. INTERVENTIONS: Serum folate, ferritin, transferrin, retinol, retinol-binding protein, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, C-reactive protein, haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume of blood were determined. Micronutrient status was assessed by comparison with a range of values derived from multinational data sets from both pathologically malnourished and normal subjects. RESULTS: Haemoglobin, ferritin, folate, retinol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels were lower in the Sarajevan sample than in normal reference populations. Serum alpha-tocopherol was low in children and adolescents while a low beta-carotene level probably reflected the scarcity of green vegetables. No consistent evidence of protein/energy deficits were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Data for retinol binding protein and transferrin, when considered in association with BMI and Z-score data, provided no significant evidence of protein-energy undernutrition. However, the prevailing food aid rations failed to maintain adequate reserves of several micronutrients, particularly iron, folate and vitamin D. The significance of low values for serum retinol and beta-carotene and of low serum alpha-tocopherol in children must be investigated further.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Use of micronutrients and alternative drugs by children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The use of alternative therapies is thought to be common among cancer patients. To clarify the popularity of micronutrients among children with cancer, we performed a controlled follow-up survey. The use of micronutrients and alternative drugs by 15 families of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving chemotherapy (62 members) and 26 control families (106 members) was monitored by means of daily diaries from November 1987 to December 1989. Forty percent of children with ALL (6 of 15) and 7.7% of their controls (2 of 26) took alternative medicines, the usage among the children with ALL being statistically significantly more common (difference, 32.3%; 95% confidence interval for difference [CI] 7.1, 57.5%; P < 0.04). All children with ALL and 50.0% of the control children (13 of 26) took vitamins (difference, 50.0%; 95% CI, 20.4-79.6%; P < 0.01). A total of 27.7% of the other members of the ALL families (13 of 47) and 11.1% of their counterparts in the control families (10 of 90) took alternative medicines, the usage in the index families being statistically significantly more common (difference, 16.6%; 95% CI, 3.4-29.7%; P < 0.03). The malignancy increased the use of alternative medicines among all members of the family and of vitamins and trace elements among the affected children.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Intake of food groups and associated micronutrients in relation to risk of early-stage breast cancer.

Epidemiologic studies have evaluated the risk of breast cancer related to dietary fat intake, but only recently have other dietary factors received attention. Frequent intakes of fruit, vegetables and fiber have been associated with low risk of the disease in some studies but results are inconsistent. In a large case-control study of early-onset breast cancer, we evaluated risk related to a variety of food groups, associated micronutrients and non-nutritive constituents. Cases treated with chemotherapy appeared to have altered reporting of food intake and were excluded. Analyses were restricted to 568 cases with in situ and localized disease and 1,451 population-based controls. Reduced risks were observed for high intake of cereals and grains [odds ratio (OR) = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.6-1.1 for highest compared with lowest quartile], vegetables (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.6-1.1), beans (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.7-1.2) and fiber from beans (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.7-1.2). However, no trends of decreasing risk across quartiles of increasing intake were observed. Risk was not associated with dietary constituents related to these food groups including dietary fiber, carotenoids, vitamins A, C and E and folate. Incorporation of information from vitamin supplements did not alter the results for micronutrients. Our data suggest that intakes of cereals and grains, vegetables and beans are associated with minimal, if any, reduction in risk of early-stage breast cancer among young women.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis?

OBJECTIVE: Cumulative damage to tissues, mediated by reactive oxygen species, has been implicated as a pathway that leads to many of the degenerative changes associated with aging. We hypothesized that increased intake of antioxidant micronutrients might be associated with decreased rates of osteoarthritis (OA) in the knees, a common age-related disorder. METHODS: Participants in the Framingham Osteoarthritis Cohort Study underwent knee evaluations by radiography at examinations 18 (1983-1985) and 22 (1992-1993). Usual dietary intake was assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire, administered at examination 20 (1988-1989). Knees without OA at baseline (Kellgren and Lawrence [K&L] grade < or = 1) were classified as having incident OA if they had a K&L grade > or = 2 at followup. Knees with OA at baseline were classified as having progressive OA if their score increased by > or = 1 at followup. Knees were also classified as having cartilage loss or osteophyte growth if their maximal joint space narrowing or osteophyte growth score increased by > or = 1 (range 0-3). The association of vitamin C, beta carotene, and vitamin E intake, ranked in sex-specific tertiles, with incidence and progression of OA was compared with that of a panel of nonantioxidant vitamins, Bl, B6, niacin, and folate, using logistic regression and generalized estimation equations to adjust for correlation between fellow knees. The lowest tertile for each dietary exposure was used as the referent category. Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, weight change, knee injury, physical activity, energy intake, and health status. RESULTS: Six hundred forty participants received complete assessments. Incident and progressive OA occurred in 81 and 68 knees, respectively. We found no significant association of incident OA with any nutrient. A 3-fold reduction in risk of OA progression was found for both the middle tertile (adjusted OR = 0.3, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.1-0.8) and highest tertile (adjusted OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.6) of vitamin C intake. This related predominantly to a reduced risk of cartilage loss (adjusted OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8). Those with high vitamin C intake also had a reduced risk of developing knee pain (adjusted OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8). A reduction in risk of OA progression was seen for beta carotene (adjusted OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9) and vitamin E intake (adjusted OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.3-1.6), but was less consistent. No significant associations were observed for the nonantioxidant nutrients. CONCLUSION: High intake of antioxidant micronutrients, especially vitamin C, may reduce the risk of cartilage loss and disease progression in people with OA. We found no effect of antioxidant nutrients on incident OA. These preliminary findings warrant confirmation.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Food system-based approaches to improving micronutrient nutrition: the case for selenium.

Micronutrient deficiencies affect nearly half the world's population, impairing child development, reducing work productivity, and increasing mortality and morbidity rates by affecting both infectious and chronic diseases. To feed a growing world, it will be necessary to consider agriculture in the broad context of a food system as an instrument of public health and, thus, to address nutrient balance while also seeking sustainability. Such efforts would include increasing cropping system diversity, enhancing micronutrient outputs and promoting environmental sustainability. Example of this approach are presented for the essential trace element selenium (Se), which at high intakes can reduce cancer risks but is deficient in many parts of the world. Food systems-based approaches are discussed for preventing Se deficiency by enhancing intakes of any of several biologically available forms of Se, and for reducing cancer risk by enhancing intakes of forms of the element that support anti-tumorigenic Se-metabolites.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
PubMed2002

The role of diet and specific micronutrients in the etiology of oral carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Carcinoma of the oral cavity is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Tobacco smoking and the consumption of alcoholic beverages are significant risk factors but to the authors' knowledge the role of nutrition is not adequately understood. The authors undertook an epidemiologic study of oral carcinoma occurring in Greece, where tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are common but the incidence of the disease is among the lowest reported in Europe. METHODS: One hundred six patients with histologically confirmed incident oral carcinoma and an equal number of control subjects matched for age and gender were studied. Dietary information was assessed through a validated extensive food frequency questionnaire and the data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: After adjustment for energy intake, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption, there was evidence that the consumption of cereals, fruits, dairy products, and added lipids (which in Greece are represented mostly by olive oil) was found to be associated inversely with the risk of oral carcinoma. Only with respect to meat and meat products was there adequate evidence of a positive association with the risk of oral carcinoma. Among the micronutrients studied, riboflavin, magnesium, and iron appeared to be correlated inversely with the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Fruits, cereals, dairy products, and olive oil appear to convey protection against oral carcinoma and their effects may be mediated through higher intakes of riboflavin, iron, and magnesium. The low incidence of oral carcinoma reported in Greece may be explained in part by the higher consumption of the food groups and micronutrients that appear to protect against the disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Micronutrients and the risk of renal cell cancer: a case-control study from Italy.

The role of various micronutrients on the risk of renal cell cancer (RCC) was examined in a multicentric case-control study from Italy, in which information on dietary habits were collected using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Cases were 767 patients (494 men and 273 women) with incident, histologically confirmed RCC; controls were 1,534 subjects (988 men and 546 women) admitted to the same hospitals as cases for a wide spectrum of acute, nonneoplastic conditions. After allowing for energy and other major covariates, a significant inverse association was found for vitamin E (odds ratio, OR, for the highest quintile of intake versus the lowest one 0.56, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.41-0.75), and vitamin C (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.54-0.96), although the trend in risk for vitamin C was of borderline significance. No significant trend of decreasing risk was found for other micronutrients analyzed, although for most of them the risk estimates were below unity for intakes above the lowest. The ORs for the upper quintile of intake when compared with the lowest one were 0.80 (95% confidence interval, CI = 0.59-1.08) for retinol, 0.82 (95% CI = 0.61-1.10) for alpha-carotene, 0.90 (95% CI = 0.68-1.20) for beta-carotene, 0.94 (95% CI = 0.73-1.21) for beta-criptoxanthin, 0.85 (95% CI = 0.63-1.14) for lutein/zeaxanthin, 0.76 (95% CI = 0.57-1.01) for vitamin D, 0.75 (95% CI = 0.55-1.01) for thiamine, 0.88 (95% CI = 0.66-1.19) for riboflavin, 0.85 for vitamin B6 (95% CI = 0.64-1.13), 0.85 (95% CI = 0.64-1.12) for folate and 0.80 (95% CI = 0.60-1.07) for niacin. No meaningful associations emerged for lycopene (OR = 1.11). The present findings support a possible beneficial effect of vitamin E and C on RCC.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Fruits, vegetables, and micronutrient intake in relation to breast cancer survival.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether fruit, vegetable, and micronutrient intake 1 year prior to breast cancer diagnosis is associated with a reduction in the subsequent risk of all-cause or breast cancer-specific mortality. METHODS: Follow-up data from 1,235 invasive breast cancer cases age 25-98 years from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project were analyzed. At the 1996-1997 case-control interview, respondents completed a food frequency questionnaire, which assessed dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, and vitamin supplement use in the previous 12 months. All-cause mortality (n=186 deaths) and breast cancer-specific mortality status (n=125 deaths, 67.2%) were determined through December 31, 2002. RESULTS: Hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality were insignificantly reduced for intake of any fruits, fruit juices, and vegetables (HR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.42-1.09) and leafy vegetables (HR=0.72, 95% CI: 0.41-1.24) among post-menopausal women only. Both of these associations were more pronounced among those with ER+PR+ tumors (HR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.27-1.10, and HR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.33-1.31, respectively). Similar associations were observed for breast cancer-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of women diagnosed with breast cancer, higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and micronutrients was associated with a non-significant survival advantage in post-menopausal women only.

Adult↗