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PubMed1995

[Comparison of the detection of Giardia intestinalis cysts with the presence of specific antibodies in dogs and cats].

We investigated giardiosis of dogs and cats with a view to cysts in fecal samples and antibodies in the blood serum. Cysts were found in 25 fecal samples (5.5%) out of 458. Cysts were excreted frequently in puppies and adolescent dogs. In 15 cases giardiosis was diagnosed together with canine distemper or parvovirosis as an opportunic infection. Indirect immunofluorescence was used for detection of specific antibodies. We tested sera of 588 dogs and specific antibodies were detected in 156 cases (36.5%) in titres 10-160. In basic dilution 1:10 antibodies were detected in 61% positive samples. Titres 20-160 were found in 39% of the positive sera. In cats cysts were found only in 1 fecal sample out of 135 due to the difficulties in obtaining fecal samples for repeated examinations. Specific antibodies were detected in 107 cats (56.9%) out of 188 at titres 10-320. In basic dilution 1-10 antibodies were detected only in 30% of the positive sera but on the other hand in 70% we detected higher titres, i.e. 20-320. We did not consider titre 10 as significantly positive in both dogs and cats because cross-parasitic infections frequently occur. The number of serological positive dogs and cats grew with their age because they acquired giardiosis in the course of their life mostly as asymptomatic infection. The detection of specific antibodies cannot be used for the diagnosis because their level in blood serum persists for months. We must tread every dog and cat excreting cysts in fecal samples to stop transmission to other animals and humans-zoonosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Isolation of multiple Salmonella serovars from a dairy two years after a clinical salmonellosis outbreak.

Samples were obtained for bacteriologic culturing of salmonellae from cows and calves on, and the environment of, a large California dairy that used free-stall housing and a flush system for manure handling. Two years previously, the dairy had an outbreak of clinical salmonellosis in the lactating herd; however, since that time, it had not had problems with clinical salmonellosis. On the basis of mean annual milk production per cow, this dairy was consistently ranked in the top 25% of dairies in the area enrolled in the Dairy Herd Improvement Association. Results of bacteriologic culture of 76% (108/142) of environmental samples and 48% (639/1,339) of fecal samples were positive for salmonellae. Eighty-two percent of the isolates were serovar C1, subclassified as Salmonella montevideo, and 17% were serovar E. Results of bacteriologic culture of 85% of samples of recycled flush water being pumped into the free-stall alleys were positive, as were results of bacteriologic culture of 78% of samples of herd bulk milk filters, 97% of fecal samples collected from calves being fed nonsalable milk, and 25% of fecal samples collected from cows at the time of breeding. These findings suggest that freedom from clinical salmonellosis and comparatively high measures of herd performance do not indicate the absence of salmonellae from a premises, and that hardy infectious agents transmitted by ingestion of feces can become established in the environment of modern free-stall dairies that use recycled water in their manure flush systems.

Animals↗
PubMed2024

Effectiveness of stabilization methods for the immediate and short-term preservation of bovine fecal and upper respiratory tract genomic DNA.

Previous research on stabilization methods for microbiome investigations has largely focused on human fecal samples. There are a few studies using feces from other species, but no published studies investigating preservation of samples collected from cattle. Given that microbial taxa are differentially impacted during storage it is warranted to study impacts of preservation methods on microbial communities found in samples outside of human fecal samples. Here we tested methods of preserving bovine fecal respiratory specimens for up to 2 weeks at four temperatures (room temperature, 4°C, -20°C, and -80°C) by comparing microbial diversity and community composition to samples extracted immediately after collection. Importantly, fecal specimens preserved and analyzed were technical replicates, providing a look at the effects of preservation method in the absence of biological variation. We found that preservation with the OMNIgene®•GUT kit resulted in community structure most like that of fresh samples extracted immediately, even when stored at room temperature (~20°C). Samples that were flash-frozen without added preservation solution were the next most representative of original communities, while samples preserved with ethanol were the least representative. These results contradict previous reports that ethanol is effective in preserving fecal communities and suggest for studies investigating cattle either flash-freezing of samples without preservative or preservation with OMNIgene®•GUT will yield more representative microbial communities.

Cattle↗
PubMed1999

The prevalence of verotoxins, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella in the feces and rumen of cattle at processing.

Fecal samples collected from cattle at processing during a 1-year period were tested for verotoxins (VT1, VT2), Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella. Verotoxins were detected in 42.6% (95% CI, 39.8% to 45.4%), E. coli O157:H7 in 7.5% (95% CI, 6.1% to 9.1%), and Salmonella in 0.08% (95% CI, 0.004% to 0.5%) of the fecal samples. In yearling cattle, the median within-lot prevalence (percentage of positive samples within a lot) was 40% (range, 0% to 100%) for verotoxins and 0% for E. coli O157:H7 (range, 0% to 100%) and Salmonella (range, 0% to 17%). One or more fecal samples were positive for verotoxins in 80.4% (95% CI, 72.8% to 86.4%) of the lots of yearling cattle, whereas E. coli O157:H7 were detected in 33.6% (95% CI, 26.0% to 42.0%) of the lots. In cull cows, the median within-lot prevalence was 50% (range, 0% to 100%) for verotoxins and 0% (range, 0% to 100%) for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella (range, 0% to 0%). Verotoxins were detected in one or more fecal samples from 78.0% (95% CI, 70.4% to 84.2%) of the lots of cull cows, whereas E. coli O157:H7 were detected in only 6.0% (95% CI, 3.0% to 11.4%) of the lots of cull cows. The prevalence of verotoxins in fecal samples was lower in yearling cattle than in cull cows, whereas the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal samples was higher in yearling cattle than in cull cows. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in fecal samples was highest in the summer months. Rumen fill, body condition score, sex, type of cattle (dairy, beef), and distance travelled to the plant were not associated with the fecal prevalence of verotoxins or E. coli O157:H7. The prevalence of verotoxins in fecal samples of cull cows was associated with the source of the cattle. It was highest in cows from the auction market (52%) and farm/ranch (47%) and lowest in cows from the feedlot (31%). In rumen samples, the prevalence of verotoxins was 6.4% (95% CI, 4.2% to 9.4%), and it was 0.8% (95% CI, 0.2% to 2.3%) for E. coli O157:H7, and 0.3% (95% CI, 0.007% to 1.5%) for Salmonella.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2002

Salmonella spp. shedding by alberta beef cattle and the detection of Salmonella spp. in ground beef.

Breeder cows, cattle recently arrived at feedlots, and cattle about to be shipped for slaughter were tested for Salmonella spp. No Salmonella spp. were detected in fecal samples from breeding cows. Nineteen of 1,000 (1.9%) fecal samples from recently arrived feedlot cattle were positive for Salmonella spp. compared to only 2 of 1,000 (0.2%) fecal samples taken within 2 weeks of slaughter. The positive fecal samples were collected in 5 of 50 (10%) "recent arrival" pens tested and in 1 of 50 (2%) pens tested within 2 weeks of slaughter. The serotypes isolated were Salmonella Agona, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Salmonella 4,5,12:i:-. Ground beef samples purchased from retail outlets throughout Alberta were processed for Salmonella spp. Thirteen of 1,002 (1.3%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp. The serotypes isolated from ground beef were Salmonella Anatum, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Montevideo, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen, and Salmonella Rough-O:i:1,2. The antibiotic resistance and pulsed-field electrophoresis gel macrorestriction patterns of all isolates were compared.

Alberta↗
PubMed1992

[The significance of bredavirus as a diarrhea agent in calf herds in Lower Saxony].

The objective of this investigation was to determine the distribution of Bredavirus in cattle herds in Lower Saxony and to evaluate its significance as potential cause of diarrhea in calves. Fecal samples and paired blood samples of 119 diarrheic and 46 healthy calves up to two months of age were collected from herds where diarrhea of calves was a problem. Fecal samples were examined for Breda-, rota- and coronavirus by solid phase immune electron microscopy and by ELISA, for K99-positive E. coli and salmonella by microbiological methods, and for cryptosporidia in smears. Antibody titers against Bredavirus, total serum protein and serum gamma globulin content were evaluated in the blood samples. Bredavirus was found in fecal samples from 5% (n = 6) of diarrheic calves which came from four different herds, but not in healthy calves. Rotavirus (31.9%), coronavirus (18.5%) and cryptosporidia (29.9%) were detected more frequently in fecal samples than Bredavirus. In this investigation rotavirus, coronavirus and cryptosporidia were present in addition in all herds where Bredavirus was found. In contrast to the low percentage of fecal samples containing Bredavirus, antibody titers in 75% of calves confirmed the high prevalence of Bredavirus infection in the cattle population of Lower Saxony.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Detection of genes encoding virulence factors and bacteriocins in fecal enterococci of poultry in Portugal.

Seventy-six Enterococcus isolates (43 E. faecalis, 30 E. faecium, two E. durans, and one E. hirae) recovered from fecal samples of poultry in a slaughterhouse (one isolate per fecal sample and one fecal sample per lot of animals) were studied for bacteriocin production and for the presence of genes encoding bacteriocins and virulence factors. The presence of genes encoding virulence factors (cpd, geE, fsr, ace, agg, and esp) and bacteriocins (entA, entB, entP, entQ, entAS-48, entL50A/B, cyl, and bac31) were studied by polymerase chain reaction in all enterococci. At least two virulence genes were detected in all 43 E. faecalis isolates, cpd and gelE being the most frequently detected genes (97.7%) followed by ace (62.8%), agg (39.5%), fsr (27.9%), and esp (2.3%). No virulence genes were detected in the other enterococcal species with the exception of one E. faecium and one E. durans isolates that harbored the gelE gene. Antimicrobial activity against eight indicator bacteria (including Listeria monocytogenes) was assayed in the enterococci, and 23 (30.3%) showed inhibitory activity against L. monocytogenes, the other 22 enterococci showing activity against indicator bacteria other than L. monocytogenes. Only the entA, entB, and cyl genes were detected in our study (entA + entB in nine E. faecium isolates and the cyl gene in seven E. faecalis isolates). A wide variety of virulence genes have been detected in fecal E. faecalis isolates from poultry, but not in the other enterococcal species. However, the presence of known bacteriocin structural genes is associated more with the E. faecium species.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Tracking of the development of fecal bacterial community of diarrhea piglets by 16S rDNA techniques].

PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were used to track the development of fecal bacterial community of 5 diarrhea piglets. Clone libraries were created from complete 16S rDNA of 42-day fecal sample of piglet 1, 2 and 5. From the library, clones had their V6-V8 regions matched predominant bands on the DGGE gel were then sequenced and their 16S rDNAs subjected to an online similarity search. Results revealed that DGGE profiles from fecal samples of 5 piglets changed form simple to complex, and then returned simple to complex, finally tended to be stable and diverse. DGGE profiles from day 2and 16 fecal samples of 5 piglets were simplest, with high similarity (84%). Their most predominant bands were E. coil. Their Shannon index were 1.38 +/- 0.55 and 1.97 +/- 0.26 respectively. DGGE profiles from day 10 of 5 piglets became quite complex, and had quite low similarity (10%) with DGGE profiles from day 2and 16 fecal samples of 5 piglets. The Shannon index was 2.12 +/- 0.24. E. coil still existed, but it was not the most predominant band. There were significant differences of predominant bands between DGGE profiles from day 27 fecal samples and those from day 35 and 42 fecal samples, with 26.28% and 39.2% of similarity respectively. The predominant bands from day 35 and 42 fecal samples of 5 piglets were tended to be stable, with 55% of similarity. The Shannon index of day 27, day 35 and 42 fecal bacterial communities were 2.19 +/- 0.29, 2.20 +/- 0.17 and 2.14 +/- 0.20 respectively. The fecal bacterial communities of day 42 health piglets were mainly consisted of species of Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus and Lactobacillus.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Specific strains of Bacteroides species in human fecal flora as measured by deoxyribonucleic acid homology.

Membrane competition homology experiments were used to compare Bacteroides uniformis and Bacteroides vulgatus isolates obtained from fecal samples from different individuals and isolates obtained from fecal samples of single individuals. Isolates of B. uniformis, when isolated from different individuals, had interstrain deoxyribonucleic acid homology values that ranged from 63 to 95%, with most of the values being in the 70 to 85% range. When isolates obtained from a single individual were compared, each species was represented by one or two groups of very closely related organisms, with each group having essentially 100% interstrain homology. When strains from two groups were compared with each other, the homology values were in the same range as when organisms were isolated from different individuals. Isolates which have nearly 100% homology with each other persisted in fecal samples collected over a 5- to 6-month period. It appears that the colon of each person may be populated by bacterial strains that are specific for that individual. Somatic antigen serotyping has been used as an indicator for specific Escherichia coli strains in fecal samples. Two isolates having the same O, K, and H antigens had 99% homology, but when only O and H antigens were in common, the homology values were in the 70 to 85% range. It seems that isolates of a given serotype, when isolated from a single individual, may represent a unique strain, but isolates of a given serotype, when isolated from different individuals, probably do not.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of and risk factors for Escherichia coli O157 in market-ready beef cattle from 12 U.S. feedlots.

Determination of Escherichia coli O157 prevalence immediately prior to shipment and harvest is an important facet of the ecology of this organism, which requires further elucidation. As part of a larger study to measure the effects of within-pen prevalence of E. coli O157 on subsequent carcass contamination, fecal samples from 15 pens of cattle in each of 12 different feedlots in three states (Colorado, Nebraska, and Montana) were collected from June through September 2002. Thirty fresh fecal samples were collected from each pen floor within 36 h of shipment to slaughter. Fecal samples underwent standard enrichment, immunomagnetic separation, and isolation procedures for E. coli O157. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine which factors best predicted pen-level positive culture results, and to estimate the magnitude of association between each factor and the outcome, while adjusting for other factors in the model. Thirteen (86.7%) of the 15 pens had at least one positive sample, and the within-pen prevalence of E. coli O157 in positive pens ranged from 3.3% to 77.8%. The odds of E. coli O157 positive fecal samples from cattle fed brewers grains were six times that for cattle not fed brewers grains. The odds of E. coli O157 positive fecal samples from pens of cattle from Central Nebraska was nine times that for pens of cattle from Eastern Colorado. These data demonstrate that the presence of E. coli O157 in fecal samples from finished feedlot cattle is associated with feeding of brewers grain and geographic location. Additional studies to further characterize geographic distribution of E. coli O157 and to investigate pen-level intervention strategies should be conducted.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Pooled fecal culture sampling for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis at different herd sizes and prevalence.

A stochastic spreadsheet model was developed to obtain estimates of the costs of whole herd testing on dairy farms for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) with pooled fecal samples. The optimal pool size was investigated for 2 scenarios, prevalence (a low-prevalence herd [< or = 5%] and a high-prevalence herd [> 5%]) and for different herd sizes (100-, 250-, 500- and 1,000-cow herds). All adult animals in the herd were sampled, and the samples of the individuals were divided into equal sized pools. When a pool tested positive, the manure samples of the animals in the pool were tested individually. The individual samples from a negative pool were assumed negative and not tested individually. Distributions were used to model the uncertainty about the sensitivity of the fecal culture at farm level and Map prevalence. The model randomly allocated a disease status to the cows (not shedding, low Map shedder, moderate Map shedder, and heavy Map shedder) on the basis of the expected prevalence in the herd. Pooling was not efficient in 100-cow and 250-cow herds with low prevalence because the probability to detect a map infection in these herds became poor (53% and 88%) when samples were pooled. When samples were pooled in larger herds, the probability to detect at least 1 (moderate to heavy) shedder was > 90%. The cost reduction as a result of pooling varied from 43% in a 100-cow herd with a high prevalence to 71% in a 1,000-cow herd with a low prevalence. The optimal pool size increased with increasing herd size and varied from 3 for a 500-cow herd with a low prevalence to 5 for a 1,000-cow herd with a high prevalence.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Longitudinal study of Escherichia coli O157 in a cattle finishing unit.

In a longitudinal study in a Finnish cattle finishing unit we investigated excretion and sources of Escherichia coli O157 in bulls from postweaning until slaughter. Three groups of 31 to 42 calves were sampled in a calf transporter before they entered the farm and four to seven times at approximately monthly intervals at the farm. All calves sampled in the livestock transporter were negative for E. coli O157 on arrival, whereas positive animals were detected 1 day later. During the fattening period the E. coli O157 infection rate varied between 0 and 38.5%. The animals were also found to be shedding during the cold months. E. coli O157 was isolated from samples taken from water cups, floors, and feed passages. E. coli O157 was detected in 9.7 to 38.9% of the fecal samples taken at slaughter, while only two rumen samples and one carcass surface sample were found to be positive. E. coli O157 was isolated from barn surface samples more often when the enrichment time was 6 h than when the enrichment time was 24 h (P < 0.0001). Fecal samples taken at the abattoir had lower counts (< or = 0.4 MPN/g) than fecal samples at the farm (P < 0.05). E. coli O157 was isolated more often from 10-g fecal samples than from 1-g fecal samples (P < 0.0001). Most farm isolates belonged to one pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotype (79.6%), and the rest belonged to closely related PFGE genotypes. In conclusion, this study indicated that the finishing unit rather than introduction of new cattle was the source of E. coli O157 at the farm and that E. coli O157 seemed to persist well on barn surfaces.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2004

Technical note: a procedure for the preparation and quantitative analysis of samples for titanium dioxide.

A procedure was developed for the rapid analysis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) concentrations in feed and fecal samples. Samples were digested in concentrated H2SO4 for 2 h, followed by addition of 30% H2O2, and absorbance was measured at 410 nm. Standards were prepared by spiking blanks with increasing amounts of TiO2, resulting in a linear standard curve. Complete analysis using this procedure can typically be accomplished within 4.5 h. This procedure was compared to a previously published dry-ash procedure for the analysis of TiO2 in bovine fecal samples. Three sources of OM devoid of TiO2 (a forage sample, a bovine fecal sample without Cr2O3, and a bovine fecal sample containing Cr2O3) were spiked with graded amounts (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 mg) of TiO2. With our procedure, TiO2 recoveries averaged 96.7, 97.5, and 98.5%, for the three OM sources, respectively, vs. 74.3, 83.8, and 53.1% for the same samples analyzed using the dry-ash method. These results suggest that our procedure is a rapid and accurate alternative to dry-ash procedures for the determination of TiO2.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

[Comparison of three methods in detection of rotavirus infection in neonates].

OBJECTIVE: To compare, three methods in detection of rotavirus infection in neonates. METHODS: 252 fecal samples from neonates with acute gastroenteritis, healthy neonates and under 4-month-old babies with diarrhoea were detected with ELISA, PAGE and EM. RESULTS: Using ELISA and PAGE to check 5 fecal samples from neonates with diarrhoea, the positive number of ELISA was 4 and the PAGE was all negative. One fecal sample from neonate of one month old with diarrhoea detected with ELISA was strong positive and result with EM was negative. By checking 119 fecal samples from normal neonates of less than ten days old, the positive rate of ELISA was 54.6% and results of PAGE were all RNA negative. 128 fecal samples from less than 4-month-old babies with diarrhoea showed coincident detection rate of ELISA and PAGE (81.2%), but which was going up with increasing of their ages. We also checked 55 fecal samples from less than 4-month-old babies with diarrhoea by ELISA, PAGE, EM and the positive rates were 27.3%, 38.2% and 20% respectively, the coincident rate of the three was 63.6% and the differentiation rate 36.4%. CONCLUSION: The differentiation rate between ELISA and PAGE was obvious, as in the elisa there showed a sirong positive and in PAGE the weak. The diffesence went down with increasing of the ages of the babies with diarrhoea. This indicated that the false positive rate of ELISA existed. PAGE is more reliable and objective and is the better method to check neonate diarrhoea.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed2006

A testing scheme for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine feces utilizing the ESP para-JEM liquid culture system.

A testing scheme for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in broth cultures of bovine fecal samples carried out in ESP para-JEM System was evaluated. The scheme included acid-fast staining (on signal-positive and signal-negative samples), and confirmation by PCR for 2 MAP-specific targets and subculture of all acid-fast positive PCR-negative samples. Two hundred and fifty bovine fecal samples were evaluated for the presence of MAP using this scheme. Thirty-seven (15%) of 250 fecal samples had a positive culture result when the proposed testing scheme was used, compared to 14 (6%) positive results when using the standard ESP para-JEM protocol (requiring samples to have a positive signal from the system, a positive acid-fast stain, and a positive IS900 PCR result), and 20 (8%) positives when conventional culture was performed on Herrold egg yolk (HEY) media. A preliminary comparison of real-time and conventional PCR on DNA extracted from 15 MAP-positive broth cultures by 3 different protocols suggested that conventional PCR may be a better choice for the confirmation of the presence of MAP in the liquid cultures than real-time PCR.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Fluorescent in situ hybridization as a tool to retrospectively identify Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in samples from terrestrial mammalian wildlife.

Fecal samples of five terrestrial mammalian wildlife species stored at 4 degrees C or at -20 degrees C for up to 36 months have been tested for human zoonotic enteric parasites (i.e., Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia) using combined fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and direct fluorescent antibody techniques. The prevalence of C. parvum and G. lamblia varied from 20 to 63% (mean, 45.8%) and from 13 to 100% (mean, 53.2%), respectively. The prevalence of C. parvum and G. lamblia infections was higher in small rodents (mean, 68.5%) than in other wildlife (mean, 21%). Overall, 31.1% of animals were coinfected, and coinfections were more prevalent in small rodents (mean, 52%) than in other wildlife species (mean, 13.2%). The present study has shown that the FISH assay can be retrospectively applied to fecal samples for the identification of C. parvum oocysts, but is less suitable for the identification of G. lamblia cysts in such samples. Terrestrial mammalian wildlife, particularly small rodents, can contribute to watershed contamination with C. parvum oocysts and G. lamblia cysts. To control contamination, the management of pristine watersheds used for drinking water purposes should incorporate control measures for terrestrial wildlife, especially field rodents residing within such watersheds.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Primary isolation of cytopathic bovine rotaviruses on fetal rhesus monkey kidney cells.

Primary isolation of bovine rotaviruses was successfully performed on rolling cultures of MA104 cells following trypsin treatment of fecal samples and cells. Fifty-one fecal samples were obtained from 22 herds affected with naturally-occurring acute diarrhea in calves during a period of over two years. Rotavirus particles were demonstrated in only 10 fecal samples by electron microscopy. Fourteen cytopathic bovine rotaviruses were isolated from positive samples and could be serially cultivated on MA104 cells. The presence of virus was identified by specific immunofluorescence in infected cells. These data indicated that approximately 30% of the herds affected with acute diarrhea in their calves were associated with rotavirus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Survey of Salmonella serotypes shed in feces of beef cows and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

Salmonella prevalence on cow-calf operations was studied as a part of a national study of health and management of the U.S. beef cow-calf industry and was conducted as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System. Within this study, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. shed in feces was determined. A total of 5,049 fecal samples were collected from 187 beef cow-calf operations each visited on a single occasion. The number of fecal samples collected per operation was predetermined based on herd size. Salmonellae were recovered from 1 or more fecal samples collected on 11.2% (21 of 187) of the operations. Overall 78 salmonellae representing 22 serotypes were recovered from 1.4% (70 of 5,049) of samples. Multiple serotypes were recovered from eight samples from a single operation. The five most common serotypes were Salmonella Oranienburg (21.8% of isolates), and Salmonella Cerro (21.8%), followed by Salmonella Anatum (10.3%), Salmonella Bredeney (9.0%), and Salmonella Mbandaka (5.1%). The most common serogroups identified were C1 (33.3%), K (21.8%), B (16.7%), and E (15.4%). Even though the recovery rate of salmonellae from fecal samples was very low, 43.6% (34 of 78) and 38.5% (30 of 78) of the isolates were among the 10 most common serotypes from cattle with clinical signs of disease or isolated from humans, respectively. The majority of the isolates (50 of 78; 64.1%) were recovered from fecal samples from two operations. All isolates were screened for resistance to a panel of 17 antimicrobics, and 87.2% (68 of 78) were susceptible to all of the antimicrobics. The resistant isolates were most commonly resistant to streptomycin (n = 9) and/or sulfamethoxazole (n = 9). Nine isolates showed multiple (> or =2 antimicrobics) resistance most commonly to streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole (n = 6).

Animals↗