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At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Genotoxic potential of by-products in drinking water in relation to water disinfection: survey of pre-ozonated and post-chlorinated drinking water by Ames-test.

Mutagenic potential of drinking water samples derived from ranneywells was studied. 100-100 l of untreated (rough) and ozone-treated as well as chlorinated-disinfected water were dropped on and adsorbed by macroreticular resin columns (Serdolit PAD-III and Amberlite XAD-2). The adsorbed material was desorbed by methanol and dichloromethane. After elimination of the solvents by vacuum distillation the adsorbed material was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide. The mutagenic activity was tested in the Ames-Salmonella/rat liver microsome system. The tester strains were TA-98 and TA-100. The material adsorbed to Serdolit PAD-III from rough and also disinfected water did not induce mutagenicity in case of the TA-98 tester strain, irrespective of activation by liver microsomes. However, the material adsorbed to Amberlite XAD-2 exerted mutagenic effect on the TA-98 tester strain, with and without liver microsome activation, both in case of rough and disinfected water. The TA-100 tester strain showed mutation after, but not without activation, when treated with the material adsorbed by either Serdolit PAD-III or Amberlite XAD-2, in case of rough water. Material derived from disinfected water and adsorbed to Serdolit PAD-III, caused mutation of the TA tester strain also only after activation. The material derived from disinfected water and adsorbed to Amberlite XAD-2 proved to be mutagenic to the TA-100 tester strain both without and after activation. Mutagenic activity was exerted by the amount of concentrates derived from 0.28 to 0.83 l of rough and 0.83-2.5l of disinfected water. The mutagenic activity of drinking water raises the possibility of carcinogenic effect, too. Search for alternative methods of water disinfection may be recommended.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Report of the NATO/CCMS drinking water pilot study on health aspects of drinking water contaminants.

Various methods of disinfection are being successfully used to control water borne diseases due to biological contaminants in water (viruses, bacteria, protozoa). These methods of chemical control are adding chemical contaminants to the drinking water. For example, trihalomethanes may be formed by the interaction of chlorine with humic and/or fulvic acids. In addition, chemical contaminants may arise from natural, agricultural, industrial or distributional sources. Acute or chronic exposures to these chemicals may result in adverse health effects that are immediate or delayed, reversible or irreversible. Since these contaminants rarely occur singly, chemical interactions (additives, synergistic, antagonistic) must be considered. The nature of the adverse health effects can usually be determined from properly designed and executed animal experiments and/or human epidemiological studies. Potentially toxic agents may also be identified by the use of short term or in vitro tests. Other methods of identification of potentially toxic agents include chemical similarity with known toxicants. Attempts should be made to reduce the number of potentially toxic chemical contaminants but the microbiological quality of drinking water must not be compromised.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Development of low erosive carbonated fruit drinks. 1. Evaluation of two experimental orange drinks in vitro and in situ.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the in vitro erosive potential and in situ erosive effect of two new formulation low calorie carbonated orange drinks with that of two conventional diet products and water. METHODS: In the in vitro study, six specimens of deciduous and permanent enamel were randomly allocated to each of the five products and a '4h' protocol employed. In the in situ study, 15 healthy volunteers participated in a single centre, single blind, 5-phase crossover study, conducted according to Good Clinical Practice, and employing a validated model. RESULTS: The in vitro erosive potential of the experimental formulations was less than that of the comparators at all time points. Conversely, the observed erosive potential of both experimental formulations was greater than that of the control. Consistent statistically significant differences were found in relation to permanent enamel only. Unfortunately, the in situ study did not produce results entirely consistent with those of the in vitro study. Notably, a generally progressive loss of enamel was observed in specimens exposed to the control. CONCLUSIONS: The data from the in vitro study show the experimental formulations to have low comparative erosivity. However, the methodologies in vitro and in situ somewhat unusually do not correlate in ranking the erosivity of drinks. The results of this study should therefore be viewed with caution, further research being clearly warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of regulatory method estimated drinking water exposure concentrations with monitoring results from surface drinking water supplies.

Crop-protection compounds are useful tools that enhance the quality of the food we enjoy. However, crop-protection products can enter aquatic systems either by direct or by indirect application. To better understand the possible frequency and magnitude of exposure to water resources, the regulatory community has developed a set of relatively straightforward models for estimating exposure to these water systems. The focus of this research was to compare how well the estimates of exposure to drinking water based on model calculations relate to actual monitoring data. Physical/chemical property data were entered in the EPA's exposure model FIRST and into PRZM/EXAMS. The predictions from FIRST and PRZM/EXAMS were then compared to actual monitoring data from a USGS/EPA cooperative program, which monitored for pesticides in vulnerable surface drinking water supplies during 1999 and 2000. Results from this examination indicate the exposure from the models can overpredict concentrations found in water by several orders of magnitude. An overprediction factor is presented that corrects model predictions to more closely approximate concentrations found in reservoirs (p = 0.05).

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed1990

Soft drinks, infants' fruit drinks and dental health.

Dr Trevor Grenby and his fellow research workers have recently completed a research project on the dental properties of adults' and infants' soft drinks. Here, he uses these findings as a basis for giving his personal opinions on the drinks and their possible influence on dental health.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Use of non-carbonated soft drinks to provide safe drinking water.

Non-carbonated, low-calorie soft drink concentrates (cordials), when diluted according to manufacturers' instructions, had significant antibacterial effects in vitro. Bacteria affected include Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. With vibrios, bacterial counts were reduced from 10(6)/ml to undetectable numbers in less than 10 min. Escherichia coli in an initial concentration of 10(6)/ml became undetectable after incubation for 1 h with one brand of cordial. Naturally contaminated water can be rendered potable by incubation with cordials at room temperature for 1 h. This may be a way to reduce the risk of water-borne diarrhoea, particularly where the cleanliness of drinking waters cannot be otherwise assured, for example when making up oral rehydration fluids and for travellers in high-risk areas.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2002

[Drinking water and urinary stones. Which drinking water and which modalities of diuresis?].

Urologists frequently advise a high fluid intake to their patients with calcium stones, but apart from this simple advice, they often have few convincing arguments. This article describes the various types of drinking water available in France (mineral water, spring water, tap water), the legislation concerning drinking water, and the ions that must be taken into account for long-term forced diuresis. After studying their composition and adapting the dietary advice (particularly concerning dairy foods) to this ionic composition, various types of water can be advised to patients, including tap water, most types of spring water, but not all mineral waters.

Diuresis↗
PubMed1985

[Microbial colonization of coating and building materials in contact with drinking water. 11. Long-term studies of a drinking water reservoir with polyester isolation].

Building materials of drinking water reservoirs can support a microbial growth as shown in former communications. A new case is presented, where the microorganisms used the polyester isolation as carbon source. The isolation was installed between two concrete layers of a drinking water reservoir. The organic substances were identified by chemical analyses.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

Tomato juice, chocolate drink, and other fluids suppress volitional drinking of alcohol in the female Syrian golden hamster.

Although the hamster generally prefers alcohol at a level similar to that of the rat or mouse selectively bred to consume alcohol, the drinking hamster demonstrates neither physical dependence on alcohol nor elevated blood levels of alcohol, which are two typical criteria characterizing an animal model of alcoholism. The present investigation was designed to determine whether a third criterion of an animal model (i.e., consumption of high levels of alcohol in the presence of a palatable fluid, fulfilled by the P rat) would be met by the female Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). A standard 3-bottle preference test was undertaken in 6 female hamsters over an 11 day period, in which water was presented in one tube and, in a second tube, a v/v solution of alcohol which was increased in concentration from 3% to 50% on each day as follows: 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Then each hamster was offered its individually determined, maximally preferred concentration of alcohol for 4-8 days, which was 20%, 25%, or 30% alcohol. The mean absolute intake of alcohol during this period was 17.9 +/- 1.1 g/kg per day, whereas the mean proportion of alcohol to total fluid was 0.68 +/- 0.05. Then over a 4-day interval, a solution of tomato juice, peach juice, mango juice, dextrose and a chocolate beverage (Ensure Plus), all made isocaloric to the alcohol solutions with dextrose, was placed in the third tube simultaneously with water and the individually preferred concentration of alcohol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1995

To drink or not to drink: open field behavior in alcohol-preferring and-nonpreferring rat strains.

High open field activity has been associated with high alcohol intake in inbred mouse strains. The present study sought to determine if a similar relationship might exist in rats. Strains which voluntarily drink large amounts of alcohol (alcohol-preferring [P], alcohol-accepting [AA], Fawn-Hooded [FH]) or little or no alcohol (alcohol-nonpreferring [NP], alcohol-nonaccepting [ANA], Flinders Resistant Line [FRL]) were compared with the Maudsley strains of rats selectively bred for differences in open field defecation and activity. There were highly significant strain differences in open field activity, with the alcohol-preferring P rats exhibiting the highest activity and the alcohol-nonpreferring Maudsley Reactive rats exhibiting the lowest. However, the NP rats were almost as active as the P rats and the AA and ANA rats exhibited intermediate levels of activity which did not differ from each other. Thus, there was no consistent relationship between open field activity and high voluntary alcohol intake. Defecation was highest in the Maudsley Reactive rats, and there was a consistent negative relationship with alcohol intake (r = -0.455 across all strains). In a population of 57 FHxFRL F2 hybrids, there were no significant correlations between alcohol intake and open field activity (r = -0.01) or defecation (r = +0.12). We conclude, therefore, that there was no consistent relationship between voluntary alcohol intake and open field behavior across strains of rats.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regional CNS densities of serotonin and dopamine receptors in high alcohol-drinking (HAD) and low alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats.

The densities of subtypes of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) receptors were determined in the CNS of male alcohol-naive HAD and LAD lines of rats. Autoradiographic studies were undertaken to measure the densities of (a) 5-HT1A sites labelled with 2 nM [3H]8-OH DPAT, (b) 5-HT2A sites labelled with 2 nM [3H] ketanserin, (c) D1 sites labelled with 1 nM [3H]SCH23390, and (d) D2 sites labelled with 20 nM [3H]sulpiride. Membrane binding, using tissue combined from the olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, and nucleus accumbens, was carried out to determine Kd and Bmax values for the binding of 0.25-8.0 nM [3H]7-OH DPAT to D3 sites. Among the 14 regions measured for densities of 5-HT1A sites, no interline differences were found in the cerebral cortical regions or in the septal nuclei; however, within the hippocampus, 15-20% lower binding of [3H]8-OH DPAT was observed in the posterior dorsal CA3 and dentate gyrus of the HAD line. There were no interline differences in any of the 10 regions examined for [3H]ketanserin binding to 5-HT2A sites, or in the densities of D1 and D2 sites in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA systems, except for a 35% higher density of D2 sites in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the HAD line. There were no interline differences in the Kd or Bmax values for [3H]7-OH DPAT binding to D3 sites. Overall, these results indicate that no marked interline differences are evident in the densities of 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, D1, D2, and D3 receptors within the mesolimbic system that could be associated with the disparate alcohol drinking behaviors of the HAD and LAD rats.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1992

Drinking habits and detection of heavy drinking among middle-aged women.

Little is known about alcohol consumption and the efficiency of alcohol questionnaires among women. In the present study 40-year-old (n = 90) and 45-year-old (n = 75) women participating in a health screening gave a self-report about their alcohol consumption and filled out the Malmö modified Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (Mm-MAST) and the CAGE questionnaires. Teetotallers comprised 11% of the 40-year-old group and 8% of the 45-year-old women. CAGE, but not Mm-MAST worked with the traditional cut-off point of two recommended for men. When the criterion for heavy drinking was a self-reported consumption > or = 140 g of absolute alcohol per week or a positive (> or = 2) finding in the CAGE or > or = 4 'yes' answers in the Mm-MAST, 20% of the 40-year-old and 17% of the 45-year-old group (together 19%) proved positive. Neither of the two questionnaires nor self-report alone worked perfectly for identifying the heavy drinker group (n = 31) screened. Using the three above criteria; of the heavy drinkers 52% were detected by self-report, 55% by CAGE, and 45% by Mm-MAST. CAGE in combination with self-report detected 90% and this combination, being short and simple, can be recommended for clinical practice.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1976

Loss of control, heavy drinking and drinking problems in a longitudinal study.

The utility of conceptualizing alcoholism as a typically progressive disease process with regular, predictable stages is questioned. "Loss of control" was found to be only one variable among others in predicting drinking problems. It was not possible to confirm the importance that some disease conceptions of alcoholism assign to it.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2001

Livestock drinking water microbiology and the factors influencing the quality of drinking water offered to cattle.

The microbial quality of livestock drinking water was evaluated in 473 cattle water troughs located at 99 different cattle operations. The mean log10-transformed coliform and Escherichia coli concentrations per milliliter of trough water were 1.76 +/- 1.25 (SD) and 0.98 +/- 1.06 (SD), respectively. The degree of E. coli contamination was positively associated with the proximity of the water trough to the feedbunk, protection of the trough from direct sunlight, lower concentrations of protozoa in the water, and warmer weather. Salmonella sp. were isolated from 2/235 (0.8%) troughs and shigatoxigenic-E. coli O157 was recovered from 6/473 (1.3%) troughs. Four experimental microcosms simulating cattle water troughs were used to further evaluate the effects of protozoal populations on the survival of E. coli O157 in cattle water troughs. Escherichia coli O157 of bovine fecal origin proliferated in all microcosms. Reduction of protozoal populations by treatment with cycloheximide was associated with increased persistence of E. coli O157 concentrations in the microcosms. Water troughs are a major source of exposure of cattle to enteric bacteria, including a number of foodborne pathogens, and this degree of bacterial contamination appeared to be associated with potentially controllable factors.

Animals↗