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PubMed1995

Refeeding in fasted rats: dietary self-selection according to metabolic status.

We investigated the influence of the metabolic status rats have reached during a fast on their selection of protein, fat and carbohydrate when allowed to refeed after fasting for different lengths of time. They were refed either while essentially relying on lipid fuels (group 1), or while in the further stage when there is a rise in protein breakdown (group 2). In contrast to previous studies in which rats could not select macronutrients, there was no transitory anorexia during refeeding. Macronutrient selection as well as food and energy intake on the first day of refeeding were the same for both groups, total food intake being significantly larger than prior to the fast. However, there was thereafter a distinct pattern of diet selection: while fat intake progressively decreased in group 1, it increased until the fifth day in rats of groups 2. These rats, moreover, exhibited a further rise in protein intake. The data are discussed in relation to the optimization of the restoration of body fuel reserves according to the metabolic status reached at the end of a long fast.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Morphine-elicited feeding: diurnal rhythm, circulating corticosterone and macronutrient selection.

The present study examined the feeding response elicited by morphine, injected either intraperitoneally (IP), or into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), as a function of diurnal cycle and also in adrenalectomized rats with or without peripheral corticosterone replacement. In animals maintained on a single diet of chow, milk and sugar, a diurnal rhythm in both the peripheral and central morphine-induced feeding responses was observed, with a stronger eating effect occurring in the early dark hours compared with the responses obtained in the early light period. Adrenalectomy significantly reduced the feeding induced by morphine injected IP or into the PVN, and acute corticosterone replacement restored the response. Rats maintained on a self-selection feeding paradigm, with carbohydrate, protein and fat simultaneously available, exhibited a significant increase in total caloric intake after morphine injected IP, along with a preferential increase in the consumption of protein and fat. Adrenalectomy nearly abolished this stimulatory effect of morphine on total intake and altered the diet preference pattern. These findings underscore the importance of corticosterone in the feeding response of morphine injected peripherally or specifically into the PVN. The present findings suggest that corticosterone plays an important role in determining the diurnal rhythm of opiate-induced feeding and the function of endogenous opioids in the regulation of energy balance.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed1986

Amphetamine: effects on meal patterns and macronutrient selection.

Catecholaminergic systems, specifically in the region of the lateral perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), have been linked to the inhibition of feeding behavior. The present studies examined the effects of d-amphetamine (AMPH), which is believed to act through the release of endogenous catecholamines (CAs), on spontaneous feeding and appetite regulation in rats. Injection of AMPH directly into the PFH caused a marked suppression of food intake; changes in computer-monitored meal patterns were characterized by an increase in the latency to meal onset and a consequent reduction in meal size and duration. This suggests that hypothalamic AMPH administration may influence primarily the initiation, rather than the termination, of feeding. In other experiments, chronic infusion of AMPH directly into the PFH was shown to suppress 24 hr food intake and body weight gain, indicating the effectiveness of lateral hypothalamic CA stimulation in overriding normal long-term patterns of feeding. The effect of hypothalamic CA stimulation on macronutrient selection was also investigated in groups of rats injected either centrally or peripherally with AMPH, or centrally with the CA agonists, dopamine and epinephrine. Each of these manipulations caused a strong inhibition of protein intake with no effect on carbohydrate, and only a mild suppression of fat ingestion after peripheral AMPH. These selective effects of AMPH on feeding patterns and diet choice, provide support for a role of CA innervation to the lateral hypothalamus in the modulation of natural feeding behavior and macronutrient selection.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Nutrition information sources vary with education level in a population of older adults.

Education level, more than any other socioeconomic factor, can predict disease risk, health behavior patterns, and diet quality. It has been suggested that one reason higher education promotes more healthful diets is that better-educated people may get better nutrition information. We present data from a survey examining specific sources of nutrition information among an older adult population (age >50 years, n=176), and compare the difference in sources associated with extent of education. Reliance on doctors, television, and neighbors was significantly higher among those with less education (P<0.05). Our results also show that less-educated older adults rely more upon different specific sources for their nutrition information than those who have attained a higher level of education. Strategies to improve and/or ensure the quality of the specific nutrition information sources this vulnerable group relies on may be needed.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Obesity and ADHD may represent different manifestations of a common environmental oversampling syndrome: a model for revealing mechanistic overlap among cognitive, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders.

Obesity and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are both increasing in prevalence. Childhood exposure to television has shown linkage to both ADHD and obesity with the former ascribed to dysfunctional cognitive hyperstimulation and the latter to altered patterns of diet and exercise. Empirical evidence has contradicted prior presumptions that the hyperactivity of ADHD would decrease the risk of obesity. Instead, obesity and ADHD demonstrate significant comorbidity. We propose that obesity and ADHD represent different manifestations of the same underlying dysfunction, a phenomenon we term environmental oversampling syndrome. Oversupply of information in the form of nutritional content and sensory content may independently predispose to both obesity and ADHD. Moreover, the pathogenic mechanisms of these conditions may overlap such that nutritional excess contributes to ADHD and cognitive hyperstimulation contributes to obesity. The overlapping effects of medications provide further evidence towards the existence of shared etiologic pathways. Metabolism and cognition may represent parallel systems of intelligence, and oversampling of content may constitute the source of parallel dysfunctions. The emerging association between psychiatric and metabolic disorders suggests a fundamental biologic link between these two systems. In addition, the immune system may represent yet another form of intelligence. The designation of syndrome X subsumes seemingly unrelated metabolic and inflammatory entities. Environmental oversampling syndrome may represent an even more inclusive concept that encompasses various metabolic, inflammatory, and behavioral conditions. Apparently disparate conditions such as insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, syndrome X, obesity, ADHD, depression, psychosis, sleep apnea, inflammation, autism, and schizophrenia may operate through common pathways, and treatments used exclusively for one of these conditions may prove beneficial for the others.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2004

Cholesterol diet-induced hyperlipidemia influences gene expression pattern of rat hearts: a DNA microarray study.

To profile gene expression patterns involved in the direct myocardial effect of cholesterol-enriched diet-induced hyperlipidemia, we monitored global gene expression changes by DNA microarray analysis of 3200 genes in rat hearts. Twenty-six genes exhibited significant up-regulation and 25 showed down-regulation in hearts of rats fed a 2% cholesterol-enriched diet for 8 weeks as compared to age-matched controls. The expression changes of 12 selected genes were also assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Genes with altered expression in the heart due to hyperlipidemia included procollagen type III, cofilin/destrin, tensin, transcription repressor p66, synaptic vesicle protein 2B, Hsp86, chaperonin subunit 5epsilon, metallothionein, glutathione S-transferase, protein kinase C inhibitor, ATP synthase subunit c, creatine kinase, chloride intracellular channel 4, NADH oxidoreductase and dehydrogenase, fibronectin receptor beta chain, CD81 antigen, farnesyltransferase, calreticulin, disintegrin, p120 catenin, Smad7, etc. Although some of these genes have been suspected to be related to cardiovascular diseases, none of the genes has been previously shown to be involved in the mechanism of the cardiac effect of hyperlipidemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Serum and biliary lipid pattern in rabbits feeding a diet enriched with unsaturated fatty acids.

Adult male New Zealand white rabbits were fed for 3 months a stock diet supplemented with 6% (w/w) soybean oil heated at 240 degrees C for 60 min. After the first month of treatment a significant increase in total lipid content of serum was observed mainly due to the cholesterol ester fraction. Simultaneously, grossly induced atherosclerosis and marked liver damage were histologically and clinically demonstrated. Lipid peroxide values, performed by thiobarbituric acid test in lipid extracts from liver, aorta and bile showed a significant increase as compared to controls. Lipoperoxidation rate increased with the duration of feeding. Parallel to this there was a marked reduction in the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in liver and aorta, all enzymes involved in the mechanism of detoxification of lipid peroxides. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation can play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Breast cancer rates in populations of single women.

The well known associations of breast cancer with fertility patterns and diet are interdependent and it is difficult to estimate the extent to which breast cancer is related to diet. This was attempted by analysing breast cancer rates in populations of single (never married) women for which the contribution of childbearing would be small. Age specific breast cancer rates for single women showed the same variation by country, social class, urban-rural area and with time, as did the corresponding rates for married women, suggesting that common or related factors determined breast cancer rates in single and married women. Also, dietary correlations of breast cancer rates at 55-64 years, around 1960, were not sifnificantly different for single women and the general female population. This supported the view that the dietary associations with breast cancer, observed in larger studies of general female populations, did not arise indirectly from an association with childbearing rates. It was pointed our that the positive association of breast cancer with sugar, observed for single and for all women, was accopanied by a negative association with starch. These opposite associations with two forms of varbohydrate seemed inconsistent on general nutritional grounds and could be explained as arising indirectly to the association of breast cancer with affluence. Otherwise, it would seem necessary to establish a nutritional difference between starch and sugar, which could reasonably influence breast cancer rates, before the association was accepted as indicating cause.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Trends in cancer mortality among Puerto Rican-born migrants to New York City.

Age-standardized cancer death rates in Puerto Rican-born males and females residing in New York City have been calculated for 1979-81, and compared with those for white non-Puerto Rican-born people. For all population groups the rates in 1979-81 have been compared with rates in 1969-71. For some cancer sites, in particular cancers of the lung, breast and ovary, the Puerto Rican migrant population exhibited rates well below those of other residents of New York at both time periods. For other sites, most notably colon cancer (and to a lesser extent, prostate and bladder cancer), the rates for Puerto Ricans were somewhat lower than those of other New Yorkers in 1979-81, but had very markedly increased from levels shown in the earlier period. The Puerto Rican-born population at each time period had considerably higher rates of stomach cancer and cervical cancer than did 'other' white New Yorkers. Although substantial reductions in risk for these sites occurred among Puerto Ricans during the intercensal period examined, these corresponded to the reductions among 'other' white New York residents. The trends are discussed with reference to differences in lifestyle patterns, especially diet.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1993

The ecological context of human ovarian function.

New methods for monitoring ovarian function have allowed an extension of research venue beyond typical clinical settings to studies of human populations in their natural settings. Such studies have confirmed that patterns of variation in ovarian function with age and energetic factors are general features of human reproductive biology. Age patterns of ovarian function are extremely robust across populations of distinct genetic, ecological and cultural backgrounds. Comparable ovarian responses to energetic stresses are likewise observable in different populations where they arise as correlates of local ecologies rather than as correlates of voluntary patterns of diet or exercise. Maternal age and energetic factors also appear to interact with lactation in the modulation of postpartum, ovarian function. Average levels of ovarian function, however, differ considerably between populations, perhaps correlated with chronic environmental conditions that affect growth, development, and the establishment of adult set-points. Western populations appear to represent an extreme of the spectrum of variation in ovarian function, a fact which may relate to the epidemiology of breast and ovarian cancer.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

With increasing ageing in Western populations, what are the prospects for lowering the incidence of coronary heart disease?

Coronary heart disease (CHD), rare in the early 1900s, in the 1970s was responsible for almost a third of deaths in Western populations. Although its mortality rate has fallen in the last 20 years, considerably in certain populations, it remains the leading cause of death, and there is little evidence of any fall in its incidence rate. The primary risk factors, which include pattern of diet, smoking practice, and level of physical activity, are well known, but explain only approximately 50% of variation in its occurrence. Despite the numerous health improvement recommendations made, alterations in diet have been relatively slight. Although smoking practice has halved in some populations, its prevalence is now rising in the young. The extent of physical activity is low, compared with that in the past, and may even be decreasing in the young. With the general ageing of populations, the near absence of strong encouragement from the state, and individuals' general failure to reduce risk factors significantly, the chances of decreases in the incidence of CHD appear remote.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1998

Alcohol and J-shaped curves.

Many studies report J- or U-shaped curves in describing the association between level of alcohol consumption and mortality. J-shaped curves may, however, be the result of complex associations between psychosocial and other confounding factors and health, rather than a simple causal association derived from the biological effects of alcohol. In this review, nine methodological issues are discussed: age and sex, causes of death, characteristics of abstainers, drinking pattern, smoking, diet, physical activity, social support and personality, and psychopathology.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Dietary fat intake and early mortality patterns--data from The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study.

OBJECTIVES: Most current dietary guidelines encourage limiting relative fat intake to <30% of total daily energy, with saturated and trans fatty acids contributing no more than 10%. We examined whether total fat intake, saturated fat, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fat intake are independent risk factors for prospective all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. DESIGN: Population-based, prospective cohort study. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study was set in the city of Malmö, southern Sweden. A total of 28,098 middle-aged individuals participated in the study 1991-1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects were categorized by quartiles of relative fat intake, with the first quartile used as a reference point in estimating multivariate relative risks (RR; 95% CI, Cox's regression model). Adjustments were made for confounding by age and various lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Women in the fourth quartile of total fat intake had a significantly higher RR of cancer mortality (RR 1.46; CI 1.04-2.04). A significant downwards trend was observed for cardiovascular mortality amongst men from the first to the fourth quartile (P=0.028). No deteriorating effects of high saturated fat intake were observed for either sex for any cause of death. Beneficial effects of a relatively high intake of unsaturated fats were not uniform. CONCLUSIONS: With the exception of cancer mortality for women, individuals receiving more than 30% of their total daily energy from fat and more than 10% from saturated fat, did not have increased mortality. Current dietary guidelines concerning fat intake are thus generally not supported by our observational results.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2000

Factors influencing body composition of premature infants at term-adjusted age.

We investigated the influence of body size at birth, feeding of mother's milk versus formula, or standard-term formula versus energy- or nutrient-enriched formula on the growth and whole body bone mineral content (BMC), lean and fat mass (using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) of low-birth-weight (LBW) infants to term-adjusted age. LBW infants who were appropriate for gestational age were lighter and shorter than term-born infants (n = 46) but had a higher percent fat mass (19-28% vs. 15 +/- 7%). For LBW infants fed standard formula or mother's milk after hospital discharge, the mean BMC expressed either as a function of weight (17 +/- 2, 19 +/- 2 vs. 20 +/- 2 g/kg) or length (1.1 +/- 0.2, 1.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.2 g/cm) was more than 1 SD below term infant values. However, infants fed a nutrient-enriched formula from hospital discharge had BMC within 1 SD below term infants. Infants who were born small, compared to appropriate for gestational age, compared to infants of similar birth weight had lower percent body fat (16 +/- 6 vs. 19 +/- 5) and lower BMC (47 +/- 3 vs. 62 +/- 5 g) at term age. Both size at birth and diet influence patterns of growth and body composition in early life in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants. The long-term significance of these variable growth patterns in VLBW infants in early life requires further investigation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

Migration and gout: the Tokelau Island migrant study.

The prevalence and 14 year incidence of clinical gout and its precursors were investigated in the Polynesian population of Tokelauans living in the Pacific basin, non-migrant Tokelauans living in their isolated atoll homeland being compared with migrant Tokelauans living in urban New Zealand. The age standardised prevalence of gout in Tokelauan men in New Zealand was higher than that in non-migrant Tokelauan men, being 21.0 and 19.5/1000 subjects at the beginning of the study and 51.0 and 14.6/1000 at the end of study, respectively. Migrant men in New Zealand aged under 55 had higher mean serum uric acid concentrations than non-migrant men of the same age. The prevalence of gout was low in women in both environments. The age standardised relative risk of developing gout between 1968 and 1982 was 9.0 times higher in the migrant men than in the non-migrant men. Age, serum uric acid concentration, serum cholesterol concentration, and self reported alcohol consumption at entry to the study were the best set of predictors of gout in men. Preventive strategies to change body mass, diet, and patterns of alcohol use need to be developed in this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Dietary patterns among a national random sample of British adults.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To identify groups within the UK male and female population who report similar patterns of diet. DESIGN: National representative dietary survey, using seven day weighed dietary records, of men and women aged 16-64 years living in private households in Great Britain in 1986-7. Cluster analysis was used to aggregate participants into diet groups. SETTING: Great Britain. PARTICIPANTS: 1087 men and 1110 women. RESULTS: 93% of men and 86% of women fell into one of four distinct diet groups. Among men the most prevalent diet group was "beer and convenience food" (34% of the male population); second was "traditional British diet" (18%); third was "healthier but sweet diet" (17.5%) and fourth was "healthier diet " (17%). Among women, the most prevalent diet group was " traditional British diet" (32%); second, was "healthy cosmopolitan diet" (25%); third was a "convenience food diet" (21%); and fourth was "healthier but sweet diet" (15%). There were important differences in nutrient profile, sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics between diet groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cluster analysis identified four diet groups among men and four among women, which differed not only in terms of reported dietary intakes, but also with respect to nutrient, social and behavioural profiles. The groups identified could provide a useful basis for development, monitoring and targeting of public health nutrition policy in the UK.

Adolescent↗